Anxiety In Group Research Articles

Dynamic postural control in women athletes with and without nonspecific low back pain with high and low pain-related anxiety- A case-control study

BackgroundLow back pain is common among athletes and it has been shown that postural control is altered in the general population with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). Psychological factors may also predispose individuals to risk of altered postural control. Dynamic postural control is essential to the performance of athletes. This study aimed to compare the dynamic postural control between women athletes with and without NSLBP with high and low pain-related anxiety.MethodsForty-five female athletes (15 NSLBP with high pain-related anxiety, 15 NSLBP with low pain-related anxiety, and 15 healthy (control)) were included. Pain-related anxiety was assessed using the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale-20 (PASS-20). Based on the cut-off score of 30 for the total score of PASS-20, NSLBP patients were classified into two groups of low and high pain-related anxiety. Participants performed double-leg vertical drop jump (DVJ) and single-leg vertical jump (SVJ) tests on a Kistler force plate (type 9260AA6, Kistler Instruments Inc, Switzerland). The total root mean square (RMS) of the center of pressure (COP), COP displacement in the anteroposterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML) directions, COP mean velocity, and time to stabilization (TTS) in vertical, AP, and total directions were extracted from COP and ground reaction force data using MATLAB software. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Welch’s ANOVA were employed to compare the groups. In case of significant findings, post hoc tests were performed.ResultsThe results showed that during DJV, athletes with high pain-related anxiety had significantly greater TTS in all total, AP, and ML directions than other groups (P < 0.05). Also, the control group showed greater total RMS distance during DJV than either NSLBP group. However, no significant differences in TTS and COP parameters were found between the groups during SVJ (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that pain-related anxiety may contribute to athletes’ postural control strategies. Therefore, it is important to consider the level of pain-related anxiety during planning postural control exercises for women athletes with NSLBP.

56 Dunning-Kruger Effect and Anxiety in a Mexican population

Objective:The Dunning-Krueger effect is a cognitive bias where individuals tend to overestimate their abilities in areas where they are less competent. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task. Hardy and Wright (2018) conditionally validated a measure of perceived mental workload called the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Researchers reported that workload ratings on the NASA-TLX increased with increased task demands on a cognitive task. Anxiety is known as an emotion that can make an individual more susceptible to develop a mental health condition. We examine if the Dunning-Krueger effect occurs in a Mexican population with and without current symptoms of anxiety and possible factors driving individuals to overestimate their abilities on the CNT. We predicted the abnormal symptoms of anxiety (ASA) group would report better CNT performance, report higher perceived workloads on the CNT, and underperform on the CNT compared to the normal symptoms of anxiety (NSA) group. We also predicted the low-performance group would report better CNT performance, report higher perceived workloads on the CNT, and underperform on the CNT compared to the high-performance group.Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 192 Mexican participants with NSA (79 low-performance &amp; 113 high-performance) and 74 Mexican participants with ASA (44 low-performance &amp; 30 high-performance). Participants completed the CNT, NASA-TLX, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Spanish. The NASA-TLX was used to evaluate perceived workloads after the completion of the CNT. Meanwhile, the HADS was used to create our anxiety groups. Finally, CNT raw scores were converted into T-scores, which then were averaged to create the following two groups: low-performance (CNT T-Score &lt;50) and high-performance (CNT T-Score 50+). A series of 2x2 ANCOVAs, controlling for gender were used to evaluate CNT performance and perceived workloads.Results:We found a significant interaction where the low-performance ASA and the high-performance NSA groups demonstrated better CNT performance and reported higher perceived workloads (i.e., performance, temporal demand) on the CNT compared to their respective counterparts (i.e., low-performance NSA &amp; high-performance ASA groups), p's&lt;.05, ηp's2=.02. We found a main effect where the high-performance group outperformed the low-performance group on the CNT and reported lower perceived workloads on the CNT, p's&lt;.05, ηp's2 =.04-.46.Conclusions:The Dunning-Krueger effect did not occur in our sample. Participants that demonstrated better CNT performance also reported higher perceived workloads regardless of their current symptoms of anxiety. A possible explanation can be our sample's cultural norms of what would be considered as abnormal symptoms of anxiety, is a normal part of life, decreasing the possibilities to experience self-efficacy distoritions. Future studies should investigate whether the Dunning-Kruger effect may be influencing other aspects of cognitive functioning subjectively in Mexicans residing in Mexico and the United States with and without current symptoms of anxiety.

