Antiseptic Properties Research Articles

Differential phytochemical responses of Feverfew to green synthesized calcium nanostructures formed on pectin and Aloe vera extract

Feverfew, a plant known for its antiseptic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, was studied using nano-calcium (nCa) nanoparticles (nCa-AV) and calcium-pectin nanoparticles (nCa-P) to investigate phytochemical changes. The study found that the application of nCa increased the total phenolic and flavonoids in Feverfew, with the highest content of phenolics (35.3 mg/g DM) in 0.4 % nCa-AV and flavonoids in 0.2 % nCa-AV and nCa-P (38.0 and 40.5 mg/g DM, respectively). The nanoparticles did not affect the content of benzoic acid, however significantly increased chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, apigenin and quercetin in the plant. The content of bioactive compounds and DPPH scavenging activity increased in line with increasing the dose of nanoparticles, and the nCa-AV was more effective in increasing these compounds. The Ca nanoparticles increased the essential oil content in Feverfew. The treatments also increased the essential oil content of Feverfew, with 50 compounds detected, including 40–50 % camphor, 30 % transchrysanthyl acetate, and 10 % camphine and alpha-pinene. Ca nanoparticle application decreased the farnesene, but increased the camphor content and had no effect on the content of chrysanthelin acetate in essential oil. The treatments increased the antipyretic effects of Feverfew essential oil, although they reduce its aroma.

The protective and antiapoptotic effects of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra against cyclophosphamide-induced lung injury in rats: in vitro evaluation

Objectives: Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (HTT) has been traditionally used in medical treatments due to its sedative, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and anthelmintic properties. The present study aims to investigate the lung-protective and antiapoptotic effects of HTT against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced lung injury in rats. Methods: Thirty-five Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into 5 groups, each consisting of seven members. Phenolic acid and flavonoid contents of this plant were determined. The lung tissue samples cultivated from the rats were examined in histopathological and immunohistochemically for the apoptosis markers of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2. Results: Histopathological results indicated that structural defects, bleeding areas, and edema had occurred in the lungs of the CP-Alone Group. Besides, Caspase-3 and Bax positivity of the lung cells had also increased while Bcl-2 positivity had decreased. On the other hand, in the HTT+CP Group, HTT was shown to have reversed the aforementioned changes positively. Conclusion: Based on in vivo results, HTT could be a strong protective candidate for CP-induced lung injury and apoptosis

Formulation and Evaluation of Invasomal and Ethosomal Gel for Curcumin and Determination of Anti- Fungal Activity

Background: Despite exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anti-cancer properties, curcumin is not exhibiting the same efficacy as that other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and anti-cancer drugs. The main reason is its poor solubility and poor permeability. To improve the solubility the particle size has to be reduced to the nano level and to improve the permeability vesicular drug delivery approaches have to be adapted. By developing invasomal and ethosomal gels the bioavailability of curcumin can be enhanced. Aim and Objective: The main aim of the study is to develop Invasomal and Ethosomal drug delivery systems for curcumin by various techniques. Methods: Curcumin loaded invasomes were prepared by using a thin film hydration method. Six formulations were prepared by varying drug to lipid ratios (INV1 to INV6). Soya lecithin was used as a phospholipid, span60 was used as a surfactant, limonene was used as terpene, ethanol and chloroform were used as solvents. Curcumin-loaded ethosomes were prepared by using a hot method. Five formulations were prepared by increasing lipid concentration (E1 to E5). Soya lecithin as lipid, propylene glycol, and ethanol as solvent. The prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency. and in vitro drug release studies. Results: Among all the formulations of Invasomes, INV3 formulation containing a 1:5 ratio of the drug (40 mg) to lipid (200 mg) was considered as best formulation because of its particle size of 327. A total of 1nm, zeta potential of -32.6 mV, highest drug content of 97.5%, entrapment efficiency of 96%, and in vitro drug release of 95% in a time period of 12 hrs. Among all the formulations of ethosomes, the E3 formulation was considered as best formulation due to its particle size of 697.5 nm, zeta potential of - 28.0 Mv, highest drug content of 97.3%, entrapment efficiency of 90%, and in vitro drug release of 94.6% in a time period of 12 hrs. Conclusion: The best invasomal and ethosomal formulations were incorporated into gel and evaluated for pH, viscosity, Spreadability, drug content, in vitro drug release studies, and ex vivo studies. INV3 and E3 were incorporated into gel and comparative studies were made with plain gel. Among the three gels (PG, INV3G, E3G), invasomal gel (INV3) exhibited the highest content drug content of 81%, pH of 6.6, spreadability 14.8g cm/sec, in vitro drug release of 90.6%, ,and ex vivo drug release of 97% in a time period of 12 hrs with the release rate of 32.53 microgram/cm2/hr-1/2, the flux of 0.346 μg/cm2/hr and permeation coefficient of 42.71 cm/hr.

