Human Anxiety Research Articles

Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex oscillations underlie learning alterations in trait anxiety in humans

Anxiety has been linked to altered belief formation and uncertainty estimation, impacting learning. Identifying the neural processes underlying these changes is important for understanding brain pathology. Here, we show that oscillatory activity in the medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex (mPFC, ACC, OFC) explains anxiety-related learning alterations. In a magnetoencephalography experiment, two groups of human participants pre-screened with high and low trait anxiety (HTA, LTA: 39) performed a probabilistic reward-based learning task. HTA undermined learning through an overestimation of volatility, leading to faster belief updating, more stochastic decisions and pronounced lose-shift tendencies. On a neural level, we observed increased gamma activity in the ACC, dmPFC, and OFC during encoding of precision-weighted prediction errors in HTA, accompanied by suppressed ACC alpha/beta activity. Our findings support the association between altered learning and belief updating in anxiety and changes in gamma and alpha/beta activity in the ACC, dmPFC, and OFC.

Early-life stress biases responding to negative feedback and increases amygdala volume and vulnerability to later-life stress

Early-life stress (ELS) or adversity, particularly in the form of childhood neglect and abuse, is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes in adulthood. However, whether these relationships are mediated by the consequences of ELS itself or by other exposures that frequently co-occur with ELS is unclear. To address this question, we carried out a longitudinal study in rats to isolate the effects of ELS on regional brain volumes and behavioral phenotypes relevant to anxiety and depression. We used the repeated maternal separation (RMS) model of chronic ELS, and conducted behavioral measurements throughout adulthood, including of probabilistic reversal learning (PRL), responding on a progressive ratio task, sucrose preference, novelty preference, novelty reactivity, and putative anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze. Our behavioral assessment was combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for quantitation of regional brain volumes at three time points: immediately following RMS, young adulthood without further stress, and late adulthood with further stress. We found that RMS caused long-lasting, sexually dimorphic biased responding to negative feedback on the PRL task. RMS also slowed response time on the PRL task, but without this directly impacting task performance. RMS animals were also uniquely sensitive to a second stressor, which disproportionately impaired their performance and slowed their responding on the PRL task. MRI at the time of the adult stress revealed a larger amygdala volume in RMS animals compared with controls. These behavioral and neurobiological effects persisted well into adulthood despite a lack of effects on conventional tests of ‘depression-like’ and ‘anxiety-like’ behavior, and a lack of any evidence of anhedonia. Our findings indicate that ELS has long-lasting cognitive and neurobehavioral effects that interact with stress in adulthood and may have relevance for understanding the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans.

A single dose of cannabidiol (CBD) positively influences measures of stress in dogs during separation and car travel.

Many dogs experience stress when separated from their caregivers, as well as when traveling in vehicles. Pet owners employ various approaches to managing these issues, from training, to giving medications and supplements, often with mixed results. Cannabidiol (CBD) can alleviate stress and anxiety in humans but the effect it has on canine stress is less well-documented. The present study aimed to understand the impact of being left alone and traveling in a car on measures of canine stress, and establish whether a single dose of a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-free CBD distillate could positively influence any measures of stress. In a blinded, parallel design study, a population of dogs were either left alone in a familiar room (n = 21) or underwent a short car journey (n = 19). A range of physiological and behavioral measures were collected pre, during and post-test. Significant changes in several stress-related measures (serum cortisol, mean ear temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability, whining and a stressed/anxious behavioral factor) were observed from baseline to test, with the car journey test paradigm eliciting a more pronounced stress response overall. The mitigating effect of CBD treatment varied by measure and test, with some indicating a significant reduction in canine stress compared to the placebo group. Additional research is required to fully understand the complex effect of CBD on canine wellbeing.

Blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity are associated with trait anxiety in humans.

