Antipyretic Activity Research Articles

Galegine, a Bioprivileged Alkaloid from Tithonia tubaeformis: Antipyretic Activity Insights.

In continuation of our chemical and biological work on Tithonia tubaeformis, we evaluated the antipyretic activity of its extract which on fractionation gives a pure alkaloid galegine. Galegine a bioprivileged compound, is a hemiterpene bearing a guanidine group, which holds significant importance in medicinal chemistry. Biological activities such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, anticancer, and antihypertensive, are often associated with guanidine-containing molecules. Given the biological importance of guanidine and in search of safe antipyretic agents from natural resources, an in vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of T. tubaeformis and galegine was conducted to discover a potential hypothermic drug candidate from the plant. In vivo, the antipyretic activity of galegine (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg doses) and methanolic extract of T. tubaeformis (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses) was investigated by employing yeastinduced pyrexia in mice model. In silico molecular docking analysis involving target enzymes cyclooxygenase- 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was conducted. Additionally, galegine underwent ADME/T profiling using SwissADME and Protox-II tools to evaluate its bioavailability and safety profiles. Both the extract and galegine showed a progressive dose-dependent reduction in body temperatures of the hyperthermic test animals. Moreover, in silico molecular docking analysis revealed significant binding affinities ranging from -3.58 to -5.41 kcal/mol. ADME/T analyses of galegine predicted its high drug-likeness and good safety profile. These biological and computational approaches supported T. tubaeformis in addressing pyrexia, with the isolated compound galegine emerging as a promising antipyretic agent.

A Review on Calotropis Gigantea Latex Used in Skin Conditions

Calotropies Gigantea (Giant Calotropis) It is a multipurpose plant belonging to the family (Apocyanaceae) it has been known for the centuries for its pharmacological importance. This plant found all over India. In Hindi, it commonly known as Arka, Calotropies Gigantea is the one of the plant which has been best natural resources and ancient knowledge for its used. It has been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases such as Skin diseases, Wound,Burns, Asthma etc. The Latex of the calotropis gigantea is a milky white substance it has many medicinal properties and pharmaceutical value. it’s rich in the bioactive compounds, including cardenolides and terpenoids proteins, tannins, flavonoids,and steroids. The latex have many used in the traditional medicines for many conditons, it includes bleeding, inflammation, pain, and fever. In recent studies it have also explored its potential in treating cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on its phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic applications of Calotropis gigantea latex, highlighting its potential as a valuable natural remedy. Various pharmacological activities reported like analgesic activity, antipyretic activity, preganancy interceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antifungal activity, Antidermal activity. calotropis gigantea Linn is well-known Healthful herb, it also known as Milkweed, it has been used in Unani, Ayurvedic,and Siddha system of medicines for many years..

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Filipendula ulmaria extract

The present study investigated the chemical content, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (meadowsweet) aerial part extract. F. ulmaria is native to Bulgaria. Based on its phytochemicals, meadowsweet has a vast range of pharmacological activities, like antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, immunostimulating, anti-microbial, anti-allergic, and gastroprotective activity. In our experiment, F. ulmaria aerial part extract was practically non-toxic (oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg). The performed experiments revealed that diclofenac possesses better anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity than F. ulmaria extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg). The results revealed a dose-dependent moderate inhibition of the inflammation and pain induced by 3 days of oral pretreatment with methanolic extract of F. ulmaria extracts. No additive effect of FUA extracts on the effects of diclofenac was noted. F. ulmaria extracts did not induce any alterations in blood biochemical analysis.

Assessment of phytochemical screening, antibacterial, analgesic, and antipyretic potentials of Litsea glutinosa (L.) leaves extracts in a mice model.

