Anti-terrorism Policy Research Articles

COMBATING AGAINST THE DANGERS AND THREATS OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM AS A PRIORITY TASK OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW UZBEKISTAN

This article discusses preventive measures aimed at preventing extremism and terrorism in Uzbekistan in recent years, including educational and social programs, legislative, regulatory and institutional frameworks that ensure the implementation of an effective anti-terrorist policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with international organizations in countering the threats of extremism and terrorism, regional and regional roles in initiatives and international contributions to strengthening security are stated.

Unraveling Legitimacy: A Critical Examination of Anti-Terror Legislation in Indonesia

The Indonesian Law No. 5 of 2018 on the Prevention of the Criminal Acts of Terrorism, which is supposed to be the legal protection for every citizen, has generated resistance, resulting in delegitimization. This study aims to analyze the delegitimization of the anti-terrorism law, resulting in public resistance. The data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation studies in the form of the formulation of the anti-terror law. This study shows that the content of the enacted anti-terrorism law indicates a violation of human rights, which leads to delegitimization. The process of formulating the law without the participation of certain parties is considered counterproductive and makes the law less participatory. These things trigger the emergence of community resistance that leads to the failure of the law or the loss of the substance of the purpose of the legislation. As a result, the image of the government in preventing terrorism and extremism deteriorates, which in turn demonstrates the delegitimization of the law. This paper is limited to measuring the potential failure of the enactment of laws that have been passed and does not evaluate the implementation of anti-terrorism policies. Therefore, further studies are needed that focus on testing the effectiveness of the law by involving stakeholders.

The Government's Role in Enforcing the Law Against Perpetrators of Terrorism

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the government's role in countering terrorism in Indonesia, analyze the legal and institutional frameworks, and emphasize the significance of international collaboration in addressing the global nature of terrorism.
 
 Theoritical Framework: The theoretical framework for understanding counterterrorism dynamics in Indonesia integrates diverse perspectives. Drawing from criminology, the Routine Activity Theory explores root causes, emphasizing socio-political, economic, and ideological factors. The Legal Process Theory elucidates interactions within legal institutions, such as the Indonesian National Police, military, and BNPT. The framework advocates a holistic counterterrorism approach for societal security and global stability.
 
 Methodology: The research methodology combines normative juridical analysis with a thorough examination of legal literature and secondary data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal and conceptual framework underlying the government's role in countering terrorism in Indonesia.
 
 Findings: The Indonesian government has implemented a multifaceted strategy to combat terrorism, featuring specialized units like Densus 88 and the National Agency for Combating Terrorism (BNPT). Densus 88, part of the National Police, handles various terrorist threats, while BNPT formulates and implements national anti-terrorism policies. The establishment of the State Intelligence Agency (BIN) enhances intelligence capabilities. Recognizing terrorism's global nature, international cooperation is crucial. The study emphasizes the need for robust government policies, effective law enforcement, and collaboration to address terrorism's societal impact comprehensively.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: The research significantly contributes to academic understanding by comprehensively exploring terrorism, government policies, and law enforcement in Indonesia, employing a normative juridical methodology. With practical implications, it highlights the need for robust government policies, emphasizing the roles of key institutions like the Indonesian National Police, BNPT, and the military. Practical applications involve fostering collaboration, implementing preventive measures, and prioritizing international cooperation. Socially, the research underscores the government's vital role in ensuring societal security, promoting a collective sense of safety and resilience against terrorism.
 
 Originality/value: The study stem from its comprehensive exploration of terrorism, in-depth analysis of the government's role and legal institutions, highlighting international cooperation, and providing a holistic approach with practical policy recommendations. The integration of a normative juridical methodology further enhances the research's academic rigor and contributes to the understanding of legal aspects related to counterterrorism efforts.

Defended a dissertation on the anti-terrorist policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dissertation on the topic “Anti-terrorism policy of the Russian state in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries: historical and legal aspect”, presented by M.B. Kolotkov to the dissertation council D 212.123.02, created on the basis of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education education “Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSAL)”, for the degree of Doctor of Law in specialty 12.00.01 — theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines about law and state. The author of the article, invited as an official opponent, gave a positive review. The dissertation was successfully defended on May 18, 2022.