Chronic anxiety is prevalent and associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Prior studies that have reported a relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and anxiety have focused on participants with anxiety disorders and/or metabolic syndrome. The present study leverages a large cohort of healthy adults devoid of cardiometabolic disorders to examine the hypothesis that trait anxiety severity is positively associated with resting MSNA and blood pressure. Resting blood pressure (BP) (sphygmomanometer and finger plethysmography), MSNA (microneurography), and heart rate (HR; electrocardiogram) were collected in 88 healthy participants (52 males, 36 females, 25 ± 1 yr, 25 ± 1 kg/m2). Multiple linear regression was performed to assess the independent relationship between trait anxiety, MSNA, resting BP, and HR while controlling for age and sex. Trait anxiety was significantly correlated with systolic arterial pressure (SAP; r = 0.251, P = 0.018), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP; r = 0.291, P = 0.006), mean arterial pressure (MAP; r = 0.328, P = 0.002), MSNA burst frequency (BF; r = 0.237, P = 0.026), and MSNA burst incidence (BI; r = 0.225, P = 0.035). When controlling for the effects of age and sex, trait anxiety was independently associated with SAP (β = 0.206, P = 0.028), DAP (β = 0.317, P = 0.002), MAP (β = 0.325, P = 0.001), MSNA BF (β = 0.227, P = 0.030), and MSNA BI (β = 0.214, P = 0.038). Trait anxiety is associated with increased blood pressure and MSNA, demonstrating an important relationship between anxiety and autonomic blood pressure regulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Anxiety is associated with development of cardiovascular disease. Although the sympathetic nervous system is a likely mediator of this relationship, populations with chronic anxiety have shown little, if any, alteration in resting levels of directly recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). The present study is the first to reveal an independent relationship between trait anxiety, resting blood pressure, and MSNA in a large cohort of healthy males and females devoid of cardiometabolic comorbidities.

A quick identification model for assessing human anxiety and thermal comfort based on physiological signals in a hot and humid working environment

We propose a simple and quick method for quantifying workers' anxiety and thermal comfort levels using physiological signals. Nine subjects enrolled in a series of controlled laboratory experiments involving varying temperature, relative humidity, and labor intensities. A total of 40 experiments were conducted, and 1592 groups of anxiety data and 1624 groups of thermal comfort data were obtained, respectively. During 2-h-working trials, Electroencephalogram (EEG), photoplethysmography (PPG), and pupil diameter of each subject were collected synchronously, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and thermal comfort vote (TCV) were completed in stages. Random Forest was adopted to screen out the appropriate sensitivity feature indicators of anxiety levels and thermal comfort levels from the 70 features of the 10 EEG channels. Finally, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, K-nearest Neighbor Algorithm, and Support Vector Machine were used to determine relevant physiological data combinations and modeling algorithms. The Precision of the anxiety level and thermal comfort level quick identification model based on Random Forest Algorithm can reach 81.04% and 84.79%, respectively. This suggests that the proposed quick identification method for assessing workers' anxiety and thermal comfort levels holds promise. Physiological data need to be obtained by monitoring only PPG, pupil diameter, and 5 EEG channels. By processing these data, the workers' anxiety and thermal comfort level could be judged realistically to ensure their safety. It is suggested that PPG, pupil diameter, and EEG should be considered all together in the future study of anxiety and thermal comfort.

Blood Levels of Neuropeptide 26RFa in Relation to Anxiety and Aggressive Behavior in Humans—An Exploratory Study

26RFa, also referred to as QRFP, is a hypothalamic neuropeptide mainly known for its role in the regulation of appetite and glucose metabolism. Its possible relevance to emotional regulation is largely unexplored. To address this, in the present exploratory study, we analyzed the plasma concentrations of 26RFa in humans characterized by different levels of anxiety and aggressive behavior. For this purpose, the study included 13 prison inmates who have committed violent crimes and 19 age-matched healthy men from the general population as controls. Anxiety, depression and aggressive behavior were evaluated in both groups using standard questionnaires. The inmate group was characterized by increased aggression and anxiety compared to the controls. We found that the mean plasma levels of 26RFa did not significantly differ between the inmates and the controls. However, several high outliers were present only in the inmate group. The plasma levels of 26RFa correlated positively with the anxiety scores in all the studied subjects and controls. After removing the high outliers in the inmate group, positive correlations of 26RFa with anxiety and a subscale of hostility in the aggression scale were also recorded in this group. No significant correlations of 26RFa with depression scores or other parameters of aggressive behavior were found. Thus, the present results did not support an involvement of 26RFa in aggressive behavior in humans but pointed to a link between this neuropeptide and anxiety. Nevertheless, considering the exploratory nature of the present study, this conclusion should be verified in a larger cohort, including the clinical degree of anxiety.