Litsea glutinosa (LG) leaves have been traditionally used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various ailments, including pain, fever, and microbial infections. This study aims to scientifically evaluate the therapeutic potential of cold methanol extracts of LG leaves, specifically focusing on their analgesic, antipyretic, and antibacterial activities. In addition, the research includes preliminary phytochemical screening to identify key bioactive compounds and an acute toxicity test to assess the safety profile of the extract. In this study, we conducted an initial investigation of the major phytochemical groups present in L. glutinosa leaves using both modern chromatographic techniques, specifically High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and conventional phytochemical screening methods applied to cold methanol extracts. Both approaches consistently identified phenols and flavonoids as the predominant bioactive compounds. Following this phytochemical characterization, we assessed the analgesic efficacy of the extracts using acetic acid-induced writhing and electrical heat-induced nociceptive pain stimuli, evaluated antipyretic effects through Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia, and determined antibacterial activity via the disc diffusion method. Additionally, the toxicity of the extracts was evaluated through preclinical testing. In hot plate method, the highest pain inhibitory activity was found at a dose of 500 mg/kg of crude extract (3.37 ± 0.31 sec) which differed significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) with that of the standard drug morphine (6.47 ± 0.23 sec). The extract significantly prolonged reaction latency to thermal-induced pain in hotplate model. Analgesic activity at 500 mg/kg, LG extract produced a 70% suppression of writhing in mice, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared to standard morphine's (77.5%) inhibition. In antipyretic activity assay, the crude extract showed notable reduction in body temperature (36.17 ± 0.32 °C) at dose of 300 mg/kg-body weight, when the standard (at dose 100 mg/kg-body weight) exerted (36.32 ± 0.67 °C) after 3 h of administration. In antibacterial studies, results showed that inhibition of bacterial growth at 400 μg dose of each extract clearly inhibited growth of bacteria from 11 to 22 mm. The extractives carbon tetrachloride fraction, chloroform soluble fraction, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated notably greater inhibitory zone widths (p < 0.05) against tested strains. Overall, the cold methanol extract of LG leaves demonstrates the therapeutic potential in preclinical settings. Future research is warranted to isolate the specific bioactive compounds and elucidate their mechanisms of action to further support the development of new treatments and contributing to modern medicinal practices based on this plant leaves.

Investigation on Anti-Diarrheal and Antipyretic Activities of citrus maxima Seeds in Swiss Albino Mice Model.

In the Rutaceae family Citrus maxima is the biggest among all fruits, tradtionally used for several purposes due to its diverse ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities. Different portions of this plant have been used as sedatives and anti-inflammatory medications, as well as to treat coughs, fevers, asthma, diarrhea, ulcers, and diabetes. There is a scientific potential for the methanolic seed extract to contain bioactive compounds, similar to those found in other parts of the plant. The extract derived from the seeds has already demonstrated potential biological activity. Moreover, there weren't many invivo and invitro research works on these plants' seeds. Therefore, the current research work was undertaken to analyze anti-diarrheal and antipyretic potentials of the methanolic extract of Citrus maxima seeds (MCM). To evaluate MCM's effectiveness in treating diarrhea, castor oil-induced diarrhea model was utilized as an evaluating method. The antipyretic effect in mice was measured using brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model. The MCM at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses markedly reduced hyperpyrexia, induced by yeast. The effect remained persistent up to 4th hour after administration. In the castor oil induced diarrhea model, the methanolic seed extract showed high level of dose dependent inhibition of diarrhea for 4 h following castor oil administration. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate and clarify the specific causative agents responsible for the dose-dependent effects observed. The findings of the present study suggest that MCM seed extract may represent a promising alternative for the development of innovative anti-diarrheal and anti-pyretic compounds.

A comprehensive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of N-nitroso metamizole EP impurity C in metamizole drug products

Metamizole (dipyrone) is a non-addictive analgesic with antipyretic and spasmolytic action. A nitrosamine drug substance-related impurity (NDSRI) can be formed with the reaction of metamizole with nitrite. The aim of this study is the development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of N-nitroso metamizole EP impurity C in medicinal products, based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system. The specific compound is a potential genotoxic impurity with a limit no more than 1500 ng/g in sample (quantitative) or 0.36 ng/mL in solution. The analyte separation was carried out with a Gemini C6-Phenyl 110 Å, (3.0 x 100 mm, 3 μm) analytical column in gradient elution. The proposed method was fully validated according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2(R2) guideline “Validation of analytical procedures”. The method was specific and linear in the working range from 0.036 ng/mL (LOQ) to 0.72 ng/mL with a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99. The average recovery was 90%, the repeatability and intermediate precision expressed as RSD% ranged from 2-6% and 1-10%, respectively. Furthermore, the analytical methodology has been shown to be robust, environmentally sustainable and feasible.