Investigation of COVID-19 Anxiety Levels of Emergency Workers

Objective: The coronavirus pandemic has affected human and societal psychology worldwide. The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale is used to detect dysfunctional anxiety about the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, our aim was to determine the anxiety levels of workers of the our emergency serrvices during the pandemic.&#x0D; Material Methods: The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale questionnaire was applied to emergency workers. According to the scores obtained from the questionnaire, the participants were divided into two groups: those with anxiety (Group 1) and those without anxiety (Group 2). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups for continuous data, and Pearson’s chi-square test was used for frequency data. A p value of 0.05). There was also no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of having previously contracted COVID-19, receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, to get psychiatric support before or during the pandemic, and having a deceased relative due to the pandemic. &#x0D; Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety rate is 8.1% in emergency workers. Anxiety rates were higher in female, non-alcohol users and non-smokers during the pandemic.

Psychological implication of student unrest on student leaders: A social support perspective

The study explored the psychological implications of student unrest on student leaders in South African universities, focusing on both the negative and positive implications. The study is underpinned by social support theory and lensed within transformative paradigm. The study is qualitative in nature and employs participatory research design. Three universities were randomly selected across three provinces in South Africa, and four student leaders from each univesity were selected as participants using convenient sampling technique. Semi-structured interview was used to elicit information from the participants, and the data was analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that social and unpleasant anxiety and social group conflict tendencies are major negative psychological implications on student unrest. On the other hand, it also revealed that student unrest enhances the sense of empowerment and solidarity and also promotes self-esteem and political awareness among student leaders, with a recommendation that universities should provide adequate social support for student leaders.

Validating repurposed GAD‐7 anchored in COVID‐19 pandemic experiences: A factor‐ and person‐centered approach

AbstractGeneralized Anxiety Disorder 7‐item Scale (GAD‐7) has been found to accurately assess the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in various populations. However, despite showing good psychometric properties in assessing GAD symptoms, there is a need to further validate GAD‐7 in milieu of the pandemic, considering that recent cross‐sectional studies have utilized this scale in understanding GAD prevalence and risk factors. The present study aimed to contextualize the GAD‐7 scale into the present condition through investigating its (1) factor structure, (2) measurement invariance, and (3) latent classes. This study utilized 1922 (63.4%) secondary and 1110 (36.6%) tertiary Filipino teachers. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the scale is best represented by two factors: cognitive–emotional experiences and somatic experiences. Moreover, the results revealed that while the two‐factor GAD model showed good measurement equivalence across teacher groups, measurement non‐invariance was observed in gender groups. Lastly, the latent class analysis yielded a three‐class solution best fitting to the data. It specifically grouped GAD symptom intensity as low, moderate, and severe anxiety groups. These findings provide evidence of the scale's validity, supporting the utilization of the GAD‐7 scale in assessing pandemic‐related generalized anxiety.

Acute aerobic exercise modulates facial emotion evaluation in socially anxious individuals

ABSTRACT Previous studies showed that socially anxious individuals tend to have problems with facial expression processing, especially negative expressions. The present study aimed to investigate whether/how acute aerobic exercise intervention affects the emotional evaluation of socially anxious individuals. Participants needed to rate the emotional valence of facial expressions (happy, neutral, angry) on a 7-point Likert scale (from entirely negative to entirely positive) after 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and rest interventions on separate days. Results showed a significant decrease in the valence rating of happy faces (i.e., less positively) and a significant increase in the valence rating of angry faces (i.e., less negatively) after acute aerobic exercise as compared with after rest for the social anxiety group. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the two intervention conditions for the control group. These results showed that acute aerobic exercise effectively moderates the emotional valence rating of facial expressions in socially anxious individuals, decreasing the emotion evaluation of facial expressions.

The Relationship between Anxiety, Visual Function, and Symptomatology in University Students.

