Anxious Avoidant Attachment Research Articles

The Contribution of the Character of Child-parent Relationships to the Level of Development of Regulatory Functions in Senior Preschool Age

This study aims to examine the distribution of attachment types to the mother in modern Russian children and to identify the relationship between the type of attachment to the mother and the level of development of executive functions (EF) in older preschoolers (N=439). A secure type of attachment to the mother was determined in 52%, anxious-ambivalent – in 18%, anxious-avoidant – in 22%, and disorganized – in 8% of children. Assessments of cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition are significantly higher in children with secure than with anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment. Assessments of verbal working memory are significantly higher, and visual working memory are significantly lower in children with anxious-ambivalent than in children with anxious-avoidant attachment to mother. When performing tasks on cognitive inhibition, children with anxious-ambivalent attachment more often resort to the strategy of "avoidance of failures", while with avoidant – to the strategy of "achievements". Children with a disorganized type of attachment to their mother received the lowest scores on all tasks for regulatory functions.

The Relationship between Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment and Social Appearance Anxiety in Adolescents: The Serial Mediation of Positive Youth Development and Instagram Addiction.

The prevalence of social appearance anxiety among adolescents has increased in recent years. It can be said that one of the reasons for this situation is appearance-oriented social media applications. Attachment styles in adolescents may play a role in social appearance anxiety, as in many types of anxiety. However, adolescents' positive youth development levels may have a protective role against social appearance anxiety. Therefore, this study investigated the serial mediator roles of Instagram addiction and positive youth development in the relationship between anxious-avoidant attachment style and social appearance anxiety in adolescents. The research was carried out with 508 high school students. As a result of the research, it was determined that anxious-avoidant attachment and Instagram addiction predicted social appearance anxiety positively. It was determined that positive youth development predicted social appearance anxiety negatively. In addition, mediating roles in the relationship between positive youth development and Instagram addiction, anxious-avoidant attachment and social appearance anxiety were found significant in the study.

The Mediating Role of Shame and Self-criticism in the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Severity of Depressive Symptoms

Objectives Depression is the fourth major cause of disease burden in the world, which alone accounts for the largest share of non-fatal disease burden. The present study was done to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between attachment styles and the severity of depression symptoms. Methods The current research design was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current study was all people in the age range of 18 to 47 years in Tehran in 2022. The research sample consisted of 212 people who were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, Beck’s Depression Questionnaire, Hazen and Shaver’s Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Tangeni et al.’s Shame Questionnaire, and Thompson, and Zaroff’s Critical Levels Questionnaire were used. For the statistical analysis of the data, structural equation modeling using Lisrel 8/8 software was used. Results The results of data analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between anxious-avoidant attachment styles (r=0.62; p<0.01) and anxious-ambivalent (r=0.51; p<0.01) and the severity of depression symptoms, shame and the severity of depression (r=0.75; p<0.01), and self-criticism and the severity of depression (r=0.45; p<0.01). Also, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of shame, with standard coefficients of 0.30 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level. In addition, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of self-criticism, with standard coefficients of 0.22 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level. Conclusion According to the results of the present study, anxious-avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment, shame, and self-criticism are the underlying factors of depression, and paying attention to the mentioned variables helps researchers and therapists in the prevention and designing of more appropriate treatments.

The Role of Family Climates and Attachment Style in Romantic Relationship in Predicting Relation Role Expectations Among Adults

Considering the increasing divorce rates today, it is noteworthy that it is necessary to determine the factors that individuals pay attention to in choosing a spouse. From this point of view, the aim of the study is to examine the effect of family climate and attachment style on the prediction of adults' relationship role expectations.The sample of the study consists of 256 women and 103 men who are legally of age living in Turkey. Based on the purpose of the research, the data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Marriage Role Expectation Scale, the Family Climate Scale and the Three-Dimensional Attachment Styles Scale. Correlations between variables were examined and multiple regression analysis was performed. According to the results of the research, relationship role expectations showed correlations with individuals' age, gender, number of siblings, family type, marital status, cohabitants and romantic relationship status. It was seen that the only variable predicting egalitarian role expectation was gender. Gender, marital status, intergenerational authority, secure attachment style, and anxious-avoidant attachment variables were found to predict traditional role expectancy. Keywords: Marriage role expectations, attachment, family climate, role theory, family system theory.