Antibacterial and antibiotic-modifying activity of the commercialized essential oil of Copaifera spp. Associated with LED lights against a Staphylococcus aureus strain

Copaiba oil is widely used in medicine due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, healing, antiviral, antiseptic and analgesic properties. Thus, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity and modifier of the antibiotic action of the commercialized essential oil of four species of Copaifera spp. in combination with Ampicillin and LED lights against the multidrug-resistant strain of S. aureus (SA 10). The essential oil was obtained commercially through the dōTERRA® company. The evaluation of the antibacterial and modulating activity was performed using the microdilution methodology in a 96-well plate, using blue 415 nm, red 620 nm and yellow 590 nm LEDs and Ampicillin at an initial concentration of 1.024 µg/mL. The experiments were carried out in triplicate and submitted to ANOVA statistical analysis, considering a significant value of p < 0,05. The essential oil of Copaifera spp. did not show antibacterial activity alone, but showed significant modifying activity when combined with Ampicillin in the absence of LED and with red LED. However, the yellow LED and the blue LED had no significant modulating effect. The results suggest the presence of an enzymatic mechanism of resistance, indicating relevance for the development of future scientific research, aiming to help in the treatment of lesions caused by multiresistant pathogens.

The Effectiveness of Giving Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Leaf Extract on Granulation Tissue Thickness in Healing White Rat (Rattus novergicus) Cut Wounds

Wounds result in loss of epithelial continuity with or without loss of underlying connective tissue. The dynamic and complex wound-healing process restores tissue integrity and balance. Medicinal plants in herbal medicine, namely Binahong, help heal wounds. This study tested binahong (Anredera cardifolia) leaf extract ointment on the thickness of granulation tissue in white rat (Rattus novergicus) incision wounds. Binahong leaf extract was applied at 15%, 25%, and 35%, then the wound was examined macroscopically and histopathologically. The type of research was a true experiment with a sample of 24 male Wistar rats, six per group, in four groups (control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3). The histopathological image of granulation tissue thickness shows that the P0 group (blue) has less collagen density. Treatment group 3 (P3) with 35% binahong leaf extract showed thick collagen. Analysis of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and significant paired t-test values greater than p&gt;0.05 for all groups. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test shows that the data is regularly distributed. Paired T-test showed significant differences in incision wound healing between groups (p-value &lt;0.05). The research concludes that binahong leaf extract has antiseptic, antibacterial, and ascorbic acid properties and protects against oxidation, so it is helpful for wound healing.

Characterization of Distillation and Redistillation Product of Coconut Shell Liquid Smoke at Various Temperatures

This study investigates the impact of distillation temperature on phenol content in coconut shell liquid smoke, a product derived from pyrolysis and subsequent condensation processes. Liquid smoke, renowned for its versatile applications including preservation, antioxidation, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties, necessitates distillation for both quality enhancement and safety. The research comprises a two-stage distillation, featuring 11 temperature variations (100-150°C) in the first stage and 9 variations (75-155°C) in the second stage. Characterization involves pH assessment and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify chemical components. The pH range in the initial distillation stage spans 1.18-1.30, and the second stage ranges from 1.11-1.39. GC-MS analysis of raw coconut shell liquid smoke reveals 25 components, including phenol, furan, ketone, acid, alcohol, benzenediol and derivatives, alkyl aryl ether, deoxycytidine, and silicone grease. GC-MS evaluation is conducted on products of the first stage at 125 and 135°C, and the second stage products at 145 and 155°C. In the first distillation stage, liquid smoke contains phenol and assorted compounds. Conversely, the second stage yields purer phenol compounds. The findings suggest potential applications of the redistillation product as raw material in food preservation, antiseptics, and insecticides.

Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Compounds Based on Unmodified Epoxy Resin Modified with Boric Acid as an Antiseptic.

The objective of this study was to compare the selected mechanical properties of epoxy compounds based on an unmodified epoxy resin with those containing an antiseptic as a modifying agent. Experiments were carried out on twelve epoxy compounds made of an epoxy resin based on bisphenol A (BPA) with a basic epoxide amount of 0.48-0.51 mol/100 g. Three curing agents were used: one polyamide (a polyaminoamide curing agent) and two amines (one was an adduct of aliphatic amine and aromatic glycidyl ether, and the other was an adduct of cycloaliphatic amine). The epoxy compounds were modified by adding an antiseptic in the form of powdered boric acid (H3BO3) in three amounts: 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g. The cured modified and unmodified epoxy compounds were subjected to compressive strength testing and microscopic examination. The experimental results showed that the epoxy compounds containing adduct of aliphatic amine (triethylenetetramine) and aromatic glycidyl ether as the amine curing agent, i.e., E5/ET/100:18, had the highest compressive strength out of all the tested epoxy compounds, with the highest value of 119 MPa obtained for the epoxy compound modified by the addition of 1.0 g boric acid. The epoxy compounds modified with boric acid acquired antiseptic properties and, for most cases, exhibited a higher compressive strength than the unmodified epoxy compounds (not lower than that specified by the manufacturer for unmodified epoxy compounds).

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL ACACIA HONEY AGAINST SOME GRAM-POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL STRAINS

Acacia honey has a number of different medicinal properties. Its antiseptic properties are used to treat conjunctivitis and other eye conditions, as well as neurodermatitis and eczema. Used regularly, acacia honey helps to lower blood pressure. It has a mild sedative effect and is beneficial for mental disorders and nervous breakdowns. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of natural acacia honey produced by a Polish manufacturer against Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 25923™), Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™) and Gram-negative strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™). The antibacterial activity of natural acacia honey was tested in vitro using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The results of the current study showed that acacia honey samples produced by a Polish manufacturer exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 35218™), E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™) and E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™) strains, with the mean zone of growth inhibition ranging from 20.1 to 35.45 mm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™) and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 25923™) strains were resistant to acacia honey samples. The antibacterial properties of acacia honey need to be validated using model food systems. Further research could indicate whether honey has potential as a preservative in minimally processed foods.

Isolation and molecular identification of endophytic fungi associated with Campomanesia adamantium, a Brazilian Cerrado plant.

This work presents the isolation of endophytic fungi from the leaves of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), a native species found in Brazil and popularly known as "guabiroba-do-campo", with abundant distribution in the Brazilian Cerrado. It has been popularly used for its anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, blood cholesterol-reducing, urinary antiseptic, and depurative properties. Theese fungi are microorganisms that live inside higher plants, at least for a period of their life cycle, occupying the intercellular spaces of plant tissues such as leaves and stems. These fungi are harmless to the host plant, and their secondary metabolites promote protection, regulate growth, combat bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and promote resistance to abiotic stress, as well as insecticidal effects. Endophytic fungi associated with the leaves of C. adamantium were isolated using the culture medium isolation technique. After growth, the fungi were divided into groups based on morphotypes. Fungal genomic DNA was extracted, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to amplify the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of rRNA, and the nucleotide sequences obtained were compared with those available in the GenBank database for molecular identification of the isolates. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11 software. The results showed representatives of the Ascomycota phylum, and it was possible to identify at the genus level 18 fungi of the genera Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Epicoccum, and Neofusicoccum.

Production process of new generation energy gels based on brown seaweed Fucus

The article presents the innovative development of a fucus-based energy gel. The gel is easy to use during high physical activity and it does not cause a thirsty feeling after consumption. The polysaccharide fucoidan of fucus has antiseptic, immunomodulatory, blood thinning and many other properties. The innovative technology opens fucus cells without high temperature exploration and additional chemical agents. Thus, the entire spectrum of biopolymers, vitamins, macro- and microelements vital for the restoration and normal functioning of the human body becomes available. The latest technology developed for processing seaweeds can be used to produce energy gels for athletes.