Involvement of Dihydropyrimidinase-Related Protein 2 in Regulation of Anxiety in Humans

The goal of the study was analysis of the role for dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP2) in regulation of anxiety in humans and animals. For this purpose, the levels of DRP2 in the platelets and saliva and the levels of natural autoantibodies to DRP2 in the blood serum of the patients, admitted for a surgical operation, were analyzed alongside with the effects of DRP2 on rat behavior using the model of elevated plus-maze. Blood samples were collected from the veins of the patients, feeling anxiety at the day of surgery, into test tubes containing 5% EDTA as an anticoagulant. Platelets and serum were purified and through indirect ELISA-test the levels of DRP2 were evaluated in the platelets, while the levels of natural anti-DRP2 autoantibodies were measured in the blood serum. Concomitantly, the levels of DRP2 were estimated in the patients’ saliva sampled on the same day. The results showed upregulation of DRP2 in the platelets (p 0.05 on Student’s t-criterion) and natural anti-DRP2 autoantibodies in the serum of the patients (p 0.001) relative to healthy persons. Evaluation of the level of the stress hormone cortisol in the patients’ serum revealed its upregulation (p 0.01). At the same time downregulation of DRP2 in the patients’ saliva (p 0.01) was noticed. Intra-cerebral administration of DRP2 to the rats resulted in an increase in the number of crossed squares in the open arms of the maze relative to the control rats injected with inactivated DRP2 (p 0.01, Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U-criterion) which indicates their reduced anxiety. Based on the data obtained we conclude that evaluation of DRP2 in the platelets, natural anti-DRP2 autoantibodies in the blood serum and DRP2 in the saliva might serve as an indicator of anxiety levels in humans.

DREADD-mediated amygdala activation is sufficient to induce anxiety-like responses in young nonhuman primates

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, with symptoms often beginning early in life. To model the pathophysiology of human pathological anxiety, we utilized Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) in a nonhuman primate model of anxious temperament to selectively increase neuronal activity of the amygdala. Subjects included 10 young rhesus macaques; 5 received bilateral infusions of AAV5-hSyn-HA-hM3Dq into the dorsal amygdala, and 5 served as controls. Subjects underwent behavioral testing in the human intruder paradigm following clozapine or vehicle administration, prior to and following surgery. Behavioral results indicated that clozapine treatment post-surgery increased freezing across different threat-related contexts in hM3Dq subjects. This effect was again observed approximately 1.9 years following surgery, indicating the long-term functional capacity of DREADD-induced neuronal activation. [11C]deschloroclozapine PET imaging demonstrated amygdala hM3Dq-HA specific binding, and immunohistochemistry revealed that hM3Dq-HA expression was most prominent in basolateral nuclei. Electron microscopy confirmed expression was predominantly on neuronal membranes. Together, these data demonstrate that activation of primate amygdala neurons is sufficient to induce increased anxiety-related behaviors, which could serve as a model to investigate pathological anxiety in humans.

Involvement of Dihydropyrimidinase-Related Protein 2 in Human Anxiety Regulation

Involvement of Dihydropyrimidinase-Related Protein 2 in Human Anxiety Regulation

Chronic gut inflammation impairs contextual control of fear

Chronic inflammatory diseases are highly comorbid with anxiety in humans. The extent to which chronic inflammation is responsible for this relationship remains to be determined. We therefore tested the hypothesis that prolonged, but not brief, gut inflammation is sufficient to evoke anxiety-related behaviours in mice. We used the discriminative fear to context conditioning paradigm to assess fear generalization, which is a prominent feature of anxiety disorders. Gut inflammation was induced by exposure to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water, a well-established rodent model of ulcerative colitis evoking prolonged inflammation. Neither acute (1 × 5 day cycle) nor chronic (3 × 5 day cycles) exposure to DSS affected fear responses when tested shortly after conditioning. Mice in all groups generated more fear responses (freezing) in a chamber previously paired with mild shock, as compared to a chamber with no pairing. This suggests DSS exposure had no effect on acquisition or expression of conditioned fear. Acute and control animals showed this same contextual control of freezing when tested 9 days later. In contrast, at this remote time point, the chronically treated animals exhibited increased freezing in the unpaired chamber such that freezing was equivalent in both contexts. These animals, however, showed intact preference for the unpaired chamber when allowed to freely move between chambers. These data suggest that some mnemonic process engaged after training, such as memory consolidation, is affected by past chronic inflammation so as to generalize negative associations and engage fearful responding in inappropriate contexts, despite intact knowledge that the chambers have different affective associations sufficient for place preference.