Development and Validation of Parental Attachment Styles Scale for Adolescents

Objective: To construct an instrument and establish psychometric properties to measure parental attachment styles for adolescents in Urdu language Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out in the Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan,. 20. 20. 20. 202019 to Jan. 5 Jan. Jan. 5 52021. Material and Methods: Initial item pool (150 items), based on Ainsworth et al. (1985) attachment styles theory, intensive review of the literature, and focus group interviews (Girls=30, Boys=30. Among the 141 items, shortened by an expert panel, the pilot study retained 137 reliable items for final administration. Furthermore, 1200 adolescents (12-19 years) from the community and educational institutions were approached to gather information in district Gujrat ereh here data was analyzed with the help of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis on SPSS-22 and Amos-22.FResults: Exploratory factor analysis on SPSS-22 explored 38 reliable items for the Parental Attachment Styles scale under three -sub-factors; Secure Attachment, Anxious-Resistance Attachment, and Anxious-Avoidant Attachment, whereas 15 items were confirmed for the final instrument through model fit (P-value=.000, CFI=.947, GFI=.947, AGFI= .927, RMSEA=.064) of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Conclusion: An assessment tool in the Urdu language to estimate Parental Attachment Styles for adolescents is competently developed and validated with 15 items and three sub-scales.

“EVEN LOVE WAS NOT ENOUGH”: THINKING ABOUT ATTACHMENT PARADIGM THROUGH TURKISH FILMS

The relationships are the subjects represented in the cinematic narratives. The relationship patterns of the characters in the film texts produce, reproduce, and promulgate the representation of gender conventions. The relationships between the characters in the film texts form the discourse that normalizes the individualism propagated especially by the neoliberal paradigm and the absence of the labor that is required to repair human relations. They also allow thinking about our attachment patterns, which are our basic needs and conflicts at the same time. The attachment paradigm describes the behavioral approach focusing on attachment theory and models. Attachment patterns can vary depending on both stories and characters. In this study, ten Turkish films were selected from a wide range of time between 1965 and 2020 and analyzed with discourse analysis to discuss the different attachment patterns and gender conventions. The popular films Vesikalı Yarim, Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım Issız Adam, and Biz Böyleyiz; and the independent films Sevmek Zamanı, Kader, and Körleşme are examples to discuss examples of avoidant, anxious, anxious-avoidant attachment. The popular films Mucize and Nadide Hayat are examples to question secure attachment from different perspectives. Gerçek Kesit: Manyak is chosen as an extreme example because it reveals the relationship between insecure attachment and the masculinity crisis with violence.

Assessment of criterion validity of personality disorder diagnosis in adolescents and relations between attachment style and personality disorder diagnosis.

Assessment of criterion validity and temporal stability of personality disorder diagnosis in adolescents and relationships between attachment styles and personality disorder diagnosis. 50 adolescents (46 girls and 4 boys, aged 15-17) hospitalized at the department of child and adolescent psychiatry were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) and the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA). After one year, adolescents meeting the criteria for apersonality disorder (PD) diagnosis were reassessed with the SCID-II. In the first stage of assessment, diagnostic criteriafor different types of personality disorders were met by 41 adolescents (82%) (mean number of criteria = 5.9). Criteria were met most often for borderline personality disorder (BPD) (n = 26; mean number of criteria = 7.9). In the second stage of assessment, the interview was re-administered to 21 (51%) adolescents; the mean number of criteria was = 6.6. A statistically significant relationship between the number of PD diagnostic criteria in assessment one and the number of criteria in assessment two was obtained (r = 0.58; p < 0.01). 82% of the participants with PD were insecurely attached to their mothers. In the borderline group, 83% of the participants reported anxious-avoidant attachment style. PD traits in adolescence, specifically BPD, are stable across one year.

