Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compounds of Fruits Available in Bangladesh

Background: The complex problems of different chronic degenerative diseases are spreading in human health across the glove. To combat this problem, fruits are the effective gear proved by many epidemiological studies. The aim of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity and three bioactive compounds like total flavonoids, total polyphenols and total anthocyanins in 23 species of fruits available in Bangladeshi market. Methods: Antioxidant activity (AOA) and bioactive compounds of fruits were determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was undertaken by DPPH scavenging assay, total polyphenol content (TPC) was measured by folin-ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content (TFC) content was measured by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results: Among 23 species of fruits, AOA was higher in Katajamin (303 mg/100 g) followed by Dragon Fruits (171 mg/100 g), Guava (131 mg/100 g), Bael (130 mg/100 g) and average value was 125 mg/100 g of extract. TPC was varied from 10 to 305 mg GAE/100 g and average value was 87 mg GAE/100 g. Mango (305 mg GAE/100 g) showed higher TPC, followed by Pome Granate (222 mg GAE/100 g), Apple (207 mg GAE/100 g), Katajamin (141 mg GAE/100 g) and Bael (130 mg GAE/100 g). Again, TFC was ranged from Ashari (06±3.94 mg QE/g) to Tomato (84±13.69 mg QE/g) and the average TFC was 37 mg QE/g. In addition, total anthocyanin content (TAC) was highest in Mango (142±3.46 mg TA/100 g) and lower in Ashari (02±0.74 mg TA/100 g). There was a significant correlation (p≤0.05) between antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds and among the bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Important messages from this study are, majority of the rare fruits are the important sources of antioxidant and bioactive compounds which helps to reduce the risk of chronic degenerative diseases and can be used in food processing industry for nutraceutical product development.

The Content of Antioxidant Compounds and VOCs in Sorghum Grain Grown in Central and Eastern Europe

Sorghum is a plant belonging to the Poaceae family. It is drought-resistant and has low soil requirements. In the face of climate change, it is increasingly cultivated in Europe. Poland is a country with great agricultural potential; it is thus important to develop effective and economic methods of agricultural production, which is confirmed by the introduction of sorghum into cultivation. The aim of this study was to characterize the composition of bioactive compounds (i.e., phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols) and VOCs in sorghum grain of two varieties, i.e., white ‘Sweet Caroline’ and red ‘Sweet Susana’ grown in the temperate climate (Pętkowo, Poland (52°12′40″ N 17°15′31″ E)). The following tests were carried out: analysis of phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, phytosterols, antioxidant activity (ABTS), free phenolic acids (FPAs); elemental analysis; and water, fat and starch content analysis. Based on the conducted research, it was concluded that Poland has appropriate conditions for growing sorghum, as the content of bioactive (antioxidant) compounds was at a similar level to those grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Of the nine phenolic acids and seven flavonoids determined, the highest concentrations in both sorghum grain varieties were found for ferulic, p-coumaric and protocatechuic acids. The content of ferulic acid was three times higher in Sweet Caroline grains than in Sweet Susana grains. Differences in the content of these compounds may be the result of genetic differences between the Sweet Susana and Sweet Caroline varieties.

Utilizing fish wastewater in aquaponic systems to enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactive compounds in Sarcodia suae

Aquaculture wastewater, rich in organic nutrients, is an essential environmental factor. When applied to seaweed cultivation systems, this wastewater holds the potential to notably increase the growth rate and carbon capture of Sarcodia suae. Sarcodia suae has the potential to be a healthy food due to its various biological activities; however, its chemical composition has yet to be completely defined. In this study, we applied a UHPLC-HRMS-based foodomics strategy to determine and classify possible bioactive metabolites in S. suae. From pooled seaweed samples (S. suae cultured in filtered running, FR, aquaponic recirculation, AR systems), we identified 179 and 146 compounds in POS and NEG modes, respectively. These compounds were then classified based on their structures using the Classyfire classification. Results show that S. suae in AR exhibited higher growth performance, and ten upregulated metabolites were determined. We also validated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative bioactivities of some selected compounds. Our study provided important insights into the potential use of fish wastewater in aquaponic systems to profile and produce bioactive compounds in S. suae comprehensively. This has significant implications for the development of sustainable food and the promotion of environmental health.

Effect of Salicylic Acid Foliar Application on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum L.)

Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) has been used extensively in Thai traditional medicine, where it is commonly utilized as a part of herbal remedies for treating various ailments. Cultivation methods using exogenous salicylic acid (SA) to induce secondary metabolites have been documented in various plant species. Nevertheless, there is no reported information available on holy basil. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of SA foliar application on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of holy basil. SA at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mM was foliar sprayed 30 days after transplanting (DAT) compared to spraying with tap water as the control. The plants were harvested at 33 DAT. Exogenous SA at 0.1–1.5 mM enhanced the contents of bioactive compounds and improved antioxidant activity. The highest contents of eugenol (17,829.53 ± 243.11 μg/g dry extract), total phenolics (444.10 ± 2.80 mg GAE/g dry extract), and total flavonoids (382.69 ± 6.49 mg QE/g dry extract) were achieved at 1.0 mM SA foliar application, which was 282.96, 1.76, and 2.14 times, respectively, over control. Furthermore, the greatest antioxidant activity was observed in the 1.0 mM SA treatment. In contrast, the 2.0 and 2.5 mM SA treatments had lower levels of antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds than the control. The results of this study suggest that exogenous 1.0 mM SA foliar application is an effective method to produce enriched bioactivity in holy basil.

Physico-chemical and Microbiological Study of Curd(yoghurt) Fortified With Spices

Dairy products such as yogurt are widely used, so fortifying this food with spices is helpful to increase its nutritional value of it. Spices contain antioxidant activity, proteolytic activity, and bioactive compounds which are very helpful for human health. The main focus is to examine the technical element and microbiology involved in the manufacturing of various varieties of yogurt. Various types of yogurt were prepared by adding Black pepper, Cinnamon, Clove, and dry ginger. The yogurt formed was subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analysis. The time required for yogurt formation was found to be 10 h. The yogurt samples fortified with spices were found to be of smooth texture, white color having a pleasant smell and sour taste.

Optimization of salicylic acid concentrations for increasing antioxidant enzymes and bioactive compounds of Agastache rugosa in a plant factory.

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role as a hormone in plants and belongs to the group of phenolic compounds. Our objective was to determine the optimal concentration of SA for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds in Agastache rugosa plants while maintaining optimal plant growth. The plants underwent SA soaking treatments at different concentrations (i.e., 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 μmol mol-1) for 10 min at 7 days after they were transplanted. We observed that elevated levels of SA at 800 and 1600 μmol mol-1 induced oxidative stress, leading to a significant reduction across many plant growth variables, including leaf length, width, number, area, shoot fresh weight (FW), stem FW and length, and whole plant dry weights (DW) compared with that in the control plants. Additionally, the treatment with 1600 μmol mol-1 SA resulted in the lowest values of flower branch number, FW and DW of flowers, and DW of leaf, stem, and root. Conversely, applying 400 μmol mol-1 SA resulted in the greatest increase of chlorophyll (Chl) a and b, total Chl, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, and SPAD values. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased with increased SA concentrations (i.e., 800 and 1600 μmol mol-1). Furthermore, the higher SA treatments (i.e., 400, 800, and 1600 μmol mol-1) enhanced the phenolic contents, and almost all SA treatments increased the antioxidant capacity. The rosmarinic acid content peaked under 200 μmol mol-1 SA treatment. However, under 400 μmol mol-1 SA, tilianin and acacetin contents reached their highest levels. These findings demonstrate that immersing the roots in 200 and 400 μmol mol-1 SA enhances the production of bioactive compounds in hydroponically cultivated A. rugosa without compromising plant growth. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the impact of SA on A. rugosa and its potential implications for medicinal plant cultivation and phytochemical production.

Remediation of Cd-polluted soil, improving Brassica napus L. growth and soil health with Hardystonite synthesized with zeolite, limestone, and green Zinc oxide nanoparticles