Mobile Robot Combination Autonomous Behavior Strategy to Inspect Hazardous Gases in Relatively Narrow Man–Machine Environment

Selecting the optimal speed for dynamic obstacle avoidance in complex man–machine environments is a challenging problem for mobile robots inspecting hazardous gases. Consideration of personal space is important, especially in a relatively narrow man–machine dynamic environments such as warehouses and laboratories. In this study, human and robot behaviors in man–machine environments are analyzed, and a man–machine social force model is established to study the robot obstacle avoidance speed. Four typical man–machine behavior patterns are investigated to design the robot behavior strategy. Based on the social force model and man–machine behavior patterns, the fuzzy-PID trajectory tracking control method and the autonomous obstacle avoidance behavior strategy of the mobile robot in inspecting hazardous gases in a relatively narrow man–machine dynamic environment are proposed to determine the optimal robot speed for obstacle avoidance. The simulation analysis results show that compared with the traditional PID control method, the proposed controller has a position error of less than 0.098 m, an angle error of less than 0.088 rad, a smaller steady-state error, and a shorter convergence time. The crossing and encountering pattern experiment results show that the proposed behavior strategy ensures that the robot maintains a safe distance from humans while performing trajectory tracking. This research proposes a combination autonomous behavior strategy for mobile robots inspecting hazardous gases, ensuring that the robot maintains the optimal speed to achieve dynamic obstacle avoidance, reducing human anxiety and increasing comfort in a relatively narrow man–machine environment.

Neurobiological mechanisms of mood disorders: Stress vulnerability and resilience.

Stress is an important factor in the development of several human pathologies. The response of rodents and humans to stress depends on many factors; some people and rodents develop stress-related mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety in humans, depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in mice and rats, while others report no new psychological symptoms in response to chronic or acute stress, and are considered susceptible and resilient to stress, respectively. Resilience is defined as the ability to thrive in the face of adversity and is a learned process that can help protect against occupational stressors and mental illnesses. There is growing interest in the underlying mechanisms involved in resilience and vulnerability to depression caused by stress, and some studies have demonstrated that individual variability in the way animals and humans respond to stress depends on several mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, neuronal plasticity, immunology and genetic factors, among others not discussed in this review, this review provides a general overview about this mechanism.

Effect of Indian Music as an Auditory Stimulus on Physiological Measures of Stress, Anxiety, Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses in Humans-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Among the different anthropogenic stimuli humans are exposed to, the psychological and cardiovascular effects of auditory stimuli are less understood. This study aims to explore the possible range of change after a single session of auditory stimulation with three different ‘Modes’ of musical stimuli (MS) on anxiety, biomarkers of stress, and cardiovascular parameters among healthy young individuals. In this randomized control trial, 140 healthy young adults, aged 18–30 years, were randomly assigned to three MS groups (Mode/Raga Miyan ki Todi, Malkauns, and Puriya) and one control group (natural sounds). The outcome measurements of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), salivary cortisol (sCort), blood pressure, and heart rate variability (HRV) were collected at three time points: before (M1), during (M2), and after the intervention (M3). State anxiety was reduced significantly with raga Puriya (p = 0.018), followed by raga Malkauns and raga Miyan Ki Todi. All the groups showed a significant reduction in sAA. Raga Miyan ki Todi and Puriya caused an arousal effect (as evidenced by HRV) during the intervention and significant relaxation after the intervention (both p < 0.005). Raga Malkauns and the control group had a sustained rise in parasympathetic activity over 30 min. Future studies should try to use other modes and features to develop a better scientific foundation for the use of Indian music in medicine.

