Psychopathy Research Articles

Factors Inducing Alcohol Seeking Behaviors in Patients Dependent on Alcohol-A Case-control Analysis

Abstract Context: Alcohol use has increased to the extent that it has become a menace to society. There are certain external or social factors which linger an individual around alcohol despite efforts to cut its consumption. Furthermore, the ingrained factors as an individual’s personality and associated comorbid psychiatric disorders render alcohol-seeking behaviors. These factors further lead to problems in help-seeking, adjustment in society, and continuation of treatment. Although studies in the past have highlighted these risk factors, this study was conducted to understand the role of social factors, personality, and simultaneously occurring illness in patients of alcohol dependence with healthy controls. Aim: The aim of this study was to study the factors inducing alcohol-seeking behaviors in patients dependent on alcohol. Settings and Design: This case–control study was conducted among 100 male patients. It included 50 patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder and other 50 patients as healthy controls. Subjects and Methods: Participants were assessed clinically and the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale-Revised scale, Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, and International Personality Disorder Evaluation scales were administered. Statistical Analysis: A Chi-square test was applied for the categorical variable. Univariate linear regression was done for the independent variable. Results: Marital status, occupation, and residential area significantly affect alcohol use behavior. Affective disorders (22%) were the most common comorbidity and dissocial personality disorders (24%) were most prevalent. Conclusions: While addressing the issues related to dependence a focused approach including social, biological, and psychological factors must be considered.

Assessment of psychopathy among justice-involved adult males with low versus average intelligence: Differential links to violent offending.

Psychopathic personality is a multidimensional construct (De Brito et al., 2021) and the dimensions have differential associations with general and violent offending. Impairment in cognitive functioning, particularly intelligence (IQ), is another construct linked to both general and violent offending. However, the evidence is mixed on whether the combination of elevated psychopathy and low IQ increases the risk for violent offending (Hampton et al., 2014; Heilbrun, 1982; Walsh et al., 2004). Also, before this interaction can be firmly established, assessment of whether psychopathic traits are equivalent among individuals with different levels of IQ, especially those in the justice system, is needed. Using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), this study of justice-involved adult males tested whether Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) item parameters were invariant among those with low (< 85) versus average IQ (≥ 85). In addition, moderated nonlinear factor analysis was conducted using continuous IQ scores to test for its effect on a range of model parameters. Both approaches provided evidence of measurement invariance. Adding criminal offenses to the MG-CFA revealed differential associations of the psychopathy dimensions with violent offending. Finally, analysis of variance results suggested an interaction between psychopathy status and IQ level-that is, those meeting diagnostic criterion for psychopathy with low IQ had the highest number of violent offenses. This study provides evidence of measurement invariance for the PCL-R among justice-involved persons with varying levels IQ and helps to extend research on the dynamic associations between psychopathy, IQ, and violent behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Billey Joe Johnson Homicide

The victim, Billey Joe Johnson Jr., died in 2008 by a near contact, penetrating 12 gauge shotgun discharge to his left head at the ear. The manner of death was “undetermined” by the medical examiner. A county grand jury and two independent pathologists concluded the death was accidental. Another pathologist concluded suicide. Five digital cameras documented the shooting scene over a period of more than 11 h. There was no expert shooting scene reconstruction before this report. We observed 1) the shotgun’s position at discharge was not possible for either suicide or accident scenarios. 2) Stun gun wounds, centered within a halo of hyperemia, were on the victim’s right lateral mid-lumbar skin. 3) The body was moved twice before the scene image documentation and processing by law enforcement. The shooting scene was staged. 4) A love note, which had a blood transfer likely from an assailant, was left in the victim’s vehicle at the scene. 5) The staging of the shooting scene continued into the scene processing, which was documented by the image metadata time stamps. 6) Multiple persons were involved in the homicide.