Conventional and advanced packaging and storage technology of leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum): A Review

Leek (Allium porrum L.), belonging to the Alliaceae family, is a biennial herbaceous plant. It is a tetraploid (2n=32). They are native to Middle Asia, while its secondary centres of development and spread were in Western Asia and the Mediterranean region. Kaempferol is the most significant flavonoid aglycone found in leeks. Leeks are also used as medicine in addition to being a food. The primary health advantages include anti-asthma, antiseptic, diuretic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Additionally, it helps shield skin from harm and lowers the risk of gastrointestinal disorders. Leek roots also contain alliin which is non-toxic to the human body and can be used to preserve food and increase its shelf life. Recent studies also reported that leek portions ultrasonic extracts can be used in the food sector to preserve products from oxidation. Furthermore, when frozen unblanched leek slices are packaged with nitrogen after a year in frozen storage, the amount of sulfur compounds in the slices does not increase and the development of an off flavor is inhibited. It can also be stored up to 14 days when stored at modified atmosphere. In conclusion, using contemporary biotechnology techniques, new leek cultivars with increased productivity and adaptability must be created. Other health-related substances like folates and polyphenols, as well as the quantitative assessment of enzyme activities should all be included in future research as they contribute to the potential health benefits of vegetable products.

The opportunities for normalizing oral microbiota in infants with challenging deciduous teeth eruption

Relevance. The eruption of deciduous teeth is a distinct physiological process marked by local and systemic manifestations, along with alterations in oral microbiota in children.Research objective. A comparative clinical study evaluating the efficacy of different medications in managing localized symptoms during challenging deciduous teeth eruption, alongside an assessment of a homeopathic medicine's influence on oral microbiota in children (in vitro).Material and methods. The study encompassed 120 infants ranging from 5 months to 2 years old, randomized into three groups (40 individuals per group), all experiencing challenging deciduous teeth eruption. The research groups were assigned the following interventions: a homeopathic medicine, a dental gel containing an antiseptic and analgesic properties, and a dental gel infused with plant extracts. Clinical assessments of the children were performed using the E.M. Kuzmina index (2000), while concurrent evaluations of the oral microbiota were also conducted.Results. After the course of the medicinal homeopathic preparation, the condition of the gums, as per the E.M. Kuzmina index, indicated good oral hygiene, in contrast to medicinal preparations containing synthetic and plant-based antiseptics and anesthetics, which resulted in a satisfactory level of oral hygiene. Microbiological research indicated that the utilization of the investigated samples of the homeopathic medicine facilitated the creation of conditions fostering indirect competition of the stabilizing oral micro versus the pathogenic group of microorganisms.Conclusion. The clinical effectiveness of the homeopathic medicine for challenging deciduous teeth eruption was notably higher. A more substantial positive trend was observed in relation to the oral microbiota in children following the twice-daily application of the homeopathic medicine solution.

Development of industrial production technology with determination of the quality of a soft medicine «Vetmikoderm» for veterinary

It is well known, that 1,2,4–triazole derivatives have a wide range of biological properties, showing little toxicity. Original modeling of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives allows obtaining new molecules with unique properties. Such purposeful changes in molecules are popular among many scientists because they make it possible to obtain compounds with «improved» properties. Such a compound was the substance (4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-methyl)morpholine with the prospect of creating a mild medicinal product – liniment «Vetmikoderm».&#x0D; The main advantage of these medicinal forms is a low traumatic effect on damaged tissue, creating maximum contact with the wound surface, etc. It has been proven, that the antimicrobial agents available on the veterinary drugs’ market, including those ones in the form of ointments, gels and liniments, are characterized by the fact that they do not always stimulate tissue regeneration processes. Medicines with the ability to improve wound healing, as a rule, have minor antiseptic properties. Under these circumstances, the search, development and introduction of the medicines that have antimicrobial and antifungal action is an extremely urgent issue of modern veterinary medicine.&#x0D; The aim of our research was to study the technological aspects and manufacturing features, the substantiation of the composition, the analysis of the soft medicinal form of the drug «Vetmikoderm».&#x0D; During the research, the appearance, transparency, and thickness of the drug were determined. APHI identification was carried out with the determination of its content by the gas chromatography’s method. The external standard method was used. Microbiological purity (bacteria, yeast and mold fungi (in total), the presence of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was determined in accordance with the requirements of the SPHU by the membrane filtration method. Sterile soy–casein agar was used to determine the total number of aerobic bacteria. Determination of harmlessness was carried out according to the «abnormal toxicity» indicator.&#x0D; On the basis of the conducted research, the technological aspects and manufacturing features, substantiation of the composition, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the «Vetmikoderm» liniment were determined, which ensures the possibility of the medicinal form’s obtaining in industrial conditions. The proposed methods of the medicinal form’s analysis are characterized by sensitivity and reproducibility.