Mental health concerns have emerged at the university level, with the psychological well-being of students being increasingly affected. This cross-sectional study investigated the proportion of university students having anxiety, and its effects on their visual function and symptomatology. We included 41 students (26.1 ± 4.8 years), and their visual function was assessed through several tests to produce a general visual performance index (VPI). The visual symptomatology was studied using the Conlon Visual Discomfort Survey and the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire. The students were classified into two groups according to the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) test ("no anxiety" and "anxiety" groups). The visual function evaluation indicated significantly worse VPI in the anxiety group (p = 0.047). These students also showed significantly higher scores in the Conlon survey (p = 0.004) and two subscales of the QoV questionnaire: symptom severity (p = 0.041) and symptom bothersomeness (p = 0.013). Moreover, the multiple linear regression model showed a significant association between visual discomfort according to the Conlon questionnaire and the level of anxiety (r = 0.405; R2 = 0.164; B = 0.405; p = 0.012). It is important to study the influence of psychological factors on vision, not only for refractive error, but also for binocular and accommodative disorders.

Does Gender, Sports Age, Type of Listening Music Affect Pre-Competition Anxiety in Adolescent Athletes?

Athletes listen to music during training and competitions, in order to have fun, gain motivation and increase performance. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of gender, sports age and type of listening music to pre-competition anxiety level in adolescent athletes. Cross-sectional research method, one of the quantitative research design was used. The population of the study consists of athletes between the ages of 14-18 who have a good training level and participate to competitions. The sample consists of a total of 140 adolescent athletes (age: 16.55±4.67) who are engaged in individual and team sports from different branches. Data were collected with the “Revised Competition State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R)”. “T-test” and “ANOVA” test were used in the analysis of the data. No significant difference between the groups in sognitive anxiety (CA) and somatic anxiety (SA) scores according to type of listening music (p&gt;0.05), but a significant difference in self-confidence (SC) scores in favor of those who listening to arabesque music (p0.05). As a result, it can be said that listening to arabesque music before the competition increases the level of self-confidence of adolescent athletes and accordingly reduces the level of anxiety.

Trajectory of prenatal anxiety and depression and its association with fetal growth development

BackgroundThe stability of anxiety and depression during pregnancy and the impact on women and offspring has been recognized, yet the distinction of impact between them remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the trajectory of prenatal anxiety and depression and their coexistence, as well as to examine the potential variations in pregnancy outcomes and fetal/neonatal growth development. MethodAt baseline (11–13+6 weeks), women were recruited and subsequently monitored in the second (16–20+6 weeks) and third (28–31+6 weeks) trimesters. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. In the second (16–20+6 weeks), third (28–31+6 weeks), and prenatal period (37–40+6 weeks), fetal growth was assessed by ultrasound scans. The joint trajectory model was used to determine the trajectory groups of depressive/anxiety dominant or coexistence. Comparisons of fetal/neonatal growth between groups were conducted using analysis of covariance and a multilevel model. ResultA total of 457 pregnant women were finally included. Four trajectory groups were identified: none-negative emotion (n = 190, 41.6 %), anxiety dominant (n = 195, 42.6 %), depression dominant (n = 33, 7.2 %), and anxiety and depression coexistence (n = 39, 8.6 %). There were significant differences in the antenatal abdominal circumference (335.44 vs 333.92 vs 330.82 vs 325.13 mm, p = 0.007) of fetuses and the birth length (50.14 vs 50.03 vs 49.91 vs 49.18, p = 0.008) of newborns among four groups, showing a clear decreasing trend. Anxiety and depression coexistence displayed a notable and statistically significant difference when compared to the other groups and had a lower increase of fetal abdominal circumference (β = −8.91, 95%CI: −16.15, −1.67, p = 0.016) after controlling for confounding factors. Anxiety and depression dominant groups found no difference in fetal/neonatal growth. ConclusionsThe more severe the negative emotional state of mothers, the more restricted their offspring's development, especially in terms of fetal abdominal circumference and birth length. The impact of anxiety or depressive symptoms does not show a pronounced difference. However, what is noteworthy is the tendency and evident impact on offspring development when anxiety and depression coexistence work synergistically. As a result, healthcare professionals should place greater emphasis on addressing anxiety and depression in expectant mothers, particularly among those experiencing anxiety and depression coexisting symptoms.