The Genesis and Development of Anti-Terrorism Policy in Pakistan: A Historical Context

The Genesis and Development of Anti-Terrorism Policy in Pakistan: A Historical Context

The Syrian War in Russia’s Intensifying Discourse Against the Unipolar World

This essay examines fi ve possible reasons for Russia’s military involvement in the Syrian War. These reasons under consideration are an anti-terror policy, resistance to the unipolarity, domestic populism, overcoming Russia’s isolation after Crimea crisis, and defence of the B. Assad government. I conclude that only the anti-terror and anti-unipolar world motivations were relevant and merged into a single cognitive framework that is prone to launching Syrian military operation. Other factors, such as a paradigmatic shift of the image of the post-unipolar world, as well as overcon fi dence in air force and artillery, also con fi rm that the Syrian War cognitively prepared Russia for its future military operation in Ukraine. Russian policymakers became convinced that the unipolar world was coming to an end. In the case of Syria (2015), the ill-fated US-led anti-terror operations intensi fi ed Islamic terrorism, which created an existential threat for Russia. In the case of Ukraine (2022), the United States, whose grip on world hegemony they believed was on the decline, was trying to use Ukraine as a bridgehead for military aggression against Russia. This study is a result of an extensive survey of the relevant literature and my own expert interviews conducted in Moscow in March 2020.

Thirty-Five Years of Antiterrorist Policies in France

The current era is characterized by an unprecedented multiplication of legal standards. This multiplication is unanimously denounced as a source of complication in everyday life for individuals and as a cause of paralysis for administrations themselves.

Racial control under the guise of terror threat: policing of US Muslim, Arab, and SWANA communities

ABSTRACT Using an analysis of U.S. government policies that have had high impacts on the personal safety and freedom of movement and expression of Arabs, Muslims, and others of Southwest Asian and North African (SWANA) origins living in or seeking to migrate to the US, this article argues that these policies mirror in significant ways a range of policies used currently and historically to police and control Black and brown bodies. Specifically, the article addresses three tactics shared across such policies: pre-emption, containment, and collective responsibility, and demonstrates how they are manifested in specific anti-terrorism and national security policies aimed at Arabs, Muslims, and others of SWANA origins, including Operation Boulder, the War on Terror, Special Registration, Countering Violent Extremism, and the Muslim Ban. The article also examines the outcomes of these policies in terms of actual convictions on terrorism charges (i.e. identifying terrorists) and finds limited results. It concludes that the alleged Muslim/Arab/SWANA domestic terror threat is in large part a social construction of the state. Finally, it argues that while US anti-terror policies are examined by most scholars outside of the lens of race, there is little reason to view them as exceptions to people of colour policing regimes.

Reinforcing Effect of Terrorism and Corruption Nexus on Net Migration from Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis

Abstract The study intends to investigate the direct and indirect effect of terrorism and corruption on net migration for thirty-eight developing countries, along with other macroeconomic determinants like per capita GDP, globalization, inflation and institutional quality for the time period 1985-2015. Based on the Fixed and Random Effects models, findings show that terrorism and GDP per capita has negative while globalization has positively significant effect on the net migration in selected developing countries. The corruption and terrorism appeared to reinforcing each other in stimulating migration. Particularly, terrorism seeks its ways through corrupt financial activities which distorts the labor market and ultimately results in relatively large out-migration. The study suggests implementation of stiff anti-terrorism policies to improve domestic environment along with promoting globalization in such a way which can offer positive effect of out-migration on the domestic economy in the long run. And that is expected to take place at the onset of return migration of labor with enhanced skills and capabilities.

“XALQARO TERRORIZM TO‘G‘RISIDA”GI KENG QAMROVLI KONVENSIYA LOYIHASI BO‘YICHA XALQARO HAMKORLIK YO‘NALISHLARI VA XUSUSIYATLARI

The article describes the creation of international legal norms aimed at countering terrorism, their essence and features. In addition, the article analyzes the content, achievements and shortcomings of the comprehensive draft convention “On international terrorism” and its role in modern anti-terrorist policy. Analyzing the directions and features of international cooperation within the framework of this comprehensive convention, the author focuses on issues of human rights and jurisdiction. The author extensively covers the interrelated aspects of the directions of international cooperation from a humanitarian point of view in the implementation of the mechanism of international cooperation in the fight against terrorism, citing the thoughts and opinions of various legal scholars on this issue. In conclusion, international treaties concluded on certain issues of combating terrorism should be recognized as the main source of international legal terrorism combat. Based on this, the author expressed the opinion that the draft convention “On international terrorism” should be periodically reviewed, amended and, of course, brought into line with the norms of international law in order to fill, eliminate and correct problems and gaps that may arise in the process of practical application.

