Anzali Port Research Articles

Effect of layered polyethylene terephthalate (Geopet) for reinforcing stabilized sand with fly ash

Purpose This study aims to examine the reuse of plastic and fly ash (FA) to improve the soil and achieve sustainable development goals. Design/methodology/approach Sand from the Anzali port was reinforced with Geopet (GP) and stabilized with FA plus 3% sodium hydroxide. The GP was placed in FA-stabilized soil and the California bearing ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed on samples at the optimum moisture content. Findings The results showed that the improvement in the optimum CBR was 174.9%. The UCS increased 15.25% and 48.65% in soil reinforced with three layers of GP plus 15% FA over those containing 10% and 5% FA, respectively. Additionally, the current analysis used response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the impact of FA percentage, GP layers and their interaction on CBR. The results highlight the efficacy of the used RSM model, as evidenced by the significantly low p-value (<0.0001). Originality/value This demonstrates the suitability and effectiveness of RSM for evaluating CBR in this scientific study.

Studying the effect of Anzali port breakwaters on sedimentation in Anzali wetland using remote sensing

The construction of new breakwaters in Anzali port has had a significant impact on the water body of the Anzali international lagoon. The Anzali wetland is under threat from sediment influx from mountainous regions, and the study used satellite image processing to demonstrate how the construction of new breakwaters impedes the natural transfer of sediment from the lagoon to the sea. The methodology employed a hybrid approach combining two methods: normal water index (MNDWI) and supervised classification (SVM) to detect sediment accumulation in the wetland water zone. Following the construction of new breakwaters in 2009, an island formed and expanded exponentially in parts of Sorkhankol Wildlife Sanctuary's water body. This phenomenon is attributed to decreased water flow caused by increased cross-section current and volume of water, creating a dam-like function against channel flow leading to the sea. Consequently, sediments and suspended loads settle in Sorkhankol's water zone, leading to an increase in island area from 0.39 hectares to over 26 hectares during the studied period. Result showed Kappa coefficients by SVM algorithm for years 2002, 2010, 2012 and 2017 which were found to be 0.76, 0.62, 0.71 and 0.86 respectively indicating that SVM outperforms MNDWI in effectively monitoring landform changes.

Seismic Hazard Analysis from Deterministic Method Using Fuzzy Logic in Anzali Port

Seismic Hazard Analysis from Deterministic Method Using Fuzzy Logic in Anzali Port

Field investigation on the performance of different screw piles in sandy soils Case study: Bandar Anzali Coast - Anzali Port

اجرای شمع‌های سنتی در محیط‌های شهری و ساحلی دارای چالش‌های متعدد، نظیر نیاز به تجهیزات و ماشین‌آلات حفاری سنگین، صعوبت دسترسی و مشکلات اجرایی در خاک‌های نرم و مسئله‌دار و مشکلات زیست‌محیطی نظیر سروصدا ، نویز و لرزش و . . . می‌باشد. از طرفی با توجه به توسعه تجهیزات متعدد هیدرولیکی و مکانیکی، مدل شمع‌های جدیدی در سراسر دنیا جایگزین شمع‌های سنتی نظیر شمع‌های فولادی کوبشی و یا بتنی درجا شده است. این مدل از شمع‌ها با استفاده از نیروی گشتاور هیدرولیکی با حداقل مشکلات اجرایی نظیر، حداقل ارتعاش، آلودگی صوتی و با سرعت بسیار بالا قابلیت نصب در مناطق با دسترسی پایین را دارا می‌باشند. در تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از تجهیزات متعدد هیدرولیکی و الکترونیکی دو مدل از شمع‌های متداول پیچشی و یک مدل شمع ابداعی جدید در ساحل بندر انزلی به عمق استقرار 20/3 متر نصب و موردمطالعه قرار گرفت. همچنین یک شمع فولادی لوله‌ای به‌عنوان مبنای مقایسه رفتار شمع‌های کوبشی با شمع‌های پیچشی نیز با ابعاد و عمق استقرار مشابه مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. درمجموع 5 آزمایش بارگذاری استاتیکی فشاری بر روی شمع‌های اجراشده انجام گرفت و نتایج بررسی‌ها نشان داد که این مدل از شمع‌ها در کلاس شمع‌های با ظرفیت کم تا متوسط از ظرفیت باربری قابل قبولی برخوردار بوده و می‌توانند به‌عنوان جایگزین مناسبی برای شمع‌های سنتی در ساخت‌وسازهای شهری و ساحلی مطرح گردند. همچنین شمع ابداعی خودبازشونده با 600 نیوتن متر گشتاور کمتر نسبت به شمع هلیکال با ظرفیت باربری معادل با 160کیلونیوتن قابلیت بالای شمع ابداعی را مشخص نمود.

