Anti-tyrosinase Activity Research Articles

The Voyage of Natural Chalcone: Isoliquiritigenin

Abstract: This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of isoliquiritigenin, a natural chalcone. The data was gathered from a variety of research papers published till 2022. The extensive pharmacological features of ISL, including its anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza, anti-tyrosinase, anti-bacterial, anti-sarcoma, anti-oxidative, anti-leiomyoma, anticholera, anti-asthma, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activity, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects, may explain its practical applicability in the treatment and prevention of many illnesses. However, to confirm the target-organ toxicity or side effects, more research is required. The creation and design of new ISL analogues based on previously discovered techniques may benefit from this review.

Synthesis and evaluation of a highly selective cannabidiol amide cholinesterase inhibitor

The therapeutic mechanism for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly by inhibiting the activity of cholinesterase (ChE) and increasing the transmission of choline and the function of neurons. In this study, two series of ChE inhibitors (CA1–CA8 and CB1–CB7) were designed and synthesized by the acylation of a cannabinoid (CBD) with bromoacetyl bromide, or the esterification of a CBD with an amino acid. All the synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro activity to evaluate the compounds as AD therapies. Compound CB7 was identified as a potential butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.31 ± 0.09 μM), which did not display toxicity against HepG2 or PC12 cells at 6.25 μM. Compound CB7 showed good antioxidant behavior, effective anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 0.037 ± 0.003 μM), and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (IC50 = 19.73 ± 0.79 μM). Kinetic studies also showed that CB7 can act as a dual inhibitor. These results provide a theoretical basis for the use of the natural product CBD in the design and development of anti-AD drugs.

Characterization and tyrosinase activities of a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from Bauhinia rufescens Lam

Background: Phytosterols are steroid compounds present in plants that are similar to cholesterol in structure and functions. In this work, stem bark of Bauhinia rufescens was extracted with petroleum ether.
 Objective: This work aims to determine anti-tyrosinase activities of a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from the stem bark B, rufescens for the treatment of dermatological disorders.
 Methods: This work is presenting isolation, characterization and anti-tyrosinase activities of a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from the stem bark B. rufescens. The extract was subjected to chromatographic techniques to afford a phytosterol identified as a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol based on GC-MS, IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR data.
 Results: The phytosterol isolated showed inhibition of tyrosinase activity at 57.1%±0.03 as compared to kojic acid with 85.0% ± 0.01 (sample concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL).
 Conclusion: The finding of this study revealed that, the mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol has potential to be developed as tyrosinase inhibitors for the treatment of dermatological disorders.

Impact of Sodium Silicate Supplemented, IR-Treated Panax Ginseng on Extraction Optimization for Enhanced Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activity: A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach.

Ginseng has long been widely used for its therapeutic potential. In our current study, we investigated the impact of abiotic stress induced by infrared (IR) radiations and sodium silicate on the upregulation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase levels, as well as the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) variety Yeonpoong. The RSM-based design was used to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction time (1-3 h) and temperature (40-60 °C) for better anti-tyrosinase activity and improved antioxidant potential. The optimal extraction results were obtained with a one-hour extraction time, at a temperature of 40 °C, and with a 1.0 mM sodium silicate treatment. We recorded maximum anti-tyrosinase (53.69%) and antioxidant (40.39%) activities when RSM conditions were kept at 875.2 mg GAE/100 g TPC, and 3219.58 mg catechin/100 g. When 1.0 mM sodium silicate was added to the media and extracted at 40 °C for 1 h, the highest total ginsenoside content (368.09 mg/g) was recorded, with variations in individual ginsenosides. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, and F2 were significantly affected by extraction temperature, while Rb2 and Rc were influenced by the sodium silicate concentration. Moreover, ginsenoside F2 increased with the sodium silicate treatment, while the Rg3-S content decreased. Interestingly, higher temperatures favored greater ginsenoside diversity while sodium silicate impacted PPD-type ginsenosides. It was observed that the actual experimental values closely matched the predicted values, and this agreement was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Our findings suggest that the application of IR irradiation in hydroponic systems can help to improve the quality of ginseng sprouts when supplemented with sodium silicate in hydroponic media. Optimized extraction conditions using ultrasonication can be helpful in improving antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anticancer activity of mucus extract from both Egyptian land snails, Eremina desertorum and Helix aspersa, with emphasis on their chemical profiles.