Enhancing Academic Integrity in Online Assessments: Introducing an Effective Online Exam Proctoring Model using YOLO

The issue of cheating during exams has become a significant concern, gaining widespread attention from the public and media. This issue has been made worse by the transition of educational institutions to an online format, making it simpler to engage in academic dishonesty. To overcome this problem, developed an innovative solution known as the Online Exam Proctoring Model using You Only Look Once (YOLO) Model. With the use of cutting-edge computer vision algorithms, the proposed model makes use of data from cameras and microphones to automatically spot and prevent cheating during online exams. Face orientation, face spoofing detection, mouth tracking, audio analysis, mobile device recognition, and person counting are among the primary elements built into the model. Object detection algorithms, in conjunction with pre-trained YOLO weights, empower the model to detect mobile devices and count the number of individuals present in the exam environment. The automatic termination of exams upon detection of mobile devices, multiple persons, or no persons for 10 seconds acts as a strong deterrent against cheating. The suggested methodology created a reliable and effective tool for online examinations, guaranteeing the academic integrity and enabling impartial assessment of the skills and knowledge of learners. By implementing this solution, educational institutions can foster a secure online exam environment, promoting a culture of honesty and trust between students and educators. As navigate the evolving environment of education, the model stands as a reliable ally in upholding the credibility and authenticity of online learning experiences.

Клинические особенности пограничного личностного расстройства у подростков

Aim. Identification of the features of primary and comorbid signs of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in teenagers. Design. Open-label cohort study. Materials and methods. A pilot clinical evaluation was performed for a full cohort of teenagers admitted to psychiatric in-patient clinic in 2021–2022, the condition of which corresponded to the International Classification of Diseases, revision 11, BPD criteria. The study included 74 teenagers aged 11–17 years old, of which 72 were females. The mean age was 16.6 years old. Results. All 74 patients had comorbid disorders; complex comorbidities were observed in 31 (41.9%) patients. Forty-seven (63.5%) patients had a history of bullying. Anxiety and post-stress disorders preceded clinical manifestations of the BPD symptoms in 64 (86.5%) cases. Self-harm and attempted suicide were recorded in 58 (78.4%) patients; problems with self-identification, including gender preferences, were observed in 56 (75.7%) patients, problems with interpersonal relationships — in 64 (86.5%) patients, and dissociative symptoms — in 41 (55.4%) patients. Multiple personality disorder identification as “we”, “multiple personalities”) was observed in 12 (16.2%) cases. Clinically significant signs of various eating disorders were diagnosed in 16 (21.6%) patients. After being treated in an in-patient clinic, 65 (87.8%) teenagers demonstrated significant improvement. Most challenging was the management of patients with substantial dissociative symptoms, persistent “gender identity disorder” and trends to use abnormal psychological defence mechanisms. Conclusion. Interim data show that manifestation of symptoms and comorbidities, as well as a short-term response to therapy in teenagers differ from those in adults with BPD, favouring BPD with adolescent onset as a relatively separate sub-type and justifying a dimensional approach for the search and optimisation of early therapeutic interventions in teenagers with BPD. Keywords: borderline personality disorder, teenagers, comorbidity, psychiatric disorders, International Classification of Diseases, revision 11 (ICD-11).

Retraction: Commentary: Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1292432.].

Psychiatrists as forensic authorities: evaluation of dangerous habitual offenders in West Germany during the 1960s - the Helmut Hoinka case.

Preventive detention for highly dangerous habitual offenders has been in force in Germany for 90 years. The necessity of this measure is hotly debated from a legal perspective. However, the assignment of preventive detention is largely determined by the opinion of medical experts. This article discusses the role of medical experts and the issues they face in evaluating the dangerousness of habitual offenders using the case of the marriage swindler Helmut Hoinka, prosecuted several times in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s. Helmut Hoinka's case was chosen for analysis because of the rare opportunity to access detailed materials that allowed us to follow in detail the reasoning of the medical experts who evaluated Hoinka: medical reports stored in the Gerd Huber Archive at the University of Ulm, and Hoinka's court case from the State Archive of North Rhine-Westphalia. To examine these sources, we implemented the historical-critical method. The medical experts who evaluated Hoinka were aware of the defendant's criminal record prior to the evaluation, which was a source of bias. In addition, the criteria for classifying the offender as a dangerous habitual offender were open to a wide range of interpretations. Hoinka's high level of intelligence was negatively emphasized. Some test results were considered unreliable because it was assumed that Hoinka had manipulated his answers. Personal value judgments were allowed in assessing Hoinka's personality. Hoinka's criminal behavior was considered a medical symptom of psychopathy because it violated general moral and social norms. The medical reports of both experts showed that the psychiatrists believed in the genetic nature of psychopathy and criminal behavior. Their criminological prognosis was fully supported by the court in imposing the sentence. Challenges to Hoinka's criminological prognosis were the experts' personal biases, their belief in the theory of genetic predisposition to crime, the lack of clear criteria for antisocial personality disorder, and the absence of forensic recommendations for "psychopathic" criminals. The experts' opinion on Hoinka's criminal predisposition was crucial to the imposition of the sentence.