The Wild Carrot (Daucus carota): A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review.

Daucus carota L., a member of the Apiaceae family, comprises 13 subspecies, with one being cultivated (D. carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) and the remaining being wild. Traditionally, the wild carrot has been recognized for its antilithic, diuretic, carminative, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties and has been employed in the treatment of urinary calculus, cystitis, gout, prostatitis, and cancer. While extensive literature is available on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic evaluations of the cultivated carrot, limited information has been published on the wild carrot. A thorough search was conducted on the phytochemical composition, folk-medicine uses, and pharmacological properties of wild carrot subspecies (Daucus carota L. ssp. carota). Various electronic databases were consulted, and the literature spanning from 1927 to early 2023 was reviewed. Thirteen wild Daucus carota subspecies were analyzed, revealing over 310 compounds, including terpenoids, phenylpropenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, with 40 constituting more than 3% of the composition. This review also highlights the antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, hypolipidemic, and hepato- and gastroprotective properties of wild carrot subspecies. Existing in vitro and in vivo studies support their traditional uses in treating infections, inflammation, and cancer. However, further research on other subspecies is required to confirm additional applications. Well-designed preclinical and clinical trials are still necessary to establish the safety and efficacy of wild Daucus carota for human use.

ANTIBACTERIAL COMPARISON BETWEEN MANUKA HONEY AND TUALANG HONEY AGAINST PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS BACTERIA.

Introduction: Periodontal disease, namely gingivitis and periodontitis are an inflammatory condition of the periodontal tissue which involves interactions between bacteria, immune response, inflammatory reactions, and environmental factors. The main cause of periodontal disease is the proliferation of oral pathogenic biofilms. The main problems in the treatment of periodontal disease are antibiotic resistance and the side effects of using mouthwash which have increased over the last decades. Review: Manuka honey and tualang honey are popular ingredients and have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can be used as alternative choices. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an integrative literature study on manuka honey and tualang honey against the periodontal pathogenic bacteria, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis. The material analyzed was the antibacterial properties of manuka honey and tualang honey by comparing them based on the inhibition zone, MIC and MBC values. Conclusion: Manuka honey and tualang honey have antibacterial potential against Porphyromonas gingivalis, but manuka honey is more effective in inhibiting Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to tualang honey. Manuka honey and Tualang honey can be an alternative to avoid antibiotic resistance.

Kidney Diseases in the Treatise "Dynameron" of Aelius Promotus (2nd Century AD) A Comparison with Dioscorides and Nikolaos Myrepsos

Dynameron is a medical treatise from the 2nd century AD, written in Greek by an Alexandrian physician named Aelius Promotus. A copy made in Sicily during the 16th century is kept in the Marciana Library of Venice (Codex gr. Ζ. 295). In 130 chapters, Dynameron contains 870 recipes for the treatment of various diseases. Regarding the kidneys, Aelius describes 32 recipes with herbal (59), animal (6) and mineral (1) ingredients, with diuretic, spasmolytic, analgesic, or antiseptic properties, suitable for treating nephrolithiasis, strangury, dysuria and renal inflammations. Several diuretics of Aelius Promotus are similar to those found in De Materia Medica of Dioscorides (1st century AD). On the other hand, all of them are also included in the treatise Dynameron of Nikolaos Myrepsos, written in the 13th century AD. When the recipes are evaluated as a whole, it is evident that Aelius Promotus was a competent practising physician in a city with a glorious tradition in medicine and sciences.

Phenolic compounds in leaves of &lt;i&gt;Tanacetum balsamita&lt;/i&gt; L.