Behavior and anxiety levels in pediatric patient: The behavioral changes and anxiety of pediatric patient in dental clinic.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavioral patterns and anxiety levels of pediatric patients in dental clinics, discern their behavioral expectations, and investigate the associations between these factors and the patient's age and gender. In this cross-sectional study, 150 pediatric patients visiting Sharjah Thumbay Dental Hospital for treatment were recruited over a study period of 23 weeks (February 12, 2022 to July 23, 2022). The patient's age ranged from 2 to 14 years. Guardians were informed about the study and their written consent was taken. Children over 14 years old, children whose guardians refused to participate in the study, and medically compromised children. Frankl's behavior rating scale, Categorical rating scale, and Venham anxiety and behavioral rating scales were used to evaluate the pediatric patient's behavior and anxiety at the end of the dental visit, the evaluation was done by the same trained dental student for all the patients. When the Mann-Whitney U test was used for gender, no significant differences were observed in behavior and anxiety between male and female patients across all scales employed in this study. Conversely, when examining various age groups for behavior and anxiety using the Kruskal-Wallis test, significant findings emerged across nearly all scales. In the categorical rating scale, the age group of 11-14 years exhibited the most notable results in subscales of crying (p = .034), cooperativeness (p = .002), and apprehensiveness (p = .003). The pediatric patients who took part in this study exhibited heightened anxiety when attending dental clinics. This study underscores the importance of understanding child behavior and utilizing effective communication with children and their guardians. Dental professionals should consider implementing strategies to manage child behavior during visits. Further research is required to develop sufficient strategies tailored to different pediatric populations, aiming to enhance dental care outcomes for pediatric patients.

The Impact of Distance Online Laughter Yoga (DOLY) on Work Stress, Work Anxiety, Aloneness &amp; Work Depression Feeling on Corporate Employees Who Worked from Home during the COVID Pandemic

Aim: This study evaluated the Impact of Distance Online Laughter Yoga (DOLY) on Work Stress, Work Anxiety, aloneness &amp; Work Depression feelings in Corporate Employees Who Worked from Home During the COVID Pandemic&#x0D; Methods: A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to assess the effects of distance online laughter yoga (DOLY) on work depression, work anxiety, work stress, and aloneness among adults. Thirty-two participants were randomly assigned to receive DOLY twice weekly for four weeks, while twenty-nine participants were assigned to a control group that received no intervention. Data were collected using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DGLS) at the beginning of the study and at week four.&#x0D; Randomization Process : Using this website (http://www.randomizer.org)&#x0D; Results: The online laughter yoga (DOLY) intervention resulted in a statistically significant reduction in work depression symptoms (DASS-21: t(59) = -2.31, p &lt; 0.05). The mean work depression scores for the intervention and control groups at pre-test were 10.0 and 12.0, respectively. After the DOLY intervention, the mean work depression scores for the intervention and control groups were 8.0 and 12.0, respectively.&#x0D; There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups in work anxiety, work stress, or work loneliness symptoms.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that DOLY may be an effective intervention for reducing work depression symptoms. However, further research is needed to determine whether DOLY is effective in reducing other work-related stressors, such as anxiety, stress, and loneliness.

No trait anxiety linked differences in affective and non-affective task-switching

Elevated levels of trait anxiety are argued to interfere with the ability to shift attention between different task sets, yet empirical support for this hypothesis is scarce. Using a task-switching paradigm in two separate studies, we compared high and low trait anxious participants' ability to switch from non-affective, positive, and negative tasks to different non-affective tasks. In Study 1 (N = 59 high and low trait anxious undergraduate students), we found that non-affective-to-non-affective switch costs were smaller than both positive-to-non-affective and negative-to-non-affective switch costs, and positive-to-non-affective switch costs were smaller than negative-to-non-affective switch costs. In Study 2 (N = 97 high and low trait anxious community members), we found that non-affective-to-non-affective switch costs and positive-to-non-affective switch costs were both smaller than negative-to-non-affective switch costs, but positive-to-non-affective and non-affective-to-non-affective switch costs did not differ. Crucially, none of the switch costs in either of the studies or in an analysis of the combined data differed between high and low trait anxious groups. While we cannot exclude the possibility that anxiety linked differences in task-switching do exist when switching from more demanding to less demanding tasks, our studies found no evidence for the general idea that elevated trait anxiety interferes with attentional shifting.