Preventing jihadist radicalisation in Spanish prisons

The process of radicalisation, that often takes place in prisions in European and Muslim countries, is extremely important to understand the challenges and threats for the international security, caused by jihadist terrorism. It is necessary to analyse how condemned individual becomes involved in militant activities. The article analyses the problem of violent radicalisation in Spanish prisions and examines anti-terrorist policy based in this context on the idea of prevention, deradicalisation and disengagement. The research is focused on the conditions and purposes of the Spanish strategies and programmes introduced in the penitentiary centers in the response to the jihadi recruitment in the Iberian Peninsula. The author emphasises the priorities of the National Strategic Plan to Combat Violent Radicalisation approved in 2015 and other initiatives and regulations to stop the Salafi proselytism and unable the indoctrination activities among the Muslim in prisions. The methodological analysis is based on the integration of historical and system method and refers to the Marc Sageman’s theory of the jihadist network, which is more appropriate to understand how they appear and operate. The main finding of the article is that Spanish authorities have implemented the multidimensional and integrated programmes countering violent extremism and anti-radicalisation in prisions that are effective, despite some elements that could be improved.

Transformation of Turkey's Anti-Terrorism Policy under the AKP

In the era of new challenges and threats, the most dangerous of which has occurred terrorism, the Republic of Turkey becomes one of the key centers of power in the Middle East and pursues the goal to create a regional security architecture around itself as well as to counter various terrorist organizations. The aim of the research is to scrutinize the peculiarities of Ankara's anti-terrorism policy both – inside and outside the country – and its political and legal approaches to understanding the phenomenon of terrorism and methods of its combating.The study of Russia and Turkey's aspects of interaction is of particular importance. This issue seems to be especially relevant in the scope of strengthening of Russian-Turkish cooperation in recent years including the field of combating terrorism, ensuring global and regional security, and maintaining international stability. As a result of quantitative content analysis of President R.T. Erdogan's public speeches and the use of general scientific research methods, the authors conclude that the fight against terrorist threat, especially the so-called "Kurdish terrorism", is a matter of great importance for the country's leadership. At the same time Turkey's anti-terrorist activity has certain specifics and is characterized by Ankara's desire to lead anti-terrorist missions in different parts of the world and using a predominantly militaristic approach to solving the problem. This approach primarily consists in conducting cross-border anti-terrorist military operations on the neighboring states' territories. However, the military campaigns that have become an integral part of Turkey's anti-terrorism policy in many respects do not contribute to the demolishing of terrorist elements. Instead of that such operations on the contrary become an extra destabilizing factor in the Middle East. Besides that, due to the peculiarities of Turkey's interpretation of the concept of "terrorism" and its policy's implementation, Ankara's foreign anti-terrorism actions in most cases are limited to the realization of its own interests but not to achieving the goals set within the framework of the ongoing campaigns.

Women Terrorists and Violent Actors in the Lens of the Media in Kenya: 1980-2019

Despite the increasing role of women in violence and terrorist-related activities across the globe, stereotypes depicting violence and terrorism as a male sphere continue to shape and, in some cases, prevent the authentic presentation of women terrorists and violent actors. Essentially, war and violence are attributed to men and masculine traits. Accordingly, women are mainly presented as intrinsically vulnerable, coerced actors, or violence victims in violence and terrorism. The media plays an essential role in disseminating information about terrorism and violence to the public. However, it does not operate in a vacuum, and thus, reportage of violence and terrorism at times reflects the prevailing cultural gender stereotypes of war and violence. This paper explores how the media present women terrorists and violent actors in Kenya. It also explores how this presentation impacts security initiatives and counter-terrorism strategies in the country. The paper uses accessible evidence from media reports on various female terrorists, terrorist attacks, and security operations to examine these aspects. It argues that the media labels women terrorists as vulnerable and focuses on their age, physical outlook, and statuses rather than the violent act perpetrated. Such presentation paints an image of irrational, naïve, coerced female terrorists and victims of violence. Accordingly, the paper recommends that the media-mediated images must not influence the implementation of anti-terror and violence policies since they do not necessarily reflect the reality on the ground.