Comparative Investigation of the Nutritional Profiling and Antipyretic Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaves, Bark, and Root From Different Sites of Punjab, Pakistan.

The utilization of various Moringa oleifera plant sections as a medicinal and nutritional source for humans and animals has been the subject of significant research in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the nutritional profiling through proximate analysis and the antipyretic activity of M. oleifera leaves, bark, and root in methanolic extract from different sites of Punjab, Pakistan. Methanolic extract of leaves, bark, and root from sites i to e of Southern Punjab, Central Punjab, and Northwest Punjab as S1, S2, and S3, respectively, at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg bw showed statistically significant results as compared to the positive and negative controls. The S1 leaves showed marvelous proximate compositions and antipyretic activity as a result of significantly lowering temperature as compared to the other methanolic leaves, bark, and root extracts of M. oleifera plant sample collected from other sites. The antipyretic activity of M. oleifera leaves, bark, and root was investigated using the standard reference drug paracetamol (200 mg/kg). The antipyretic activity was evaluated using baker's yeast-induced pyrexia. Obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. The study showed that the methanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves possesses highest antipyretic activities as compared to bark and root which justifies its use as nutritional and traditional medicine in the treatment of fever.

Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Murraya Koenigii: Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Evaluation of its Toxicity and Antipyretic Activity in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Fever, characterized by an elevated body temperature beyond the normal range, necessitates effective management. Traditional therapies rooted in indigenous knowledge prove effective, in addressing fever-related conditions for optimal well-being. This study explores the antipyretic potential of Murraya koenigii, a plant deeply rooted in traditional practices in Nepal. Materials and Methods: The hydroethanol leaf extract of Murraya koenigii was subjected to phytochemical screening and acute toxicity assessment, followed by In vivo antipyretic effects evaluated in male Wistar Albino rats using a yeast-induced fever model. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, and alkaloids. The acute toxicity study demonstrated the safety of Murraya koenigii extract up to 5000 mg/kg, highlighting its wide safety margin. In vivo antipyretics evaluation showed a significant (p&lt; 0.05) temperature reduction at time 90 and 120 minutes by Murraya koenigii hydroethanolic extract (250mg/kg), comparable to the negative control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the phytochemical profile, safety, and antipyretics properties of Murraya koenigii, supporting its traditional use for fever management.

Evaluation of the Antipyretic Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Chromolaena odorata in Albino Rats

This study evaluates the antipyretic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata in albino rats. Pyrexia, commonly known as fever, is the medical term for an elevated body temperature. It occurs when the body's temperature rises above the normal range, typically over 38°C (100.4°F), as a response to infection, inflammation, or other stimuli. The experimental setup included five groups of albino rats, with two control groups receiving either normal saline (negative control) or acetaminophen (positive control), and the test groups receiving 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the leaf extract. Fever (pyrexia) was induced using 0.01 mL/kg of Escherichia coli suspension injected into the rats, after which varying doses of the methanolic leaf extract were administered. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in rectal temperature in the rats treated with the extract, showing a dose-dependent response. The highest antipyretic activity was observed in the group administered 400 mg/kg, where the rectal temperature decreased by 2.5°C within two hours of treatment. This effect was comparable to, and in some cases, exceeded that of acetaminophen, suggesting that the methanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata possesses significant antipyretic properties. The observed antipyretic effect may be attributed to the bioactive constituents of the plant, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Further research is recommended to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological activity.

In-Vivo and In-Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Antioxidant and Thrombolytic Activities of Silymarin-Based Polyherbal Extract

In-Vivo and In-Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Antioxidant and Thrombolytic Activities of Silymarin-Based Polyherbal Extract

The Acacia (Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter &amp; Mabb.): Traditional Uses and Recent Advances on Its Pharmacological Attributes and Potential Activities