Acidic laterite may exhibit high cadmium (Cd) bioavailability and thus can cause potential environmental and human health hazards. We investigated the soil addition of zeolite (Ze), limestone (LS), and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (G-ZNPs) as sole soil additives, their mixture (LZ-Zn) and synthesized hardystonite {(S-Hyd), produced by calcination of all three additives}, to reduce Cd uptake and mitigate oxidative stress in Brassica napus L. (B. napus). Synthesis of hardystonite (S-Hyd) was confirmed by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD and showed superior results than other additives for improving various parameters of plants and soil. Porous structure, larger surface area, alkaline properties, different functional groups (-OH, CO32−, Zn–O), and mineral crystals (cristobalite, calcite, zincite, and hardystonite) in S-Hyd facilitated Cd adsorption, reducing DTPA-Cd by 50%, compared to sole Cd polluted soil. S-Hyd enhanced soil enzymes and notably reduced Cd concentrations in plant roots and shoots by 59% and 78%, respectively, thereby decreasing the expression of Cd transport-related genes in plants. Interestingly, S-Hyd enhanced antioxidative defense, bioactive compounds, and photosynthetic pigments while lowering oxidative stress at molecular and physiological levels of plants. Economic comparison revealed that using S-Hyd was 87.0% more cost-effective than naturally occurring hardystonite (Hyd) to remediate Cd-polluted soil.

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and bioactive compounds in Capsicum annum L. red peppers following drying in a polycarbonate greenhouse

Abstract The current study aims to provide insights into the drying of agro products, with a specific focus on Capsicum annum L. (red pepper). Among open sun drying (OSD), polyethylene bag drying (PBD), and polycarbonate sheet drying (PCSD), PCSD was efficient requiring around 24 hours with a maximum yield of 350 g of dried product per 1000 g of supplied fresh peppers. The PCSD dried chili also showed greater retention of antioxidant markers (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin) than OSD and PBD as evidenced by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Additionally, the PCSD dried chili demonstrated highest antioxidant potential via ABTS (2, 2′-Azinobis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid). Interestingly, the presence of various aromatic compounds and other chemical groups, indicated the occurrence of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in each drying method used. The study suggests that PCSD sheet drying is an efficient and cost-effective approach that can conserve the antioxidant potential of agro products such as red pepper.

6]-Shogaol and [6]-Gingerol active ingredients may improve neuropathic pain by suppressing cytokine levels in an experimental model.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a type of chronic pain usually caused by damage to the somatosensory system. Bioactive antioxidant compounds, such as curcumin and ginger, are widely preferred in the treatment of NP. However, the ingredient-based mechanism that underlies their pain-relieving activity remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of trans-[6]-Shogaol and [6]-Gingerol active ingredients of the Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract on the spinal cord and cortex in the neuroinflammatory pathway in rats with experimental sciatic nerve injury. Forty-six volatile phenolic components were identified in ginger samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Thirty 3-month-old male 250-300 g Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups as (i) sham, (ii) chronic constriction injury (CCI), and (iii) CCI+ginger. NP was induced using the CCI model. A ginger extract treatment enriched with trans-[6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol active ingredients was administered by gavage at 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days. On the 14th day of the experiment, locomotor activity was evaluated in open field and hyperalgesia in tail flick tests. In behavioural experiments, a significant decrease was observed in the CCI group compared to the sham group, while a significant increase was observed in the CCI+ginger group compared to the CCI group (p < 0.05). In the spinal cord and cortex tissues, there was a significant increase in the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 neuroinflammation results of the CCI group compared to the sham group, while there was a significant decrease in the CCI+ginger group compared to the CCI group. In this study, ginger treatment was shown to have a therapeutic effect on neuroinflammation against sciatic nerve damage.

Using underutilized residues of coffee to obtain valuable dietary and antioxidant bioactive compounds.

Coffee cultivation and agroindustry generate residues that are rich in several metabolites. These compounds, such as phenolic compounds and alkaloids, are known for their antioxidant activity and are usually consumed as nutraceuticals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of chemical and antioxidant components of low-pruned coffee stems under different fertilizer regimes. Extractives and lignin composition, histochemical, chromatographic, and antioxidant analyses were performed. Multiple compounds were found to accumulate in the stems of coffee trees. Furthermore, the presence of phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid, vanillin, resveratrol, and the alkaloids caffeine and trigonelline varied depending on the type of fertilization. In all samples examined, optimal performance was observed at the highest tested concentration (500 μg mL-1 ). All samples analyzed presented a great performance at the highest concentration tested (500 μg mL-1 ), with the dose 70% and the dose 100%, which is the recommended for the culture, showing the highest values for most of the concentrations and the best half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) when compared with the other samples tested. As shown in the results, the reuse of stem residues as antioxidant material, with the potential to be profitable, and has the added benefit of providing a sustainable destination for material that until now has been underutilized. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Mulberry Lattices.