The rising fear of terrorism and the emergence of a European security governance space: citizen perceptions and EU counterterrorism cooperation

ABSTRACT Among a wide range of challenges, EU member states have been facing a growing threat from terrorism in the recent years. The primary responsibility for combating terrorism lies with each individual member state, although the threat is becoming increasingly cross-border and diverse. Regardless of whether terrorism poses a real or perceived threat to the states’ and citizens’ security, public opinion is one important force behind the extensive counterterrorism efforts undertaken in Europe. In this article, we explore the influence of public opinion on EU policy within the security domain in the period 2005–19. We investigate the relationship between the number of attacks carried out on EU territory and citizens’ increased concern for terrorist attacks, as well as the attention given to this topic by EU decision-makers. Based on data from Eurobarometer, the Global Terrorism Database, and evidence from official documents, we perform an analysis of the connection between public perception and anti-terrorism policy coordination in the EU. The results of this investigation point to increasing levels of collective securitization and an ever-stronger focus on security and counterterrorism in the European Union. Our findings are related to policy formation in the EU.

Non-judicial rights review of counterterrorism policies: The role of fundamental rights in the making of the counterterrorism database and the data retention legislation in Germany

Abstract This article analyzes the institutions, procedures, and mechanisms of non-judicial rights review in Germany, focusing on the policy field of national security. Although there is currently a fruitful constitutional debate about the virtues and vices of non-judicial review in the Anglo-Saxon legal world, this debate has virtually gone unnoticed in German scholarship, and the role of political actors in protecting fundamental rights is neglected. This article studies how rights considerations affect the making of antiterrorism policy in Germany and what mechanisms exist in the legislative process to ensure the creation of rights-respecting antiterrorism policy. It is methodologically designed as a case study and focuses on two controversial pieces of legislation: the Data Retention Act and the Anti-Terror Database Act. The article reveals that Germany features a bureaucratic model of rights review in which rights issues are primarily negotiated between the two constitutional ministries—the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of the Interior—which are mutually entangled in an institutionalized competitive relationship. This model complements the German strong-form model of judicial review and has the effect that the role of rights is mostly mediated through the Constitutional Court’s case law and the prospect of judicial review. The article further demonstrates that these non-judicial rights-review processes are surrounded by a legalistic and rather formalistic political culture that is not conducive to a principled and deliberative engagement with fundamental rights. Overall, rights are prominently considered and clearly have a constraining effect, however, often ultimately recede when weighed against the objective of ensuring collective security in the wake of the threat of terrorism.

Anger, Anxiety, and Selective Exposure to Terrorist Violence

We examine the political consequence of exposure to widely available video content of terror violence. In a two-wave survey of Americans, we assess who is exposed to, and seeks out, terror-related video content in the first wave and then observe who decides to watch raw video footage of the Boston marathon terror attack in the second. We focus centrally on anxiety and anger as differing emotional reactions to the threat of terrorism and document their influence on exposure to terror violence. Anxiety generates avoidance of violent terror content whereas anger increases its consumption. Moreover, we find that anger increases exposure to violent terror content and in addition enhances support for punitive and retaliatory anti-terrorism policy. We discuss the implications of our findings for the broader dynamics of terrorist violence and the emotional basis of selective news exposure.