The snail mucus provides several functions and is increasingly being exploited for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. This study aimed to determine the chemical profile of two snail mucus extracts: the garden snail (Helix aspersa) and the desert snail (Eremina desertorum). In addition, it elucidates the antityrosinase, antioxidant, and anticancer activities against the human cancer cell line epithelioid carcinoma (Hela). The mucus was extracted from the pedal glands of garden snails (H. aspersa) and desert snails (E. desertorum). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylassay and the content of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathionewere utilized to assess the antioxidative screening activity of the mucus extracts. Besides a tyrosinase inhibitor assay, anticancer activity on cervical cancer cells (Hela) was studied. Additionally, the two mucus samples' total protein, total lipid, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles were compared. The mucus from both snails exhibited antioxidant activity. E. desertorum is more effective in inhibiting tyrosinase activity and has better scavenging activity than H. aspersa mucus extract. Both extracts revealed inhibitory activity against Hela cells, with insignificant differences. Moreover, the results indicated higher protein, lipids, and fatty acids mucus content of E. desertorum extract than those of H. aspersa mucus extract. Both snail slimes' obtained different biological activities, and amino acid contents could be related to their specific functions and beneficial for medical applications, especially antihyperpigmentation.

Analysis of Three Species of Cassipourea Traditionally Used for Hypermelanosis in Selected Provinces in South Africa.

There is a growing demand and use of herbal cosmetics for skin purposes due to their perceived safety when applied to the skin. Three Cassipourea species commonly known as "ummemezi" are used interchangeably by women in rural areas of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces to treat hypermelanosis as well as sun protection. We conducted a phytochemical comparison of three Cassipourea species; Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston, Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J. Lewis and Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis in negative mode. The results obtained from the LC-MS/MS yielded a total number of twenty-four compounds of different chemical classes, including fatty acids, steroids, di- and tri-terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and eighteen among them were tentatively identified. The LC-MS /MS analysis showed that the three studied Cassipourea extracts contain compounds that have anti-tyrosinase activity and consequently. The presence of these compounds, either in synergy or individually, can be attributed to the anti-tyrosinase effect. Although the traditional names of the species are used interchangeably, they are different, however, they possess similar skin-lightening properties. Despite the recent popularity of modern cosmetic products, plants continue to play an important role in the local cosmetics industry in South Africa's Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal community provinces.

Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Coumarin and Flavonoids from Citrus grandis Linn. (Tubtim Siam Pomelo) and Their Biological Activities

Natural products from plants have the potential to exert antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities and have been widely used as ingredients in cosmetics, medicines, or supplementary food. Several types of secondary metabolites from the Citrus genus have been reported to exhibit interesting biological activity. Due to this lack of studies and biological activity of compounds from related species, it was considered important to investigate Citrus grandis Linn. (Tubtim Siam Pomelo) to be studied. The objective of this research was to isolate and elucidate the structures of chemical constituents and to evaluate their biological activity from the peels of C. grandis Linn. A coumarin (1) and 3 flavonoids (2 - 4) were isolated from the peels of C. grandis Linn. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic data as well as comparison of their spectroscopic data with the previously published data. Compounds 1 - 4 have been evaluated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Compound 2 showed the highest inhibition in DPPH and tyrosinase with IC50 values of 0.219 ± 0.011 and 0.033 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, compound 1 - 4 were the first time being isolated from Tubtim Siam Pomelo. HIGHLIGHTS Chemical constituents from grandis Linn. (Tubtim Siam Pomelo) have not been reported Coumarin and flavonoids have been isolated from acetone extract (-) meranzin hydrate, 5-demethoxynobiletin, tangeretin and naringin were isolated for the first time from Tubtim Siam Pomelo Four compounds exhibited good antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The chemical profiling and identification of Abelia macrotera (Graebn. et Buchw.) Rehd. based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and study their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities

Although Abelia macrotera has long been used as the raw material for the special snack “immortal tofu” by Chinese population, the composition and activity of its leaf and stem are rarely studied. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole (UHPLC-Q)-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and various experiments were used for in vitro study of its chemical composition and antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. A fast, accurate, and sensitive UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry method has been established and effectively used for the determination of the chemical composition of the leaf and stem of A. macrotera. The biological activities of the leaf and stem extracts of the A. macrotera were determined in vitro by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory methods. A total of 142 chemical constituents including 48 flavonoids, 65 organic acids, 12 phenylpropanoids, and 19 others were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The results show that the leaf and stem extracts have wide and significant antioxidant capacities, including scavenging effects of DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals, and the ability to reduce both iron and copper metal ions. Additionally, they showed a strong inhibition of NO production, with a dose-dependent inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the identification and content determination of the chemical components of the A. macrotera leaf and stem. These results will be beneficial to further understand its medicinal value.

Preparation of Multifunctional Seaweed Polysaccharides Derivatives Composite Hydrogel to Protect Ultraviolet B-Induced Photoaging In Vitro and In Vivo.

Seaweed polysaccharides can be used for protective skin photoaging which is caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB). In this study, a multifunctional composite hydrogel (FACP5) is prepared using sulfated galactofucan polysaccharides, alginate oligosaccharides as active ingredients, and polyacrylonitrile modified κ-Carrageenan as substrate. The properties of FACP5 show that it has good water retention, spreadability, and adhesion. The antiphotoaging activity is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the components of FACP5 exhibit good biocompatibility, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activities, and could reduce the cell death rate induced by UVB. In vivo experiments demonstrate that, compared with the mice skin in model group, the skin water content treated with FACP5 increases by 29.80%; the thicknesses of epidermis and dermis decrease by 53.56% and 43.98%, respectively; the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase increase by 1.59 and 0.72 times, respectively; the contents of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α decrease by 19.21% and 17.85%, respectively; hydroxyproline content increases by 32.42%; the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 downregulates by 42.80%. These results indicate that FACP5 has skin barrier repairing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and inhibiting collagen degradation activies, FACP5 can be used as a skin protection remedy for photoaging.

Span 60/Cholesterol Niosomal Formulation as a Suitable Vehicle for Gallic Acid Delivery with Potent In Vitro Antibacterial, Antimelanoma, and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity.

Natural compounds such as gallic acid (GA) have attracted more attention in cosmetic and pharmaceutical skin care products. However, the low solubility and poor stability of GA have limited its application. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize the GA niosomal dispersion (GAN) and investigate the potential of an optimal formulation as a skin drug delivery system for GA. For this purpose, GAN formulations were synthesized using the thin layer evaporation method with different molar ratios of Tween 60/Span 60, along with a constant molar ratio of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG-4000) and cholesterol in a methanol and chloroform solvent (1:4 v/v). The physicochemical properties of nanosystems in terms of size, zeta potential, drug entrapment, drug release, morphology, and system-drug interaction were characterized using different methods. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity, anti-tyrosinase activity, and antibacterial activity were evaluated by MTT assay, the spectrophotometric method, and micro-well dilution assay. All formulations revealed a size of 80-276 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) values below 0.35, and zeta potential values below-9.7 mV. F2 was selected as the optimal formulation due to its smaller size and high stability. The optimal formulation of GAN (F2) was as follows: a 1:1 molar ratio of Span 60 to cholesterol and 1.5 mM GA. The release of the F2 drug showed a biphasic pattern, which was fast in the first 12 h until 58% was released. Our results showed the high antibacterial activity of GAN against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MTT assay showed that GA encapsulation increased its effect on B6F10 cancer cells. The F2 formulation exhibited potent anti-tyrosinase activity and inhibited melanin synthesis. These findings suggest that it can be used in dermatological skin care products in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant antibacterial, anti-melanoma, and anti-tyrosinase activity.

Antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase activity, molecular docking studies, and molecular dynamic simulation of active compounds found in nipa palm vinegar.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanogenesis and its inhibitors have become increasingly because of their potential activity as hypopigmenting agents which have less side effects. Nipa palm vinegar is an aqueous product that is normally used as a food supplement. The aim of this study was to study the determination of antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of aqueous extract of original nipa palm vinegar (AE O-NPV), nipa palm vinegar powder (NPV-P) and aqueous extract of nipa palm vinegar powder (AE NPV-P) were examined. Nipa palm vinegars were evaluated the phenolic and flavonoid content, and the active compounds which were submitted to molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation, chemoinformatics, rule of five, skin absorption and toxicity. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents in the AE O-NPV were 2.36 ±0.23 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 5.11 ±0.59 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and the highest ABTS radical cation scavenging activity was also found. The AE O-NPV, NPV-P and AE NPV-P showed anti-mushroom tyrosinase activity. The HPLC analysis showed that there were vanillic acid and three flavonoids (catechin, rutin and quercetin). The molecular docking study revealed that the binding of the vanillic acid and three flavonoids occurred in the active site residues (histidine and other amino acids). Moreover, the number of hydrogen bond acceptors/donors, solubility, polar surface area and bioavailability score of the vanillic acid and three flavonoids were acceptable compared to Lipinski's Rule of Five. The molecular dynamic simulation showed that vanillic acid interacts with HIS284 through π-π stacking hydrophobic interactions and forms a metal-acceptor interaction with the copper molecule at the tyrosinase active site. All compounds revealed good skin permeability and nontoxicity. Nipa palm vinegar could be a promising source of a new ingredient for tyrosinase inhibition for cosmetics or pharmaceutical products.

Essential Oils of the Leaves of Epaltes australis Less. and Lindera myrrha (Lour.) Merr.: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory, and Molecular Docking Studies.

Epaltes australis Less. has been traditionally used to treat fever and snake bites, whereas Lindera myrrha (Lour.) Merr. is well-known for addressing colds, chest pain, indigestion, and worm infestations. This study marks the first report on the chemical compositions and biological potentials of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Epaltes australis and Lindera myrrha. Essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation were analysed using the GC/MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). E. australis exhibited a predominant presence of non-terpenic compounds (46.3 %), with thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether as the major compound, constituting 44.2 % of the oil. L. myrrha leaf oil contained a good proportion of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (56.8 %), with principal compounds including (E)-caryophyllene (22.2 %), ledene (9.7 %), selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (9.6 %), and α-pinene (7.0 %). Both essential oils exhibited antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium sporogenes, and Escherichia coli, and the fungus Aspergillus brasiliensis. L. myrrha leaf essential oil exhibited potent control over the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a MIC of 32 μg/mL. Additionally, L. myrrha leaf oil showed strong anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 15.20 μg/mL by inhibiting NO (nitric oxide) production in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated RAW2647 murine macrophage cells. Regarding anti-tyrosinase activity, E. australis leaf oil showed the best monophenolase inhibition with the IC50 of 245.59 μg/mL, while L. myrrha leaf oil successfully inhibited diphenolase with the IC50 of 152.88 μg/mL. From molecular docking study, selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one showed the highest affinity for both COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) receptors. Hydrophobic interactions play a great role in the bindings of ligand-receptor complexes.

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of cimemoxin derivatives and their molecular docking studies

PurposeThe cimemoxin derivatives and their biological importance in antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities were the main focus of this study. By using a one-step reaction and green chemistry method, this study was able to synthesise derivatives of cimemoxin-related Mannich base compounds. MethodsGreen chemistry can be used to prepare new, one-pot syntheses of cimemoxin derivatives (1a-i) Mannich base derivatives. FTIR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and 1H and 13C NMR were used to analyse the newly synthesised compounds. The cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of synthesized compounds (1a-i) were investigated. To test all synthesised compounds (1a–i) for cytotoxicity against normal Vero cell lines and MCF-7, the antioxidant activities were studied using DPPH, NO, H2O2, and ABTS•+ assays. The synthesised compounds were screened for anti-tyrosinase and antibacterial activities. Highly active compounds were investigated using molecular docking studies. ResultsThe compound 1h showed considerable activity in H2O2 (IC50: 13.79 µg/mL) and DPPH-scavenging was significantly active (IC50: 19.62 µg/mL) compared to the standard BHT (IC50: 27.16 and 33.88 µg/mL). Compound 1f was more effective than trolox (85.28 %) against ABTS and AAPH antioxidants. The most potent inhibitory activity was observed for compound 1h (IC50 = 15.16 µg/mL) which was more potent than kojic acid (IC50 = 17.79 ± 0.95 µg/mL). All synthetic substances were tested for their cytotoxic potential. Compound 1f (IC50 = 0.12 µg/mL) was extremely active compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.74 µg/ml) and other compounds were lowly active compared to the MCF-7 cell line. In terms of anti-tyrosinase activity, compound 1h was highly active compared with the standard, and compound 1d was highly active against K. pneumonia. ConclusionIn this study, strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities were reported for all the compounds. In molecular docking studies, compounds 1d and 1h had higher binding affinities than the other compounds. Compounds 1d and 1h performed well in all tests. Additionally, this investigation successfully identified a number of intriguing compounds with cytotoxic and antioxidant properties.