Possible association between the lrrk2 gene and anxiety behavior: a systematic literature review

Alterations to the LRRK2 gene have been associated with Parkinson’s disease and alcohol consumption in animals and humans. Furthermore, these disorders are strongly related to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, we investigated how the LRRK2 gene might influence anxiety in humans and mice. We elaborated a systematic review based on the PRISMA Statement of studies that investigated levels of anxiety in animal or human models with alterations in the LRRK2 gene. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists with descriptors related to ADs and the LRRK2. From the 62 articles assessed for eligibility, 16 were included: 11 conducted in humans and seven, in mice. Lrrk2 KO mice and the LRRK2 G2019S, LRRK2 R1441G, and LRRK2 R1441C variants were addressed. Five articles reported an increase in anxiety levels concerning the LRRK2 variants. Decreased anxiety levels were observed in two articles, one focusing on the LRRK2 G2019S and the other, on the Lrrk2 KO mice. Eight other articles reported no differences in anxiety levels in individuals with Lrrk2 alterations compared to their healthy controls. This study discusses a possible influence between the LRRK2 gene and anxiety, adding information to the existing knowledge respecting the influence of genetics on anxiety.

Strong ground-motion prediction equations from induced earthquakes in St. Gallen geothermal field, Switzerland

Abstract Ground shaking, whether it is due to natural or induced earthquakes, has always been a matter of concern since it correlates with structural/non-structural damage and can culminate in human anxiety. Industrial activities such as water injection, gas sequestration and waste fluid disposals, promote induced seismicity and consequent ground shaking that can hinder ongoing activities. Therefore, keeping in mind the importance of timely evaluation of a seismic hazard and its mitigation for societal benefits, the present study proposes specifically designed ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) from induced earthquakes in the St. Gallen geothermal area, Switzerland. The data analysed in this study consist of 343 earthquakes with magnitude −1.17 ≤ ML, corr ≤ 3.5 and hypocentral distance between 4 and 15 km. The proposed study is one of the first to incorporate ground motions from negative magnitude earthquakes for the development of GMPEs. The GMPEs are inferred with a two-phase approach. In the first phase, a reference model is obtained by considering the effect of source and medium properties on the ground motion. In the second phase the final model is obtained by including a site/station effect. The comparison between the GMPEs obtained in the present study with GMPEs developed for the other induced seismicity environments highlights a mismatch that is ascribed to differences in regional seismic environment and local site conditions of the respective regions. This suggests that, when dealing with induced earthquakes, GMPEs specific for the study should be inferred and used for both monitoring purposes and seismic hazard analyses.

Acute orexin antagonism selectively modulates anticipatory anxiety in humans: implications for addiction and anxiety

Research indicates that heightened anticipatory anxiety underlies several forms of psychopathology. Anticipatory anxiety can be reliably and objectively measured in the laboratory using the No-Predictable-Unpredictable (NPU) threat paradigm. The NPU paradigm is an ideal research tool for the NIH ‘Fast-Fail’ approach of screening promising compounds and testing human target engagement. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that the hypocretin/orexin (ORX) hypothalamic neuropeptide system is a potential means for modulating anticipatory anxiety and disrupting stress-related alcohol use. The current study tested this question using a psychophysiological probe of the ORX system in humans. We examined whether a single dose of suvorexant (SUV; 10 mg; dual ORX receptor antagonist) can effectively and selectively target a well-validated human laboratory index of exaggerated anticipatory anxiety using a within-subjects placebo-controlled design. A total of twenty-one volunteers completed two laboratory sessions during acute administration of 10 mg SUV or placebo. Across sessions, we administered the NPU paradigm probing sustained anticipatory anxiety and fear while startle eyeblink was recorded as an index of aversive reactivity. Questionnaires assessing mood states and subjective drug effects were also collected. Results indicated SUV was well-tolerated. Compared with placebo, SUV was associated with decreased startle reactivity during anticipatory anxiety but not fear or no-threat conditions. Therefore, SUV selectively and effectively reduced objective indicators of anticipatory anxiety in humans and engaged our laboratory target of psychopathology. ORX antagonism may be a promising strategy for modulating human anxiety and potentially, stress-related alcohol use.

Chronic stress-induced synaptic changes to corticotropin-releasing factor-signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

The sexually dimorphic bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is comprised of several distinct regions, some of which act as a hub for stress-induced changes in neural circuitry and behavior. In rodents, the anterodorsal BNST is especially affected by chronic exposure to stress, which results in alterations to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-signaling pathway, including CRF receptors and upstream regulators. Stress increases cellular excitability in BNST CRF+ neurons by potentiating miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitude, altering the resting membrane potential, and diminishing M-currents (a voltage-gated K+ current that stabilizes membrane potential). Rodent anterodorsal and anterolateral BNST neurons are also critical regulators of behavior, including avoidance of aversive contexts and fear learning (especially that of sustained threats). These rodent behaviors are historically associated with anxiety. Furthermore, BNST is implicated in stress-related mood disorders, including anxiety and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in humans, and may be linked to sex differences found in mood disorders.

Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides?

In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population’s mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL RESTRICTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CHANGE OF EMOTION AND BEHAVIOR

BackgroundOver the past few centuries, philosophers have proposed various solutions based on introspection, which is used to find evidence and refute speculation in their thinking research. Nowadays, with the significant progress of knowledge and research tools, the progress of neuroscience has revealed some brain processes behind human thoughts and emotions, which can provide useful insights for us to study brain related problems. With the rise of psychology, we have a better model to study the logic behind human emotion.Research objects and methodsWhen analyzing the significance of neural basis discovery and related mechanism of cognitive behavior intention of others, this paper carefully points out that this correlation can not fully explain the understanding of others' thinking. On the contrary, this correlation only plays a minimal role. The author further discusses the Epistemological Characteristics of other psychological knowledge. In other words, as a kind of private knowledge, the experience of others can achieve relatively consistent understanding and communication through the public expression and description of psychological state; In addition, the PRCA-24 table contains four subscales, each with six entries, which are used to measure the degree of communication in group discussion, conversation between two people, participation in meetings and public speech. When the total score is measured, the subscale score can be obtained. The scale adopts a 5-level scoring system (1 = very agree, 5-very disagree). Subscale scores ranged from 6 (low communication fear) to 30 (high communication fear). The total score ranges from 24 to 120. There are some large sample norm about PRCA-24 table. Mccrokey used the total score of PRCA-24 to distinguish the degree of communication fear, and specified that less than 52 points are low fear and more than 79 points are high fear.ResultHowever, it is impossible to truly understand the thoughts of others, because conscious experience only exists in the strict sense of owner, and the unique quality within the subject cannot be measured from the perspective of a third party. Results: Our results showed that although there was a positive correlation between promoting anxiety and understanding ability, it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In human psychological anxiety, debilitating anxiety dominated, and the results were statistically significant (P < 0.01). This means that debilitating anxiety can be used as an indicator to measure the level of human anxiety. The results show that there is a negative correlation between listening anxiety and listening performance. Pearson correlation in high anxiety group was significantly higher than that in low anxiety group. This shows that the party who can't understand others well is more anxious than the party who can understand others well.ConclusionIn this sense, the so-called perception of others' thinking is not to seek a causal explanation of others' behavior, but to explain the meaning expressed by others under specific circumstances. Finally, the society should strengthen positive cognitive education, carry out targeted education for relevant personnel, correctly guide positive emotions, turn some anxiety and impulsive emotions into rational motives, and guide them to carry out relevant activities according to their own advantages and characteristics. Set an example, clarify the incentive objectives, regularly hold relevant knowledge popularization, experience introduction, project display and other activities, set a successful example for positive emotions, clarify the objectives of positive activities, form strong psychological motivation, stimulate internal potential and help realize positive behaviors. Strengthen professional guidance and make the motivation of winning the bid behavioral. Give full play to social potential and have high psychological quality and professional knowledge in business field. Experts and scholars can be organized to establish a professional bid winning guidance team, give full play to the business projects of experts and scholars in their respective fields, and carry out scientific research on entrepreneurial projects.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Major Project of National Social Science Fund (Grant No. 18ZDA029).

미래 불안에 대한 예측학으로서의 명리학 이해

The purpose of this study is to examine the Myonglihak as a predictive science for future anxiety through Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety. Myonglihak is a discipline that was born to reduce human anxiety about the future, and is thoroughly interested in predicting individual destiny. On the other hand, Kierkegaard, who has introduced the inner side of the existential human being as a fundamental problem of philosophy, attempts to analyze the existence of human beings through anxiety. Myonglihak tried to resolve the individual's anxiety about the future through the secularly method of Jaesung(財星, wealth) and Kwansung(官星, government service). On the other hand, Kierkegaard believed that escaping from anxiety depending on impermanent things such as wealth or government service is not ultimate, and that human being can only escape from anxiety when he establish himself as a individual in front of God. However, it is possible that overcoming anxiety through future prediction of Myeonglihak will serve as an opportunity to overcome Kierkegaard's ultimate anxiety.