For thousands of years, Vachellia nilotica has been widely used as an herbal medicine to treat some diseases and symptoms, including respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital ailments. The present study was adapted to document and assemble existing information about V. nilotica and its evidence-based ethnopharmacological activities, with brief reviews on the description, geographical distribution, ecology, medical uses and phytochemistry. A literature review and information up to 2024 was performed in various scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords were “Acacia nilotica”, “Botany”, “ecology”, “Traditional uses”, “Phytochemistry”, “Polyphenols”, “Molecular docking”, “Ethnopharmacological activities” and “toxicity”, among others. V. nilotica has a wide range of uses, with low toxicity, reported in different countries. It can be infused into oils or tea or incorporated into paste, poultice and biscuits, used as an emollient, antidiarrheal, astringent and as an antidote for bite poisons. Glucose and lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anthelmintic activities are the most prominent. Over 150 chemical components have been identified from V. nilotica that could be associated with its potential actions. Quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, naringenin, catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, lupeol and niloticane are its main active constituents. From the research data, and despite the fact that human clinical trials and detailed methodological studies are scarce, V. nilotica has shown wide-ranging activities, though the most robust evidence is related to the treatment of microbial infections, diarrhea, wound and ulcer healing and for topical application. More pharmacological and toxicological studies are required to further elucidate the mechanisms of action, potential side effects, and optimal dosages for these treatments. Additionally, more clinical trials are needed to validate these traditional uses in human populations and to ensure the safety and efficacy of V. nilotica for these applications. This article offers an overview of therapeutic applications by utilizing traditional uses and recent findings on phytochemical studies, and clinical and pharmacological research.

Influence of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts on tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in albino rats and its computational analysis.

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of A. indica (Neem) leaf extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) in yeast-induced pyrexia and acetic acid-induced writhing in rat models to evaluate the antipyretic and analgesic biomarkers and its phytochemical screening with computational analysis. For the antipyretic activity model 60 albino rats (160-200g) of either sex were divided into 4 groups and all groups were injected with yeast to induce pyrexia. Out of 4 groups, first group (control) consisted of 6 rats, treated with normal saline, the second group (standard) comprised 6 rats, treated with paracetamol. Third and fourth experimental groups consisted of 48 rats, treated with A. indica leaf ethanolic and aqueous extracts at doses of (50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg b.w). For analgesic activity group division was the same and all groups were injected with acetic acid to induce pain TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA kits after blood samples were taken and serums were separated. An acute toxicity study was performed. In molecular docking, nimbandiol and nimbolide were used as ligand molecules to target protein Tnf-α and IL-6. In both activities at the dose of 400mg/kg, group III showed significant inhibition (p<0.05). Biomarkers showed significant results at the dose of 400mg/kg. Phytochemical screening was performed to reveal the existence of various active constituents. In molecular docking, nimbandiol and nimbolide showed -5 and -5.3 binding energies respectively, as compared to the standard drug paracetamol with -4.2 binding energy to TNF-Alpha protein. Therefore, A. indica extracts can be used as a valuable drug for the treatment of pain and fever.

A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF DWIBHUJA RASA

In contemporary times, Rasaushadhis are increasingly becoming the drug of choice for effectively managing chronic ailments, reflecting their importance and potential in modern healthcare. Rasa preparations are tasteless, adequate in small doses, fast-acting, and have a long shelf life, making them easy to handle and highly valuable in therapeutic applications. Here is a pharmaceutical-analytical evaluation of Dwibhuja Rasa, explained in Rasayogasagara which indicates Navajwara. To date, no scientific studies have been carried out on this formulation. Suddha Hingula and Jayapala are given Mardana in Jambeera Swarasa for time duration and made into pills. The final formulation was bright red and in fine powder form, which was later rolled into pills using Nimbu Swarasa. The pills had a spicy taste, croton-like smell, and smooth texture, producing no sound when touched. Physico-chemical parameters, along with instrumental analysis results, supported its potential antipyretic activity.

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. in Ethnopharmacology: Pharmacognosy, Safety, and Drug Development Perspectives

Phaleria macrocarpa, a medicinal plant from the Thymelaceae family, is predominantly found in Malaysia and Indonesia. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of P. macrocarpa, along with modern approaches and safety concerns. Data for the review were collected from various scientific databases and relevant literature on P. macrocarpa. The review discusses the plant's phytochemical composition and its diverse medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antiulcer, antiviral and anticancer activities. P. macrocarpa has also been used to treat various female health conditions. Additionally, combination therapies and advanced drug delivery systems such as nanoemulsion have been reviewed. These pharmacological activities are attributed to the plant's phytoconstituents. The review will be valuable for researchers involved in medicinal plant research and drug discovery, offering potential for use alongside modern therapeutic agents. However, clinical studies are essential to validate its therapeutic applications. Further research is required to develop standardized herbal pharmaceuticals from P. macrocarpa that are effective, safe, and meet regulatory standards for quality assurance.