Insights on Juniperus phoenicea Essential Oil as Potential Anti-Proliferative, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Antioxidant Candidate.

In this study, the anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) of berries and leaves of Juniperus phoenicea grown wild in North of Tunisia were investigated. The EO yields from leaves and berries were 1.69% and 0.45%, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that α-pinene is the predominant component in both EOs (44.17 and 83.56%, respectively). Leaves essential oil presented high levels of β-phellandrene (18%) and camphene (15%). The EOs displayed cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cell, HT-29 colon cancer, and the normal cells H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. Leaves oil strongly inhibited colon cell line proliferation (IC50 of 38 µg/mL), while berries essential oil was more potent against breast cancerous cells MCF-7 (IC50 of 60 µg/mL). Interestingly, berries essential oil exhibited high ability to inhibit melanin synthesis by inhibiting enzyme mono and diphenolase activities. Overall, the results suggested that the two oils are significant sources of healthy natural chemicals.

In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Evaluation of Indole-thiazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors.

Tyrosinase is an important rate-limiting enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. To find potential tyrosinase inhibitors with anti-melanogenic activity, a series of indole-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives 5a~5z were synthesized by incorporating indole with thiazolidine-2,4-dione into one compound and assayed for their biological activities. All compounds displayed tyrosinase inhibitory activities and 5w had the highest anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 11.2 μM. Inhibition kinetics revealed 5w as a mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor. Fluorescence quenching results indicated that 5w quenched tyrosinase fluorescence in a static process. CD spectra and 3D fluorescence spectra results suggested that the binding of 5w with tyrosinase could change the conformation and microenvironment of tyrosinase. Molecular docking also represented the binding between 5w and tyrosinase. Moreover, 5w could inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis both in B16F10 cells and the zebrafish model. Therefore, compound 5w could serve as a tyrosinase inhibitor with anti-melanogenic activity.

Seed Oils as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hyperpigmentation

Background: Hyperpigmentation is a growing problem worldwide among various skin diseases and directly relates to the quality of life. The factors causing hyperpigmentation may range from excess exposure to sunlight, pollution, underlying disease conditions, adverse effects of a medication, modified lifestyle, and oxidative stress. Treatment includes the use of hydroquinone, retinoids, corticosteroids, and kojic acid along with anti-inflammatory drugs. However, these medications are preferred for short-term treatment under acute conditions, while in the case of long-term treatment, botanical extracts are a safe choice for a majority of the population for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Formulation with plant extracts/oil enriched with polyphenols, vitamin C, and vitamin E are reported to be safe and effective in inhibiting melanogenesis. Objective: Seed oils composed of polyphenols, vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids were selected to evaluate their antioxidant property and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity. Methods: Grape seed oil (GSO), papaya seed oil (PSO), and carrot seed oil (CSO) were evaluated for their total phenolic and flavonoid content , in-vitro antioxidant activity was done using DPPH assay and anti-tyrosinase activity was done usingMushroomtyrosinaseinhibition assay. Result: Total phenolic content for PSO was 0.936 mg/gm. Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) was highest when compared to GSO and CSO, while CSO had a higher total flavonoid concentration, 0.945 mg/gm as quercetin equivalent (QE). Free radical scavenging activity was comparable to standard and tyrosinase inhibitory activity for grape and carrot seed oils were 80.10 % and 76.52 % at 100µg/ml, respectively and was comparable to kojic acid used as standard. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the oils can be formulated as a topical depigmenting product and used for skin care and skin glow

Determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities of essential oils from three different Thymus species and their chemical characterization by GC-MS analysis