Event-related alpha power in early stage of facial expression processing in social anxiety: Influence of language context.

Accurate interpretation of the emotional information conveyed by others' facial expressions is crucial for social interactions. Event-related alpha power, measured by time-frequency analysis, is a frequently used EEG index of emotional information processing. However, it is still unclear how event-related alpha power varies in emotional information processing in social anxiety groups. In the present study, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants from the social anxiety and healthy control groups viewed facial expressions (angry, happy, neutral) preceded by contextual sentences conveying either a positive or negative evaluation of the subject. The impact of context on facial expression processing in both groups of participants was explored by assessing behavioral ratings and event-related alpha power (0-200 ms after expression presentation). In comparison to the healthy control group, the social anxiety group exhibited significantly lower occipital alpha power in response to angry facial expressions in negative contexts and neutral facial expressions in positive contexts. The influence of language context on facial expression processing in individuals with social anxiety may occur at an early stage of processing.

A cohort study on anxiety and perceived recovery 3 and 12 months after mild to moderate stroke.

Anxiety is a common complication of stroke, affecting one in every three stroke survivors. Stroke recovery is a dynamic process, with most recovery occurring within the first 3 months. However, how anxiety affects this dynamic remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how anxiety affects perceived recovery at 3 and 12 months after stroke. Additionally we also examined the change in perceived stroke recovery from 3 to 12 months and its relationship with anxiety. In this longitudinal study patients with stroke were enrolled at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety, and the Stroke Impact Scale was used to assess perceived recovery 3 and 12 months after the stroke. The difference in perceived stroke recovery between the anxiety and no-anxiety groups at 3 and 12 months was analyzed. Changes in perceived stroke recovery were calculated and trichotomized from 3 to 12 months based on clinically significant positive changes (+10 points or more), clinically important negative changes (-10 points or less), or no changes (±9). At 3 and 12 months after the stroke, negative and positive recovery was compared to no change in recovery regarding anxiety scores. This study included 99 patients (44.4% female, median age, 77 years). At 3 and 12 months after the stroke, the median recovery score was 80 out of 100. At 3- and 12-months 17.6 and 15.7% of the patients experienced anxiety, respectively. At both time points, there was a significant association between anxiety and lower perceived stroke recovery (at 3 months: p < 0.001; and 12 months p = 0.002). Among participants with anxiety at 3 or 12 months after stroke, a positive change in recovery from 3 to 12 months was identified (3 months, p = 0.004 and 12 months, p = 0.0014). Anxiety symptoms following a stroke are associated with lower levels of perceived stroke recovery for at least 1 year after the stroke. Identifying patients with anxiety early after stroke may be beneficial for identifying those at risk of lower recovery.Clinical trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT01622205]. Registered on June 19, 2012 (retrospectively registered).

Modification of the association between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and anxiety by personality trait during early pregnancy: A longitudinal study of Japanese pregnant women.

This study aimed to elucidate whether personality traits modify the relationship between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) and anxiety, stratified by three pregnancy periods: 5-8 weeks, 9-12 weeks, and 13-20 weeks. This longitudinal study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2019 at a perinatal outpatient unit in a general hospital. We included 153 pregnant women aged ≥20 years and under 20 weeks of gestation at their first prenatal visit. They completed the Index of Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to measure anxiety in terms of both trait (STAI-T) and state anxiety (STAI-S), and retook them at follow-up checkups for a maximum of three times. Using longitudinal data until 20 weeks' gestation, changes in NVP and trait anxiety were significantly associated with changes in state anxiety independently, with trait anxiety being more strongly involved than the change in NVP. This tendency was pronounced in the high-trait anxiety group with STAI-T scores of ≥45. Cross-sectional analyses by gestational week showed similar results in the low-trait anxiety group (STAI-T < 45). In the high-trait anxiety group, only trait anxiety was significantly associated with state anxiety up to 12 weeks gestation. However, only NVP was significantly associated with state anxiety after 13 weeks. Pregnant women who tend to be anxious temperamentally may have other factors that cause anxiety besides nausea immediately after the discovery of pregnancy. Understanding personality traits may help reduce anxiety in pregnant women.