Legal Regulation of Crimes Threatening Global Security

The authors consider methods of legal regulation of crimes and types of international cooperation in the fight against them. The paper also highlights international measures aimed at implementing antiterrorist cooperation and combating illegal drug trafficking. The main goal is to determine the legal mechanisms for the prevention of these socially dangerous phenomena both at the local and interstate levels. The object of the research is the social relations that develop in connection with and about the peculiarities of crimes that infringe on international security. The subject of the research is the norms of modern Russian criminal law and the norms of international law. The scientific works of the authors listed in the references represent a solid theoretical and methodological basis for this research. However, research into the features of crimes should continue, since not all problematic issues in this area have been resolved. The author examines the concept, content and general features of international crimes that infringe on international security; defines the role of the UN (United Nations) and other organizations engaged in international legal regulation in the fight against international crimes; defines the features of the interstate organizations activities to prevent terrorism and illicit trafficking in narcotic and psychotropic substances. It is concluded that terrorism and illicit drug trafficking are most widespread among international crimes. The authors draw conclusions on the need to perform preventive activities aimed at preventing the Commission of international crimes, as well as on the implementation of a direct fight against such crimes through «detection, prevention, suppression, disclosure and investigation». Summarizing the authors’ points of view on the subject of criminal liability for acts of terrorism and drug trafficking, it should be noted that restraint measures, as well as strengthening responsibility measures, should be preceded by a set of preventive measures. It should also be understood that the effectiveness of anti-terrorist and anti-drug policies in the world, including in terms of the regulation of criminal liability measures, should be supported and approved by the population. To improve the legal structures of crimes that infringe on international security in the countries of the world community, it is necessary to positively perceive the international experience of various states in regulating measures of criminal responsibility and countering the spread of these acts.

Impacts of Terrorist Events on Tourism Development: Evidence from Asia

To examine terrorism impacts on international tourism industry in Asia, we collected data from 46 countries from 1995 to 2016, with a total of 1,012 samples. Our results showed that terrorism had a more consistent negative impact on international tourism revenue (ITR) than on international tourist arrivals. While the frequency of terrorism had a significant positive impact on ITR, when controlling for terrorist events which did not cause fatalities, such positive impact changed to negative. A further finding was that the Asian tourism market greatly developed following the 911 event, even though ITR decreased in Muslim countries with high risk of terrorist attacks. The current study makes a contribution to the understanding of terrorism features which may prove useful to strengthening antiterrorism policy in the tourism sector.

Political Geographies of Islamophobia: Chinese Ethno-Religious Racism and Structural Violence in East Turkestan

This article outlines the ways in which Islamophobia, as a growing transnational phenomenon, embraces and engenders structural violence against Muslims in the context of China. How have expressions of anti-Muslim racism become part and parcel of anti-terror strategies in the context of the Global War on Terror (GWOT)? And in what ways has Islamophobia been increasingly embedded within the context of the everyday, especially with regards to exclusionary policies? This paper examines this contemporary issue with attention to historical processes, while remaining cognizant of broader global trends of increasingly accepted religious persecution and racism. In a post-9/11 hyper-securitized world, the Uyghurs' religious Muslim identity became the target of the government's campaign against terrorism. With anti-terror policies so loosely defined, Islam—often synonymous with terrorism and difference—and those who visibly practice it became convenient marks of increased surveillance, suppression, detention, and even torture/death, all officially under the guise of the elusive war on terror and for the purpose of state security. In China, Islamophobia has effectively been state-sanctioned, legislated, and securitized.

ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСНОВЫ БОРЬБЫ С ТЕРРОРИЗМОМ В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОМ СОЮЗЕ

In recent years, European states have been repeatedly subjected to deadly terrorist attacks. The threat faced by EU Member States is multifaceted: from the return of foreign terrorist fighters from conflict zones to the extremist activities of homegrown terrorists and «lone wolves». In order to prevent terrorist attacks and combat terrorism, EU authorities and national states develop counter-terrorism policies and legislation. Based on the long-term activities of the UN in this area and on its own experience, the European Union adopts a large number of political and regulatory legal documents. The EU’s anti-terrorism policy and legislation are becoming more effective and realistic year after year, and intergovernmental cooperation mechanisms are being developed in the form of international treaties or politically binding recommendations and guidelines. In recent years, a number of new legal and other standards have been developed, which, together with existing international and regional strategies, conventions, recommendations and agreements, form the basis for current and future work in the field of combating terrorism and preventing radicalization and extremism leading to terrorism. The article examines some key documents of the EU and the Council of Europe adopted after September 11, 2001, including the EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy of 2005, updated in 2016, as well as new directions and measures to combat terrorism in the last three years (2018-2020). Based on the legal databases of the Council of the EU, the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council of Europe, a quantitative sample and an approximate count of anti-terrorist and related regulatory legal and individual acts adopted in 2018-2020 were made. The proposals of scientists and experts, including those expressed at the forums of international organizations, on improving the EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy are summarized.