In order to find the most advantageous bioactive compounds from mulberry latex for drug development in the near future, this study was conducted to characterize and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties from four different mulberry lattices (BR-2, S-1, AR-14, and S-146). The characterization of the lattices was performed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, screenings of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of selected lattices were performed in vitro using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and agar well diffusion methods, respectively. Interestingly, the outcome of the current study revealed that tested mulberry lattices contain a considerable amount of bioactive phytoconstituents, particularly antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds, as revealed by chromatographic analysis. BR-2 latex was found to have significant antioxidant activity (75%) followed by S-146 (64.6%) and AR-14 (52.9%). The maximum antimicrobial activity was found in BR-2 latex compared to other tested latex varieties. The results of this investigation showed that mulberry latex from the BR-2 type may successfully control both bacterial and fungal infections, with the added benefit of having enhanced antioxidant capabilities.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Triple TOF-LC-MS-MS Analysis of Polyphenols from PEF-Treated Edible Mushrooms (L. edodes, A. brunnescens, and P. ostreatus).

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology has been used as a sustainable method for extracting antioxidant bioactive compounds from different food matrices. In the present study, the optimal conditions of PEF extraction for mushrooms (2.5 kV/cm, 50 kJ/kg, 6 h) were applied to Lentinula edodes, Agaricus brunnescens, and Pleurotus ostreatus to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts, followed by the Triple TOF-LC-MS-MS analysis of the phenolic profile compared to A. bisporus by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. In addition, the microporation effect of the technology on the mushroom surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. A comparison was made with a maceration extraction (aqueous stirring for 6 h). The results showed that PEF-assisted extraction enhanced the recovery of antioxidant compounds such as 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic and cinnamic acid with contents up to 236.85 µg/100 g dry weight and 2043.26 µg/100 g dry weight from A. bisporus, respectively. However, mixed results were obtained for certain phenolic compounds, including vanillic acid from L. edodes, ellagic acid from P. ostreatus, and thymol from all mushrooms. These results indicate that the application of PEF technology is effective for the extraction of antioxidant compounds in fungal matrices by creating micropores in cell membranes that allow great recovery in matrices with high content of bioactive compounds.

GC-FID spectroscopic analysis and antioxidant activities of methanolic fraction of Cassia tora leaves

IntroductionFrom time immemorial, different parts of Cassia tora (Jue ming zi) have found application in Chinese medicine. There is a reputation for the therapeutic properties of the plant's leaves, seeds, and roots. The objective of this study is to ascertain the antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds found in Cassia tora leaf. Materials and methodPhytochemical and antioxidant studies were carried out using standard analytical techniques. Bioactive compounds were analysed using GC FID. ResultsResults of the quantitative phytochemical analysis of the methanolic fraction of Cassia tora leaves indicated the presence of saponins (71,760±943.2µg/ml), terpenoids (47,466.70±46.2µg/ml), tannins (21,253.30±46.2µg/ml), flavonoids (14,682.70±40.3µg/ml), phenols (30,986.70±46.2µg/ml), steroids (13,557.30±24.4µg/ml), alkaloids (9770.67±9.2µg/ml), glycosides (5434.67±139.8µg/ml). Using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) to analyze the antioxidant properties of the methanolic fraction of Cassia tora leaves, it was discovered that the higher the scavenging power of the fraction, the lower the concentration of the standard (ascorbic acid). In comparison to the standard (ascorbic acid), the fraction had the maximum antioxidant capacity at 6.86mg/ml. Total antioxidant power in the fraction ranged from 1.78mg/ml to 16mg/ml. Twenty (20) bioactive chemicals were found in the methanol fraction of Cassia tora leaves, according to the results of the gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) investigation. ConclusionThe findings of this current study demonstrate that the leaves of Cassia tora are rich in numerous bioactive compounds and are natural sources of antioxidants.