Adverse effects of anxiety disorder and attention deficit on metacognitive monitoring of autonomous learning in college students

BackgroundMetacognitive monitoring is an advanced management skill that is a necessary condition for successfully planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning activities. It plays the most central role in improving learning outcomes. There is a certain connection between attention deficit and anxiety disorder. This phenomenon may be related to functional abnormalities in brain areas and abnormal levels of neurotransmitters. Mental illnesses such as anxiety disorder and attention deficit can have an impact on the autonomous learning ability of college students.Subjects and MethodsThe study investigated 50 college students and diagnosed their condition based on the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis Scale (ADHD). They were divided into anxiety group, attention deficit group, anxiety and attention deficit group, and control group according to the results. Subsequently, the autonomous learning ability of the four groups was evaluated using the College Student Learning Autonomy Scale.ResultsThe control group had the best score on the Learning Autonomy Scale for college students, while the anxiety group had no significant difference from the control group (P&gt;0.05); There was a significant difference between the attention deficit group and the control group (P˂0.05); The score of the anxiety and attention deficit group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P&lt;0.01).ConclusionsThe impact of anxiety disorder on the metacognitive monitoring of autonomous learning among college students is not significant, while attention deficit has a more significant impact on metacognitive monitoring of autonomous learning among college students.AcknowledgementYunnan Provincial Education Department 2018 Undergraduate Education and Teaching Reform Research Project (No. JG2018291); The construction project of First-class course of Culture and Tourism College (No. YLKC202010).

Text mining analysis of factors related to employment anxiety disorders among science and engineering students

BackgroundIn recent years, the issue of employment anxiety disorder among science and engineering college students has become increasingly prominent. The study analyzed the relevant factors of employment anxiety disorder among science and engineering students through text mining methods.Subjects and MethodsThe study selected students from a certain university of science and engineering as the research subjects and divided them into anxiety group and non-anxiety group. Social media data was used for text mining to identify factors related to employment anxiety disorder among science and engineering students. The statistical software SPSS23.0 is used to analyze data and evaluate the correlation of factors using methods such as t-tests or correlation coefficients.ResultsBy analyzing social media texts of science and engineering students, research has identified several factors related to employment anxiety. In the anxiety group, the score of employment pressure was significantly higher than that of the non-anxiety group (M=4.58 in the anxiety group, M=3.26 in the non-anxiety group, P&lt;0.001), Score of career uncertainty (anxiety group M=3.92, non-anxiety group M=2.95, P&lt;0.001), competitive pressure (anxiety group M=4.27, non-anxiety group M=3.18, P&lt;0.001), and career development opportunities (anxiety group M=2.68, non-anxiety group M=3.52, P&lt;0.001). The results showed significant high scores in the anxiety group.ConclusionsThe research provides valuable information for universities and related institutions to develop targeted coping measures and psychological support, thereby reducing the employment anxiety disorder of science and engineering students and promoting their career development.

Laboratory, clinical, neurological and neuropsychological features of the course of post-COVID syndrome in patients with cerebrovascular disease