The Psychology of Kink: a Survey Study into the Relationships of Trauma and Attachment Style with BDSM Interests

BDSM is a prevalent type of sexual expression that refers to Bondage and Discipline (BD), Dominance and Submission (DS), and Sadism and Masochism (SM). It has been speculated that a substantial percentage of BDSM practitioners have experienced (sexual) trauma in the past. Attachment style is an additional factor resulting from early life dynamics that has been suggested to potentially influence BDSM interests. This study will investigate to what extent BDSM interests are related to trauma and attachment style, while differentiating between BDSM community practitioners and private practitioners. A group of 771 BDSM practitioners and 518 non-practitioners from the general population completed a survey in 2017 assessing BDSM interests as well as the Brief Trauma Questionnaire to gauge traumatic events and the Relationships Questionnaire to assess attachment style. Community BDSM practitioners and private practitioners reported higher levels of physical abuse in adulthood but no significant differences emerged for other traumatic experiences including childhood physical abuse or unwanted sexual trauma. Surprisingly, BDSM practitioners had more secure and at the same time more anxious-preoccupied attachment styles compared to non-practitioners. Besides, secure attachment style was associated with dominance, whereas the anxious-avoidant attachment style was associated with submissiveness. Intensity of BDSM interest was predicted by secure attachment style, gender, sexual orientation, and living area. Thus, our findings do not support the hypothesis of BDSM being a maladaptive coping mechanism in response to early life dynamics. BDSM practices deserve perception as normal sexual practice free from stigmatization rather than deviant behavior.

Childhood Maltreatment Experiences, Attachment, Sexual Offending: Testing a Theory

The aim of this study was to empirically examine the theoretical model proposed by Grady, Levenson, and Bolder used to explain the relationships between experiencing trauma, attachment styles, and risk factors associated with sexual offending. The specific risk factors tested were emotional, behavioral, and cognitive regulation deficits. The research questions were as follows: (1) What specific childhood traumatic experiences (physical and sexual abuse and/or other domestic trauma events) are associated with anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachments? (2) Are anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment styles differentially linked to dysregulation outcomes (emotional, behavioral and cognitive shift, and inhibitions)? (3) Do insecure attachment styles explain why childhood trauma is associated with dysregulation? and (4) Do these early life experiences contribute to sexual offending behavior? The sample included 200 male youth adjudicated for either a sexual or nonsexual crime and living in the community or a residential facility. The average age of the youth was 17.17 years (SD = 1.81 years). Structural equation modeling was used to determine the direct and indirect relationships between abuse and traumatic experiences, anxious-avoidant and ambivalent-anxious attachment styles, and regulation deficits. Authors found a direct relationship between physical abuse and both of the attachment styles, separately. Both anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment styles related similarly to regulation deficits. Separately, anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment styles served as mediators between physical abuse and regulation deficits. Sexual abuse predicted the later commission of sexual crimes with no influence from attachment style. Finally, domestic trauma independently predicted regulation deficits in the model that included anxious-ambivalent attachment but had no effect on deficits in the model that included anxious-avoidant attachment. Implications for treatment include the need to consider using attachment-based interventions and prevention strategies, and a trauma-informed approach when working with justice involved youth. Suggestions for future research are also discussed.

El apego adulto y la calidad percibida de las relaciones de pareja: Evidencias a partir de una población adulta joven

INTRODUCTION: Many studies highlight the importance of relationships during people’s psychological development as well as their physical and emotional health. These studies also show that the types of attachment have a predictable capacity regarding the perceived quality in relationships. However, few have been said about the topic in young adult population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between attachment styles and different components of relationships in young adult population. METHOD: The sample was composed of 119 Dominican university students whose ages ranged between 18 and 26 (M = 20.03; DT = 1.95). RESULTS: There is a different correlational pattern for type of attachment. Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment did not correlate with most components of perceived quality; whereas Anxious-Avoidant Attachment correlated negatively and high in the scales of satisfaction, commitment, intimacy, love, and general quality. Additionally, men registered meaningfully higher means of Anxious-Avoidant Attachment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings illustrate the importance of the styles of attachment, specially the Anxious-Avoidant Attachment regarding the quality of relationships in young adults.

Attachment Behaviors and Proximity-Seeking in Cancer Patients and Their Partners

Systemic interventions for cancer patients and their family members are relatively underexplored in the medical family therapy literature. For many couples, a cancer diagnosis represents loss, isolation, and dependency that activate attachment behaviors. In this paper, we use attachment theory as a framework to describe couple interaction patterns and behaviors, especially proximity seeking, following a cancer diagnosis. Two case examples are provided to illustrate proximity seeking from secure and anxious-avoidant attachment styles in couples facing a recent diagnosis of cancer. We then apply Emotionally Focused Therapy, a systemic, attachment-based intervention, to a distressed couple and insecurely attached couple. Finally, clinical implications for medical family therapy practice are discussed along with suggestions for future research.