The present study aims to perform a comprehensive chemical characterization of the essential oils of Thymus pubescens var. pubescens (TPEO), Thymus leucotrichus var. leucotrichus (TLEO), and the endemic Thymus canoviridis (TCEO) using GC-MS, besides evaluating the potential antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiglocouma, and antityrosinase activities of these essential oils. The antioxidant activity was assessed using various bioassays including DPPH, ABTS, DMPD, FRAP, CUPRAC, and Fe3+ reducing assays. The IC50 values of TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO for α-glycosidase were 28.32, 28.79, and 57.57 μg/mL, respectively. For tyrosinase, the IC50 values were 359.9, 270.87, and 597.43 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase were calculated as 44.15, 36.75, and 34.99 μg/mL, respectively, while for carbonic anhydrase, the IC50 values were 21.70, 24.75, and 24.45 μg/mL, respectively. The quantitiy of total phenolics present in TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO were determined to be 10.50, 34.50, and 32.50 μg GAE/mg essential oil, respectively. The TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO exhibited distinct antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and DMPD. TPEO showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii bacterias. TLEO exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against S. aureus; The last of these TCEO demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, A. baumannii. Additionaly, GC-MS revealed that the major components are TPEO (pulegone 29.01%, piperitenone 17.17%), TLEO (germacrene D 9.59%), and TCEO (carvacrol 52.87%). The essential oils possessed a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiglocouma and antimicrobial activities.

Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Anti-tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activities of Pachyrhizus erosus Extracts

Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Anti-tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activities of Pachyrhizus erosus Extracts

Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of surfactant and alcohol extracted Combretum Indicum leaves

Combretum Indicum (CI), which contains numerous bioactive compounds, has been used in traditional medicine for a variety of reasons, including the treatment of skin conditions. This study investigates the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of CI leaves extracted using different surfactants (Triton X-100 and Vitamin E TPGS) at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, as well as various alcohol solvents (acetone, methanol, and ethanol) at concentrations of 50%, 70%, and 90%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts has been evaluated using Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while the anti-tyrosinase activity was assessed through a mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay. Prior to analysis, CI leaves had been macerated, extracted, and freeze-dried. The research established that ethanol at a concentration of 50% is the optimum solvent to extract CI leaves, as it demonstrated good antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase action with a high percentage of yield and total phenolic content. As a result, the outcomes of this study contribute to a better understanding of the potential applications of CI leaf extract in cosmetics, notably in the treatment of oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation. Further study and development in this field could lead to the creation of effective and natural cosmetic products produced from CI leaves that have antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects.

Unrivalled insight into potential biopharmaceutical application of Saussurea albescens (DC.) Sch.Bip.: Chemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities and in silico studies

Saussurea albescens has been used in traditional Asian medicine for its reputed medicinal properties. Therefore, in present investigation detailed chemical profiling of plant materials was done through quantification of phenolics and flavonoids components, and metabolic profiling was done by UHPLC-MS analysis. The ethyl acetate (SAE) fraction was found to have higher phenolic and flavonoid content (72.04 ± 0.16 mg GAE/g extract and 31.28 ± 0.32 mg RE/g extract, respectively) which was followed by methanolic fraction (SAM), with levels of 27.57 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g extract and 14.19 ± 0.16 mg RE/g extract, respectively. UHPLC-MS analysis through negative mode resulted in identification of 36 metabolites in methanolic fraction and 18 metabolites in ethyl acetate fraction. In DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays, the ethyl acetate fraction displayed the maximum antioxidant activity, with the values of 172.74 ± 3.00, 216.06 ± 1.19, 164.35 ± 3.00, and 346.11 ± 3.31 mg TE/g extract, respectively; these activities could be attributed to the higher phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate fraction. Methanolic extract exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity (62.99 ± 0.80 mg KAE/g extract), that discloses the significant of S. albescens in cosmetic and skin care products. Among identified compounds, important metabolites were docked against all the test enzymes and it is observed that luteolin 7-rhamnosyl (1 → 6) galactoside, puerarin 4′,6″-diacetate and robinetin 3-rutinoside displayed higher binding affinity than the standard used. Further, the multivariate analysis was performed to find the correlation between biological activities and total bioactive contents, which also verified the results. Overall, current research supports the traditional usage of S. albescens by showing that it contains antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capabilities.