Evaluation of Olea europaea L. and Tamarix aphylla leaves extracts in the management of pain, pyrexia and allergy in mice and rats

A huge amount of information, related to herbals is based exclusively on historical beliefs. Therefore, we aim to provide scientific validation for some of the traditional uses attributed to Olea europaea (OE) and Tamarix aphylla (TA). To achieve this, we conducted experiments to ensure the safety of the aqueous extract of OE and the methanolic extract of TA. Subsequently, we investigated the peripheral and central antinociceptive activity, antipyretic properties, and anti-allergic activities using albino mice and Wistar rats. Both plant extracts at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg produced potent antinociceptive activity (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner using acetic acid-induced writhing reflex and tail immersion assay. Additionally, both plants produced remarkable antipyretic activity comparable with paracetamol (100 mg) manifested by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rat. Both OE and TA resulted in a potent reduction in leukocytosis and eosinophilia induced by milk in mice.

Phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of Caralluma edulis a cholistani plant

This study explores C. edulis, a plant indigenous to the Cholistan desert, locally known as Pimpa or Seetu, traditionally consumed as a vegetable. Our research aimed to comprehensively analyze its phytochemical constituents, and evaluate its antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antipyretic potentials. Utilizing a range of extracts including methanol (MtOH), ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EA), n-hexane (n-hex), dichloromethane (DCM), and aqueous (Aq), for effective extraction of phytochemicals from C. edulis. Standard biochemical assays and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array (HPLC-PDA) were used for analysis of phenolic compounds. Antibacterial effect(s) were confirmed through disc diffusion method and min inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The antioxidant activity was assessed through the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay and the DPPH radical scavenging method. In vivo antiviral potential was assessed through Hemagglutination (HA) test. Anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antipyretic activities were performed on female albino rats using carrageenan, alloxan monohydrate and yeast-induced methods, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using standard one way ANOVA.Our findings revealed a rich diversity of phenolic compounds and the presence of proteins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates in C. edulis. MtOH and n-hex extracts demonstrated deep antiviral activity against various viral strains. In vivo toxicology studies indicated no significant toxicity at doses up to 5 g/kg. The DCM extract has shown notable anti-inflammatory effects, and EA extract was leading in antipyretic activity. All extracts, except MtOH, exhibited antidiabetic properties.In conclusion, C. edulis emerges not only as a valuable nutritional source but also as a potent alternative medicinal resource, offering wide range of therapeutic benefits.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmaceutical Applications of Biocompatible Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Heliotropium rariflorum Stocks.

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are safe, non-toxic, and biocompatible. These NPs are used in food packaging materials, self-cleaning glass, ceramics, deodorants, sunscreens, paints, coatings, ointments, lotions, and as preservatives. This study explored the biological potential of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using H. rariflorum. Methods: In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus solani were determined. Antioxidant activity was explored using the DPPH radical scavenging method. In vivo analgesic, antipyretic and sedative potential of synthesized nanoparticles was investigated using a mouse model. Results: SEM with various magnification powers showed that some particles were spherical while some were aggregated, flake-shaped, and hexagonal with rough and irregular surfaces. The EDX analysis revealed Zn (12.63%), O (22.83%) and C (63.11%) with trace quantities of Si (0.40%), Ca (0.54%) and P (0.49%). The XRD pattern indicated an amorphous state, with no peaks observed throughout the spectrum. The UV-visible spectrophotometry revealed a characteristic absorption peak at 375 nm, indicating the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) displayed several small peaks between 1793 and 2370 cm-1, providing evidence of the presence of different kinds of organic compounds with different functional groups. ZnO-NPs showed dose-dependent antibacterial and antifungal potential against all strains. Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were the most susceptible strains. The nanoparticles exhibited a maximum antioxidant effect of 85.28% at 100 μg/mL. In this study, the acute toxicity test showed no mortality, and normal behavior was observed in mice at ZnO-NP doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg. For analgesic and antipyretic activities, a two-way ANOVA revealed that dose, time, and the interaction between dose and time were significant. In contrast, the samples had a non-significant effect on sedative activity. Conclusions: This innovative study suggests a potential use of plant resources for managing microbes and treating various diseases, providing a scientific basis for the traditional use of H. rariflorum.