Investigation of Morphometric Characteristics of Clupeonella cultriventris populations caught from Amirabad port, Babolsar and Anzali port (Southern basin of Caspian Sea) using Principle Component Analysis

This research was occurred to investigate some morphometric characteristics of Clupeonella cultriventris in Amirabad port, Babolsar and Anzali port in the South Basin of the Caspian Sea during summer 2019. A total of 90 fish including 30 specimens from each station were caught and 23 morphometric Characteristics were studied. Mean difference coefficients of morphometric characteristics for common kilka in Amirabad port, Babolsar, and Anzali port were 9.34, 8.77 and 11.03, respectively. Morphometric data before analysis were standardized to reduce errors of allometric growth. Results of 23 morphometric characteristics in three stations indicated significant differences between stations (P≤0.05). Bandar Anzali station differs in 23 morphometric characteristics with Babolsar port and in 20 characteristics with Bandar Amirabad. Babolsar and Bandar Amirabad station differed only in 3 characteristics. The principal component analysis was performed on 7 factors which concluded 74.924% of the characteristics. Results of fish morphometric characteristics showed an overlapping between Babolsar station with two stations of Amirabad port and Bandar Anzali port, but stations of Bandar Amirabad and Bandar Anzali were not overlapped. In this study, geographical separation can be considered as the most influential factor in morphological differences between the fish of three studied areas.

Application of a new fuzzy Dematel–Todim hybrid algorithm in port dredging project management

As an effective evaluation of the productivity of dredging projects is an important element in the success of loading/unloading operations at ports, this study was carried out to find common reasons why dredging projects incur unintended damage at Anzali port open seas/coasts. It was found that the fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (Dematel) method and experts’ opinions can be effectively used in dredging problems in practice considering risk interactions. Of 58 identified risks, the top ten were selected using a probability–effect diagram and then, for a more precise ranking, their rates of effects on one another were evaluated using the fuzzy Dematel approach. Finally, using a combination of fuzzy sets and the Dematel technique, the ten top risks were ranked by multiplying four factors: effects on the project, occurrence probability, effects on/of other risks. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, it was used in the dredging project of the large and important Iranian port of Anzali. The results of this research were used to propose a risk prioritisation model considering the complex interactions of risks in port dredging projects. Some suggestions are made regarding how to lessen the risks and enhance safety measures.

Reliability analysis of rubble-mound breakwaters against the failure due to the armor layer instability based on the fuzzy random variables theory: A case study of Anzali Port breakwater

Reliability analysis of rubble-mound breakwaters against the failure due to the armor layer instability based on the fuzzy random variables theory: A case study of Anzali Port breakwater

The fading face of a vanishing legacy: the life and death of immigrant culture in Anzali port city

Considering that cultural geography traces the cultural flows and explores the relation of culture to place, for us, as urban researchers and the grandchildren of immigrant families, inquiring how Anzali port city in northern Iran evolved into a ‘pseudo-European’ city and then fell into decline was a concern. We had the privilege to be quite familiar with immigrant communities, cultural behaviors, and everyday customs in Anzali and seemingly were the last generation with this knowledge, as today, the ‘extinction’ of all those people has left only a shadow of what once was a lively community. Studying the city’s actual deteriorating state, we became persuaded to make a small remark on Anzali’s vanishing cultural legacy, mixing our family’s history with historical and pictorial documents. The following text is a shortcut to what at least four generations of immigrants have lived and how they practiced their culture in a welcoming land, ending with an epilogue on a present picture of the fading face of immigrants’ cultural legacy.