Tanacetum balsamita L. is a perennial rhizomatous plant of the Asteraceae family. T. balsamita is cultivated as medicinal, aromatic plants and food plant. Extract of costmary exhibits hepatoprotective, antiseptic and anthelmintic properties. The herb of T. balsamita contains essential oils and phenolic compounds. This species included in the "Biocollection of medicinal and aromatic plants of open and protected ground", Botanical garden of the VILAR. The main aim was to study the composition of phenolic compounds in the leaves of T. balsamita with application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry. The object of the study was the leaves of T. balsamita. Samples were extracted with 1 ml of 80% aqueous acetone. An ultra-performance liquid chromatographic system with a photodiode detector and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for analysis of phenolic compounds. The UV and MS data of phenolic compounds were used for their identification or tentative characterization with application of mass spectrometry databases and data published in the literature.Results. The results obtained showed the presence in the leaves of 17 phenolic compounds. Five compounds were identified as caffeoylquinic, feruloylquinic and three dicaffeolquinic acid isomers, and two compounds as ferulic acid hexoside isomers. The leaves of T. balsamita contained also five luteolin derivatives, two chrysoeriol derivatives, and spinacetin/axillarin. Four compounds were not identified.

Penentuan Kadar Fenolik Total Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Betadin (Jatropha multifida L.) Secara Spektrofotometri

The Betadine plant (Jatropha multifida L.) is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants which is empirically widely used to treat various types of infections. The Betadine plant (Jatropha multifida L.) is known to contain phenolic compounds which have antioxidant activity and have bactericidal, antiseptic and anthelmintic properties. In this study, the total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of the Betadin plant (Jatropha multifida L.) was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin Ciocalteu method. Gallic acid was used as a standard comparison solution in this study. From the absorbance measurement results, a linear regression equation Ŷ = 0.624 + 0.001x was obtained with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.996. The total phenolic content in Betadin plants is 0.80115% w/w which is calculated as gallic acid

Ksharkarmaas A Management of Charmakeela(Warts) – A Review

Anything resembling a nail or bound to the skin is called charmakeela in Ayurveda. Charmakeela is a condition that hasexisted since ancient times and requires more attention for cosmetic reasons. Acharya Sushrutha mentions Charmakeela as akshudraroga. The pathogenesis of this disease is caused by vitiation of vyanavata and kapha over the skin, resulting in the formationof a hard, hard nail-like structure known as Charmakeela. They exhibit different characteristics depending on the dominant dosha.Vata dominant Charmakila (Warts) are ruksha and ruja; Pitta dominant Charmakila (Warts) are Krishna varna; and Kapha dominantCharmakila (Warts) are kwacha varna, snigdha, and granthi. Sushruta Samhita, AstangaHridaya, MadhavNidana, Yogratnakara, andBhavapraksha all mention Charamkeela. Based on the signs and symptoms described in the classics, Charmakeelacan be comparedto Warts. Warts, also known as verrucae, are a common skin condition caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Sushruthamentioned Charmakeela while describing the indication of KsharKar main SushruthaSamhitha. Kshara is composed of several drugsin their most concentrated and subtle forms; it has kshanana and shodana propertiesand uses tikshnaguna, which aids in the externaldesquamation of warts. Because of their cleansing and antiseptic properties, Ksharaaids in the Ropana (healing process). The aimis Ksharkarma as a management of Charmakeela(Warts) – A Review. Material collected from many Ayurvedic texts, such as theSamhita, online resources, journal papers, and books, are available. It can be concluded that Kshar Karma is an effectiveayurvedictreatment forcharmakeelathat has no side effects. Because it does not leave scars or cause recurrence, this non-invasive indigenoustherapeutic technique is more effective in treating Charmakeela.

An update on formaldehyde adulteration in food: sources, detection, mechanisms, and risk assessment.

Formaldehyde is added illegally to food to extend its shelf life due to its antiseptic and preservation properties. Several research has been conducted to examine the consequences of adulteration with formaldehyde in food items. These findings suggest that adding formaldehyde to food is considered harmful as it accumulates in the body with long-term consumption. In this review includes study findings on food adulteration with formaldehyde and their assessment of food safety based on the analytical method applied to various geographical regions, food matrix types, and their sources in food items. Additionally, this review sought to assess the risk of formaldehyde-tainted food and the understanding of its development in food and its impacts on food safety in light of the widespread formaldehyde adulteration. Finally, the study would be useful as a manual for implementing adequate and successful risk assessment to increase food safety.