A review of the literature reveals a wide range of terms for conditions after coronavirus disease (COVID-19): post-­COVID syndrome, post-acute COVID syndrome, chronic COVID-19, long-term complications of COVID-19, long COVID-19, and post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. All these terms and others indicate that after ­COVID-19, a person does not return to his/her usual state of health. Many scientists are researching and looking for the causes of these symptoms, why and when they occur, and how to diagnose and treat them. Therefore, the aim of the study was to improve the diagnosis of post-COVID syndrome in patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) by studying clinical, neurological, laboratory and neuropsychological markers. Materials and methods. The study uses psychometric methods — Beck Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale; neuropsychological — Montreal Cognitive Assessment; clinical — neurological status; laboratory — hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase. All patients were divided into four groups: the first group included 20 people with post-­COVID syndrome and CVD, the second — 15 individuals with post-COVID syndrome without CVD, the third — 15 patients without post-COVID syndrome with CVD, and the fourth — 15 people without post-COVID syndrome and without CVD. Results. In the group of patients with post-COVID syndrome with cerebrovascular disease (n1 = 20), the average level of hemoglobin (M = 115.15 ± 4.93) and albumin (M = 32.15 ± 1.53) was below the normal range; the content of fibrinogen (M = 6.04 ± 0.82), C-reactive protein (M = 5.50 ± 0.68) was above normal. Data of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale indicate that patients with post-COVID syndrome and cerebrovascular disease Data of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale indicate that patients with post-COVID syndrome and cerebrovascular disease (n1 = 20) had a mild depression (M = 6.75 ± 3.90; M = 8.60 ± ± 3.06). Correlation analysis revealed a direct relationship between cognitive functions and hemoglobin (r = 0.455, p ≤ 0.01), albumin (r = 0.571, p ≤ 0.01) and an inverse relationship between cognitive functions and fibrinogen (r = –0.605, p ≤ 0.01), C-reactive protein (r = –0.547, p ≤ 0.01), ferritin (r = 0.408, p ≤ 0.01). There was an inverse correlation between anxiety and hemoglobin (r = –0.619, p ≤ 0.01) and albumin (r = –0.567, p ≤ 0.01) and a direct relationship between anxiety and fibrinogen (r = 0.550, p ≤ 0.01) and C-reactive protein (r = 0.537, p ≤ 0.01). The depression scale negatively correlates with the level of hemoglobin (r = –0.597, p ≤ 0.01), albumin (r = –0.543, p ≤ 0.01) and directly with the content of fibrinogen (r = 0.433, p ≤ 0.01), C-reactive protein (r = 0.383, p ≤ 0.01) and lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.276, p ≤ 0.05). The indicators of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and ferritin were the highest in the group of patients with post-COVID syndrome and cerebrovascular disease. According to the obtained data, there are statistically significant differences between four groups in cognitive functions (χ2 = 36.419, p ≤ 0.01), fatigue (χ2 = 37.251, p ≤ 0.01), anxiety (χ2 = 37.981, p ≤ 0.01) and depression (χ2 = 37.171, p ≤ 0.01). The highest rate of fatigue, anxiety, and depression was found in patients with post-COVID syndrome and cerebrovascular disease.

ADHD and anxiety symptom comorbidity from an event segmentation lens

ADHD and anxiety present high comorbidity, including symptom overlap and related diagnostic and treatment challenges. The current study aimed to extend this area of research by investigating the event segmentation patterns of those with ADHD and anxiety symptoms. Event segmentation is the process of parsing a continuous flow of information into meaningful events, providing the opportunity to examine similarities and differences in how these groups organize their perception of daily experiences. Participants performed an event segmentation task consisting of watching four short movies and identifying large and small events. We used the total number of button presses and segmentation agreement scores in a multivariate analysis, and results indicated that the High ADHD group identified significantly more events in the large condition than the High Anxiety group and had significantly higher agreement scores than the Comorbid group. This study furthers our understanding of the cognitive overlap of ADHD and anxiety symptoms.

Social anxiety modulates emotion processing for social threat words: Evidence from ERP

The present study investigated whether the processing of social threat words was modulated by social anxiety used by recording electroencephalogram signals during the Stroop task. Behavioral results indicated that the High Social Anxiety (HSA) group exhibited slower RT than the Low Social Anxiety (LSA) group, and both groups had faster RTs when responding to threat words compared to neutral words. ERP data showed that threat words elicited more positive P2, compared with neutral words, in both groups. Neutral words elicited larger early posterior negativity (EPN) and social threat words elicited more positive LPP in the LSA group only. The HSA group did not exhibit the emotional effects of EPN and LPP. These data indicate that social anxiety can modulate the processing of social threat words.