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER IN CHILDREN WHO WERE BORN IN INTERNATIONAL FAMILIES

Introduction. The postulate of integration and social inclusion of people possessing somehow migrational backgrounds remains a fundamental issue for our nowadays society. On one hand, there is a totally favorable background to create multiculturalism and diversity in the particularly European community. On the other hand, once we analyze individual situations, especially ones, which take place in the international families, we will predominantly see a completely opposite tendency i.e. to maximally assimilate the way their child will be raised and educated. Thus, these are exactly parents possessing migrational backgrounds, who do want to “limit” their child from being “international” by claiming that this attitude will help them to protect a necessary identity for future integration and social inclusion. In the reality, however, the tendency of international families to raise/educate monocultural children may lead to disruption of social, societal, economical and educational wellbeing of the offsprings, as well as will rather than not lead to development of the antisocial personality disorder. Materials and methods. Naturalistic observation, case studies, survey/self-report data, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. In the frame of our cooperation and voluntary activity at the DAR for peace and equality (non-formal international group, based in Milan, Italy), we have analyzed the results of anonymous survey, which was led by us within the group of 73 people, from 18 to 43 years old, who are representatives of generation of locals “with migrational background” (the third migrational generation). The main characteristic feature of this social group is that they were born in so-called “international families” i.e. families, where one of the parents possesses either direct or indirect migrational background. Primarily, to assess the probability of declining of the appropriate (“desirable”) level of integration and social inclusion in the aforementioned individuals, we have assessed the gender and age balance between analyzed persons. Thus, there were 73 people, namely: 41 women and 32 men with the age range from 18 to 43 years old. The average age of persons in the group reached the index of 30,1 years old. Digital data were processed by using the method of variation statistic with calculating of the arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation (δ), the average error difference (m), the difference probability (p). The last data between two average in small samples was determined according to the Student’s table in compliance of condition (n1+n2-2). In determining of the probability level it was admitted an accuracy of p&lt;0.05. Results. As a result, we have assessed a probability of development of the antisocial personality disorder in this social group, as well as possible reasons for the development of the analyzed condition. The probability of the APD development in the analyzed social group is tightly connected with the way these people (former children, who were born in international families) were grown and educated. Especially, if the multicultural families are forcibly rendered “monocultural” because of the “desire” of one of the parents, or mutual one. Neither of the expected scenarios of “assimilation” appear to be successful to make the process of the child’s integration and social inclusion appropriate, adequate and positive. In over 90% of cases, children who were forcibly rendered “monocultural” despite having international family, experience APD of various types, severe depression, tendency to migrational nomadism and migrational vacuum. Their condition may be however relieved through healing amnesia phenomenon, as it was numerously postulated in our former article within the framework research. Discussion. The tendency to forcibly render multicultural families monocultural is tightly connected with dominating prejudices, biases, fears, expectations and stereotypes regarding the community of migrants, refugees and forcibly displaced persons. They are socially “supposed to be different”, The difference may noticeably aggravate every pattern of their existence. Thus, the parents of such children are tended to refuse to “share their migrational background” with their child and try to make him/her “assimilate” from the very young age. However, it is exactly the forcible assimilation, which may lead to development of the antisocial personality disorder, migrational nomadism and migrational vacuum in case of the representatives of the third generation. Thus, the postulates of “desirable” diversity and multiculturalism, which are accepted and tolerated not exclusively within the legal framework, but also in societal realities will definitely lead to optimizing the general pattern of integration and social inclusion of persons, who possess migrational background; will decrease the index of probability of APD development in the similar cases, as well as will eliminate a typical tendency to “waste human potential” regarding “newcomers”.