Study of the Effective Factors on Shelf Currents in the Southern Caspian Sea

The current and wind records and the physical parameter structures such as temperature and salinity in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea adjacent to Anzali Port were investigated from November 2004 up to the end of January 2005. Results show that, despite the existence of relatively weak winds along the coast in the area, the measurements indicate strong long shore currents. However, when heavy wind tension is observed in the area, then strong currents are also present, which - from the perspective of direction – also have good coordination with the wind. The direction of dominated currents was parallel to the coast from the west to the east. In most cases, the flow rate was identical from the surface to the seabed, and in this condition - because the values of the measured temperature points were almost identical-barotropic currents were present. However, in the autumn at some region, a significant difference was observed between the surface currents and subsurface currents due to temperature differences that affected the density and caused the creation of barclinic currents. Due to the high velocity of currents compared to wind velocity, and the intense slope of the coast and low-frequency movements in the area, we can hypothesize the existence of motions such as Kelvin waves and conclude that the effect of the wind compared to the other factors of the coastal current in the area was weaker.

Study of the Effective Factors on Shelf Currents in the Southern Caspian Sea

The current and wind records and the physical parameter structures such as temperature and salinity in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea adjacent to Anzali Port were investigated from November 2004 up to the end of January 2005. Results show that, despite the existence of relatively weak winds along the coast in the area, the measurements indicate strong long shore currents. However, when heavy wind tension is observed in the area, then strong currents are also present, which - from the perspective of direction – also have good coordination with the wind. The direction of dominated currents was parallel to the coast from the west to the east. In most cases, the flow rate was identical from the surface to the seabed, and in this condition - because the values of the measured temperature points were almost identical-barotropic currents were present. However, in the autumn at some region, a significant difference was observed between the surface currents and subsurface currents due to temperature differences that affected the density and caused the creation of barclinic currents. Due to the high velocity of currents compared to wind velocity, and the intense slope of the coast and low-frequency movements in the area, we can hypothesize the existence of motions such as Kelvin waves and conclude that the effect of the wind compared to the other factors of the coastal current in the area was weaker.

Morphological changes in the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea using remote sensing and GIS

Coastal areas are continuously under the regional changing and interaction of land-sea resulting in the short and long terms deformation. Study of beach morphology has been one of the most important issues in coastal engineering research projects. Managing and controlling the shoreline changes and behavior are essential for all marine projects and integrated coastal zone management policy in such environments. In the present study, Guilan Province region was selected and an analysis of the coastal zone behavior was carried out based on the available satellite images. According to results, we estimated the bed level changes and also submerged area, resulting from a rise in sea level at different locations in the study area (from Anzali Port to Boujagh National Park) and compared them with those obtained from the satellite images. The results were presented graphically and changes in shorelines were estimated using ETM+ sensors and OLI images from 2002 to 2013 which can be used for site selection and design of marine structures and establishing a data base for the coastal zone in the study region. Laplacian filter was applied to satellite images to establish the shoreline and to clarify the effect of ports and coastal structures constructed in the study region on beach and shoreline morphological changes. This study is a combination of remote sensing and GIS systems with field surveys on the ground. The innovation of this work is the application of Laplacian filter for shoreline detection and estimation of the sediment deposition area by calculating the distance between the observed shorelines. This will lead to the better understanding of the effect of coastal structures on the beach morphology using satellite images. The results show the remarkable changes occurred in the shoreline due to the environmental and human-based effects during the eleven years period. The present study can be considered as a contribution to the existing knowledge of the coastal process in the study area and referred to as a basis for the future coastal research projects.

Chemometrics analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons sources in the street dust, runoff and sediment of urban rivers in Anzali port - South of Caspian Sea

Major sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in the south of Caspian Sea (Anzali city) have been investigated through an approach which combines Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares chemometric methods. Terpane, catagenetic hopane and sterane hydrocarbons were analyzed in the street dust, filtered sediments of runoff, soluble runoff water and river sediment samples as well as in automobiles exhaust, tires, asphalt, engine oil, gasoline and diesel samples, as possible sources of these hydrocarbons. PCA and MCR-ALS results showed that a large part of the analyzed hydrocarbons in street dust, runoffs and in some of the river sediment samples can be explained by the proposed known sources, while the observed variation of hydrocarbon concentrations in many of the river sediment samples was not much affected by the proposed known sources, and they were most probably receiving other pollution sources not included in our study. This study also has shown that results obtained from hydrocarbon marker molecular ratios, to identify petroleum pollution sources in the environments, are in agreement with those obtained from pollution sources resolved by MCR-ALS simultaneous analysis of all samples and variables.

РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ЭНЗЕЛИЙСКОГО ПОРТА И ЕЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ В ОСВОЕНИИ ИРАНА РУССКИМ КАПИТАЛОМ (1895-1914 ГГ.)

The article examines a poorly investigated problem: identifying the role of Anzali port (Gilan province) in increasing Russian economic and political influence in near-Caspian Iran at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century. Special attention is paid to characterizing the concession on the reconstruction of Anzali port and nearby territories that was acquired by Moscow entrepreneur L. S. Polyakov in 1895. It is shown that this project fitted into the integrated system of Russian concession policy in the country. The author analyzes the results and importance of Anzali port reconstruction in the context of strengthening Russia’s position in northern provinces of Iran.

Experimental study on the settlement of marine deposits of Anzali under cyclic loading by laminar box apparatus

ABSTRACTThe central Alborz mountain range, located in northern Iran, neighboring the Caspian Sea and where the two Persia and Eurasia plates meet, is known as a seismologically active area. In this regard, investigation of the behavior of saturated sand deposits located in this area may be of particular interest. Saturated sand deposits are subjected to instabilities owing to liquefaction or volume change due to earthquake shakings. A particular type of saturated sand deposits is Anzali sand which is abundant in Anzali port and other cities located in this area in northern Iran. This type of sand is a representative for most sands found in this area, i.e., the southern coastal line of Caspian Sea. This research is solely focused on the volume change behavior of marine deposits of Anzali area, often characterized as Anzali sand, in terms of the settlement of a model footing located on the surface of the sand by the aid of a transparent laminar shear box apparatus. Effects of a number of factors such as the frequency of the cyclic loading, the initial density of the sand, and the sample preparation method have been investigated. Observations indicated that the density index and the frequency of loading which are proportional to the energy of an earthquake have direct effects on the accumulation and amount of the final settlement of Anzali sand.

Identification and Influence of Factors Effective on Acceptance of Citizen Card by City Residents, Case Study: Anzali Port

Considering that significant investment has occurred in the City Bank for the matter of issuance of citizen card, the purpose of this research was responding to the problem that what are influential factors on city residents’ use of this card. For data collection about theoretical principles, formulation of research literature and identification of indices, library research and field study were performed. A number of 384 questionnaires were distributed. Research instruments included Pearson’s test and linear regression which showed that cognitive perception of simplicity of use, perceived quality of services, organizational-managerial support, tension and anxiety resulting of use of the cards, acculturation for use of the cards, access to them, their efficiency, and advertisements are influential on city residents’ use of the citizen card. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n3s2p65

Evaluation of Physical Activity and Dietary Habits of Women in Anzali Port and its Relationship to Public Health and Obesity

Evaluation of Physical Activity and Dietary Habits of Women in Anzali Port and its Relationship to Public Health and Obesity

Wave energy estimation by using a statistical analysis and wave buoy data near the southern Caspian Sea

Statistical analysis was done on simultaneous wave and wind using data recorded by discus-shape wave buoy. The area is located in the southern Caspian Sea near the Anzali Port. Recorded wave data were obtained through directional spectrum wave analysis. Recorded wind direction and wind speed were obtained through the related time series as well. For 12-month measurements (May 25 2007–2008), statistical calculations were done to specify the value of nonlinear auto-correlation of wave and wind using the probability distribution function of wave characteristics and statistical analysis in various time periods. The paper also presents and analyzes the amount of wave energy for the area mentioned on the basis of available database. Analyses showed a suitable comparison between the amounts of wave energy in different seasons. As a result, the best period for the largest amount of wave energy was known. Results showed that in the research period, the mean wave and wind auto correlation were about three hours. Among the probability distribution functions, i.e Weibull, Normal, Lognormal and Rayleigh, “Weibull” had the best consistency with experimental distribution function shown in different diagrams for each season. Results also showed that the mean wave energy in the research period was about 49.88 kW/m and the maximum density of wave energy was found in February and March, 2010.