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Cornhusk Extract of Zea mays and Leaf Extract of Sacharum officinarum

Zea mays husk and Saccharum officinarum have been used for years in ethnomedicine for their antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, and antiphlogistic activities. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Zea mays husk and Saccharum officinarum leaf extracts on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa were investigated. Onion bulbs were exposed to 2.5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. There was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extracts when compared with the negative control group. All the tested extracts were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (p&lt;0.05) when compared with the control group. The extracts treatment further induced cell death, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, and binucleated cells. The Zea mays husk extract was found to exhibit higher cytotoxic and genotoxic potential than Saccharum officinarum leaf extract. These results suggest that Zea mays husk and Saccharum officinarum leaf extracts possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa.

“Hydroethanol extract and triterpenoids of Senegalia ataxacantha show antiplasmodial activity and the compounds are predicted to inhibit parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pfLDH) as indicated by molecular docking studies”

Malaria claims over 600,000 deaths annually with a disproportionately high burden in the WHO African Region. The development of parasite resistance has warranted the search for novel anti-plasmodial drug candidates. This research aimed at validating the efficacy of Senegalia ataxacantha and tracking down its bioactive constituents. In vivo antiplasmodial activity of the extract was assessed using suppressive and curative protocols. Yeast-induced pyrexia was employed to evaluate the antipyretic activity of the extract. In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of isolated compounds was done using SYBR green I fluorescence assay on chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and resistant (Dd2) strains of P falciparum. In silico pharmacokinetic and interactions with parasites lactate dehydrogenase predictions of isolated compounds was conducted through molecular docking studies. Ethanol (70 %) extract of the plant showed in vitro and in vivo anti-plasmodial effect. The extract demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent suppression of 63.39 % and 63.32 % respectively at the highest dose (300 mg kg-1). Artesunate (4 mg kg-1/day) had considerably better curative potential (85.25%). The compounds showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity in the order lupeol> friedelin/ friedelinol mixture>friedelin>β-sitosterol based on IC50 measurement. Friedelinol and lupeol exhibited higher binding affinities with pfLDH compared to Chloroquine. The extract and acetaminophen (positve control) showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in rectal temperature compared to the control group. In silico studies of the compounds revealed moderate interactions with some cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes. S. ataxacantha stem extract shows anti-plasmodial and antipyretic activities which may be due to its pentacyclic triterpenoid constituents inhibiting pfLDH.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential: Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Nociceptive, and Antipyretic effects of n-Hexane Fraction of Indigofera Gerardiana

Background: Indigofera gerardiana (IG) is traditionally used for its medicinal properties, but scientific validation is limited. This study aimed to evaluate its pharmacological effects, specifically anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities, using established animal models. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Pharmacology Department of Khyber Medical College and University, Peshawar between Feb 2022 and Aug 2023. The n-hexane fraction of IG was tested at concentrations of 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg, and 200mg/kg in in-vivo animal models. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed with paw edema models in 30 rats, analgesic effects in 30 mice using writhing and hot plate tests, and antipyretic activity in 30 rabbits with yeast-induced fever. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. Results: The n-hexane fraction of IG showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect, reducing carrageenan-induced edema by 12.5% and histamine-induced edema by under 15% at 200 mg/kg i.p. after 3 hours. Analgesic activity was also dose-dependent, with pain inhibition in the acetic acid-induced writhing model of 16.9% at 100 mg/kg, 20.76% at 150 mg/kg, and 26.13% at 200 mg/kg. In the hot plate test, maximum pain inhibition occurred at 200 mg/kg after 90 minutes (p &lt; 0.001). However, IG extract did not show significant antipyretic effects compared to paracetamol, which effectively reduced fever at all doses (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the n-hexane portion of IG exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities across various animal models while showing no substantial impact on yeast-induced pyrexia.