Symptoms and Main Differences Between a Psychopath and a Sociopath.

The research relevance is predefined by the fact that, in modern psychology and psychiatry, the concepts of psychopathy and sociopathy are combined and interchanged. These are two concepts that describe different etiologies of the same mental health condition. The research aims to describe in detail the main manifestations and characteristics of personality disorders (psychopathy and sociopathy) in psychiatry and psychology. The research analyzes the main features and manifestations of sociopathy and psychopathy. It examines the work of psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons in helping sociopaths and psychopaths. The study also explores the challenges of treating antisocial personality disorders and identifies internal and external factors that influence the development of these conditions. In addition, the article emphasizes the behavioral differences between sociopaths and psychopaths, proposes various methods for integrated therapy, diagnoses the main aspects of these disorders, and highlights the importance of psychiatric care and psychotherapeutic interventions. The research is of theoretical and practical value for psychologists, psychoanalysts, and physicians who can help people with these pathologies of personal development.

Narcissistic and Antisocial Personality Profiles of the Person(s) of Interest in the Murder of Vincent van Gogh

Narcissistic and Antisocial Personality Profiles of the Person(s) of Interest in the Murder of Vincent van Gogh

Psychopathic Personality Weakens the Efficacy of Anti-Bribery Interventions

Psychopathic Personality Weakens the Efficacy of Anti-Bribery Interventions

THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF VIOLENT GAMING UPON PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY AND BULLYING BEHAVIOR IN PROBLEMATIC SMARTPHONE USERS

A psychopathic personality is a pattern of traits linked to impulsivity, lack of empathy &amp; propensity to indulge in criminal behavior. It is significantly associated with bullying behavior, especially among problematic smart users. Present study explored the role of violent games on psychopathic personality and bullying behavior. Using the purposive sample approach, data was gathered from 801 young smartphone users. The results indicated a high association between psychopathic personality characteristics and bullying behavior. The results of study provide important information in reaching the conclusion and making suitable decisions about phenomena under considerations. In this regard, the findings of moderation analysis revealed that association between psychopathic personality and bullying has become strongest with violent video games. The findings would also assist psychologists in forming support groups and educational campaigns that facilitate young adults about the negative impacts of violent games and excessive smart phone use on mental health and thus study provides clues for future research.

Diasporic Consciousness in Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss

The Inheritance of Loss written by Kiran Desai is a South Asian Novel written in English reflects the diasporic consciousness of the characters since the characters have feelings of a sense of loss, hybrid identity, consciousness of being an outsider, longing for home, double consciousness, split personality, and alienation. Regarding diasporic consciousness, human beings have had such consciousness since they started migrating to other nations leaving their nations due to their compulsion to adapt in the culture of the host land along with the culture of the root land. However, this research focuses on the diasporic consciousness of protagonists such as Biju, Jemu Bhai Patel, Fathe Booty and Sai potrayed in The Inheritance of Loss in the post-colonial era. The research discovers the impact of post-colonialism on these characters, which means that India became independent in 2047, but Indians throughout the world are still under the influence of colonialism. Biju’s life in New York, Jemu Bhai Patel’s life in London and Sai’s life in Kalimpong reveal their sense of loss, dislocation, split personality, double consciousness and hybrid identity, which reflect their consciousness in diaspora. Hence, for the research methodology, the qualitative approach is applied since the research deals with the fictional characters portrayed in the select novel. Likewise, for the broad theoretical framework, Avtar Brah’s and Vijay Mishra’s theory of diaspora, and Homi K. Bhabha’s Hybrid Identity are applied as theoretical tools to explore how the characters struggle for identity, suffer due to loss of identity and are under the influence of colonialism in the diaspora.