Satellite radar altimetry waveform retracking over the Caspian Sea

Post-processing of complex altimetry-derived echo shapes is necessary over the Caspian Sea, in which the altimetry-inferred level fluctuations, derived from on-board ‘retrackers’, represent errors within a wide boundary close to the coastlines, i.e. up to ~10–30 km. Four different techniques were implemented to retrack 10 Hz radar waveforms of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission and 20 Hz waveforms of its follow-on mission Jason-1. These include three previously introduced algorithms of the Off Center of Gravity, the standard NASA β-5, and Threshold Retracking, after some improvements. We also introduced a new method called ‘Extrema Retracking (ExtR)’, which works based on edge detection and extracting extremum points of the returned waveforms. Before implementing each technique, a two-step preprocessing was applied to exclude unwanted waveforms. Then, an unsupervised classification approach was applied to classify the remaining waveforms into multiple groups, according to their shape and geometrical properties. Finally, the waveforms of each group were post-processed using an appropriate retracking algorithm, and subsequently, the derived corrected ranges were converted to sea surface height (SSH) values. Our post-processed results were evaluated (1) by comparing the time series of SSHs with in situ tide gauge measurements as well as (2) by comparing the along-track retracked SSHs to their corresponding geoid profiles, computed from the EGM2008 model. For each evaluation, in situ measurements or geoid profiles were subtracted from the retracked SSH values to compute residuals. Thereafter, the mean and root mean squares of the residuals were calculated and interpreted, respectively, as a measure of bias and noise level of the processed SSHs. Our results indicated a reduction in noise and bias after the application of retrackers. Specifically, the bias and noise of the ExtR-derived SSH time series were decreased at locations close to the Anzali, Noshahr and Neka tide-gauge stations (along the southern coast). For example, the correlation between altimetry observations and tide gauge measurements close to the Anzali Port over the T/P era was increased from 0.31 (using original altimetry data) to 0.83 (using ExtR), which is equivalent to a noise reduction of 0.58 to 0.39 m. Comparisons of the along-track SSHs with geoid profiles indicated a significant mitigation of land contamination over the coastal areas.

Wave energy and hot spots in Anzali port

Providing energy without unfavorable impacts on the environment is an important issue for many countries. Wave energy is one of the renewable resources with high potential and low impact on the environment, especially in coastal regions. The estimation of the wave characteristics is essential for selection of the appropriate location for wave energy exploitation. In this study, SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) was used for modeling of the wave characteristics and to describe the existence and variability of wave energy in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. The model results were calibrated and verified using in-situ buoy measurements. Wave parameters were simulated and the annual wave energy was estimated in the study area. Then, high-energy spots were determined and the monthly average wave energy and seasonal variations of wave energy in the selected site were investigated. Furthermore, wave energy resource was characterized in terms of sea state parameters i.e. significant wave heights, wave periods and mean directions for selecting the most appropriate wave energy converters in the selected site. It was found that January and February, i.e. winter months, are the most energetic months and the main wave directions with the highest frequencies are northeast and northern-northeast in this site.

Seasonal variations in temperature, salinity and density in the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea

Variability in water temperature, salinity and density was investigated based on field measurements near Anzali Port, in the Southern Caspian Sea in 2008. Seasonal changes of seawater properties were mainly observed through the upper 100 m layer, while below this layer seasonal variations of the parameters were minor. Vertical structure of the temperature in the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea is characterized by a significant seasonal thermocline between 20–50 m depths with vertical variation in temperature about 16°C in midsummer (August). Decrease of the thermocline occurs with the general cooling of the air and sea surface water, and deepening of the mixed layer during late of autumn and winter. Seasonal averages of the salinity were estimated in a range of 12.27–12.37 PSU. The structure of thermocline and pycnocline indicated agreement between changes of temperature and density of seawater. Seasonal pycnocline was observed in position of the thermocline layer.