Empathy and Violence in Schizophrenia and Antisocial Personality Disorder.

A paucity of cognitive and affective features of empathy can be correlated with violent behavior. We aimed to identify differences in empathy among four groups in a sample of 100 male participants: (1) 27 violent offenders with schizophrenia, (2) 23 nonviolent patients with schizophrenia, (3) 25 patients with antisocial personality disorder, and (4) 25 subjects from the general population, who formed the control group. Schizophrenia symptoms were quantified with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Empathy was measured with the empathy quotient. Theory of mind was evaluated using (a) the first-order false-belief task, (b) the hinting task, (c) the faux pas recognition test and (d) the "reading the mind in the eyes" test (revised). Differences noted among the groups were age (controls were younger) and educational status (antisocials were less educated). The empathy quotient scoring (p < 0.001) and theory-of-mind tests (p < 0.001) were distinct between the control group and the three other groups of participants, but not among the three patient groups. Patients with antisocial personality disorder, violent psychotic offenders and psychotic nonviolent patients show no remarkable differences in affective or cognitive empathy tests, but they all present deficits in empathy and theory of mind when compared to controls.

TO THE MOON AND BACK: THE ADAPTATION OF MOON AS SYMBOL IN MOON KNIGHT'S COMIC TO TELEVISION SERIES ADAPTATION

Moon Knight is one of the best-selling series in Marvel Studios, and no studies discussed the moon's symbolism in the comic Moon Knight and the TV series adaptations. This paper focuses on a shift in the meaning of the symbol from comics to TV series adaptations. In this research, the qualitative descriptive study is done to reveal whether the TV series adaptation of Moon Knight story faithfully reflects the moon symbolism in the comics. The research uses Hutcheon’s adaptation theory as background to analyze symbol adaptation, from the comic to TV series, and Eliade symbol theory to discuss the shift in the meaning of the symbols. The theory of Dissociative Identity Disorder from Kluft is used to analyze the three characters appear in the one body of the Moon Knight. Using Spradley's analysis method, we conclude that there are differences between the story from the Comic Moon Knight and its TV series adaptation. There were deficiencies that did not fully reflect the moon, and three symbols in the scene were unrelated to each other. The benefit of this research is to find out the significance of the differences in symbols in the adaptation of the Moon Knight series and to become reference material for future researchers who want to discuss the symbolization of the moon in the Moon Knight film.

Antisosyal Kişilik Bozukluğu Tanılı Hastalarda Anksiyete, Depresyon, Somatizasyon ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık

The present study aimed to explore the link between anxiety, depression, psychological resilience, and somatization in individuals diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), a significant psychiatric condition of both individual and societal importance, whose origins remain unknown. Forty male patients with ASPD and 40 healthy controls participated in this research. Various assessments including Sociodemographic forms, Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Somatization Scale were administered to all participants. The findings revealed that individuals diagnosed with ASPD exhibited notably lower scores in RSA-structural style, future perception, family cohesion, self-perception, social inadequacy, social resources subscales, and overall RSA-total score compared to the control group. Moreover, the patient group demonstrated significantly higher scores in the Somatization scale, BDI, and BAI compared to the control group. The study also identified significant negative correlations between RSA-total and Somatization scale (r=-0.450, p=0.004), as well as significant positive correlations between Somatization scale and BDI (r=0.644, p

Доктрина эволюционирующего человечества в перспективе развития High-Hume технологий: критический анализ

It is stated that the topic of the relationship between science and religion is regaining relevance, since science begins to claim the status of a new "religion of the 21st century." The evolutionary paradigm, outgrowing the framework of science, begins to transform into something like a new religious ideology. Science tries to create projects of salvation of mankind and projects of immortality competing with traditional religions. The example is a technoproject known as transhumanism, the purpose of which is proclaimed as the improvement of man on the basis of the latest technologies and the transition from humanity to the "highest race" — posthumanity. A peculiar convergence is stated between neo-occult teachings on the evolution of human races and counter-intentions on the part of science. It is proved that good intentions to improve homo sapiens with the help of high-hume technologies can lead to a violation of fine balance and a breakdown into one of the opposite poles of psychopathology of altered states of consciousness. The prospects for the techno-evolutionary development of mankind in the aspect of the appearance of such a symptom of schizophrenic disorders as a multiple personality are analyzed. It is concluded that destructive changes in the psyche will occur not in the line of a single highway, but in polar opposite directions: 1. in the direction of simplifying the human personality, when meaningful actions are reduced to automatics of machine-like behavior, 2. in the direction of excessive complication of the psyche, which generates symptoms of schizophrenic splitting.

Educational Philosophy: Reflections on the Teacher's Personality in the Story of the Prophet Ibrahim AS in the Qur'an

Teacher personality is one side that always be in the spotlight, teachers become good role model for students or for society. Teachers should be able to keep themselves by maintaining their professionalism safely, wisely, so that people and learners are easier to imitate teachers who have a whole personality and not a split personality. The researcher studied the stories in the Qur'an about the stories of the prophet Ibrahim AS as well as relating to existing educational theories. Researcher argued that it would be good if trying to find the profile of teacher personality in the Qur'an, because with the historical approach can learn everything that had ever happened as ibrah and the examples for teachers in the present day. The story of the research sample was the stories of the prophet Ibrahim As that was contained in the Qur'an. This research included library research because researcher tried to find the personality of the prophet Ibrahim in the Qur'an using content analysis. Researcher examined by using books of Quranic interpretation and then related it to theories of teacher personality, then drawing conclusion. The teacher personality profiles can conclude from the stories of the prophet Ibrahim in the Qur'an: (a) steadiness and personal integrity, (b) Alternatives thinking, (c) creative, (d) courageous, (e) honest, (f) rational and logical (g) friendly, opened and humble (h) Patience and sincere. (i) Responsibility.

Antisocial personality traits relationship with behaviours and beliefs on COVID-19 containment measures: Investigation in a large Brazilian sample.

In the COVID-19 context, traits associated with antisociality can decrease concern and awareness about the potential harmfulness of the virus. This study investigated associations of pathological traits of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) with behaviours and beliefs linked to COVID-19 containment measures. The sample consisted of 2230 Brazilian adults who answered ASPD-related facets of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and a questionnaire regarding adherence to COVID-19 containment measures. We applied the DSM-5 ASPD criteria to divide the sample into antisocial and non-antisocial groups. Our findings suggest that individuals meeting the criteria for ASPD tend to exhibit reduced compliance with pandemic control measures and lower adherence to hygiene practices. Moreover, sex, income, and age should be considered potential covariates in research investigating the relationship between antisocial traits and adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. Altogether, our findings highlight ASPD traits' role in the predisposition to lack of prosocial behaviours of adherence to COVID-19 containment measures.

YouTube and TikTok as a source of medical information on dissociative identity disorder

BackgroundDissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a rare condition that causes alternation of at least two separate personality states and has a prevalence of less than 1% in the general population. This study aims to appraise the social media platforms, YouTube and TikTok, as sources of medical information on DID. MethodsYouTube and TikTok were queried using the following search phrases: “Dissociative Identity Disorder,” “Multiple Personality Disorder,” and “Split Personality Disorder.” The top 60 videos by views for YouTube and likes for TikTok were selected from each search term on each platform. Videos were reviewed by four independent reviewers using a modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) Scale, Global Quality Scale (GQS), and they were further classified as useful, misleading, or neither useful or misleading. ResultsNumber of videos that met criteria were 60 YouTube videos and 97 TikTok videos. After classification, 51.7% of YouTube videos were useful while only 5.2% of TikTok videos were useful. A significant difference was found between (mDISCERN and GQS) score and the video source, type of content, and classification (α < 0.05). LimitationsThis study focused exclusively on English videos. Additionally, it did not evaluate other social media platforms that are used worldwide. ConclusionThis results of this study show the need for healthcare professionals and organizations to not only create content of high quality but increase engagement on social media platforms, particularly TikTok, in order to educate users on DID.