Ozonated water soaking improves the flower growth, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compound accumulation in Agastache rugosa

Ozonated water (OW) is now being recognized as an innovative and eco-friendly solution for managing plant growth while also promoting the production of bioactive compounds and essential plant metabolites. This study aimed to identify the most effective duration of OW treatment to promote plant growth and accumulation of antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds in Agastache rugosa in a plant factory. Whole plants were subjected to OW soaking treatments for varying durations (0, 1, 10, 20, 40, and 80 s) at a concentration of 1 µmol·mol−1, once per week, at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after transplantation. Five weeks after transplantation, plant samples were collected for the analysis of their plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and parameters, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compounds. Stem length was decreased in all OW treatments, while the number of flower branches, the flower fresh and dry weights were significantly increased under 20, 40, and 80 s OW treatments than in the control group. The net photosynthetic rate decreased significantly in 20, 40, and 80 s OW treatments compared with the control. Chlorophyll a concentration was the highest in the 20-s OW treatment, and chlorophyll b concentration was the highest in the 10-s OW treatment. Total flavonoid levels in plants increased significantly under 20-, 40-, and 80-s OW treatments, and their antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) were significantly higher under 40- and 80-s OW treatments than in the control. Rosmarinic acid content increased significantly under the 10- and 40-s OW treatments, whereas the tilianin and acacetin contents increased significantly under the 20-, 40-, and 80-s OW treatments compared to those in the control. Our results suggest that soaking whole plants in OW for 20–80 s enhances the flower growth and bioactive compounds in A. rugosa for medicinal use.Graphical

Lupin as a Source of Bioactive Antioxidant Compounds for Food Products.

Four species of lupin (white lupin, yellow lupin, blue lupin and Andean lupin) are widely cropped thanks to the excellent nutritional composition of their seeds: high protein content (28-48 g/100 g); good lipid content (4.6-13.5 g/100 g, but up to 20.0 g/100 g in Andean lupin), especially unsaturated triacylglycerols; and richness in antioxidant compounds like carotenoids, tocols and phenolics. Particularly relevant is the amount of free phenolics, highly bioaccessible in the small intestine. However, the typical bitter and toxic alkaloids must be eliminated before lupin consumption, hindering its diffusion and affecting its nutritional value. This review summarises the results of recent research in lupin composition for the above-mentioned three classes of antioxidant compounds, both in non-debittered and debittered seeds. Additionally, the influence of technological processes to further increase their nutritional value as well as the effects of food manufacturing on antioxidant content were scrutinised. Lupin has been demonstrated to be an outstanding raw material source, superior to most crops and suitable for manufacturing foods with good antioxidant and nutritional properties. The bioaccessibility of lupin antioxidants after digestion of ready-to-eat products still emerges as a dearth in current research.

Microencapsulation of Mitragyna leaf extracts to be used as a bioactive compound source to enhance in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbial dynamics.

Mitragyna speciosa Korth is traditionally used in Thailand. They have a high level of antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds, the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and decrease methane production. The aim of the study was to investigate the different levels of microencapsulated-Mitragyna leaves extracts (MMLE) supplementation on nutrient degradability, rumen ecology, microbial dynamics, and methane production in an in vitro study. A completely randomized design was used to assign the experimental treatments, MMLE was supplemented at 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of the total dry matter (DM) substrate. The addition of MMLE significantly increased in vitro dry matter degradability both at 12, 24, and 48 h, while ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was improved with MMLE supplementation. The MMLE had the greatest propionate and total volatile fatty acid production when added with 6% of total DM substrate, while decreased the methane production (12, 24, and 48 h). Furthermore, the microbial population of cellulolytic bacteria and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens were increased, whilst Methanobacteriales was decreased with MMLE feeding. The results indicated that MMLE could be a potential alternative plant-based bioactive compound supplement to be used as ruminant feed additives.

The Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract (moringa oleifera) on the Microscopic Structure of the Lungs of Male Wistar Rats Given Inhalation of E-cigarette Liquid Vapor

Background: Moringa leaf extract is proven to have high antioxidant bioactive compounds and acts as an anti-inflammatory and prevents cell damage due to exposure to free radicals or oxidative. In the respiratory system exposed to Electronic Delivery Nicotine System liquid vapor, an inflammatory response and oxidative stress occur. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of Moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera) on the microscopic structure of the lungs of male Wistar rats given inhalation of e-cigarette liquid vapor. Methods: This research is an experimental laboratory with Post Test Only Control Group Design. Rats were divided into 4 groups containing 6 rats in each group, determined based on simple random sampling with the following divisions: Aquadest 3 mL (K1), gave inhalation of liquid vapours of electric cigarettes (K2), gave inhalation of liquid vapours of electric cigarettes + Moringa leaf extract with the dekoxy method dose of 500 mg/kgBW (P1), administration of vapor inhalation of e-cigarette liquid + Moringa leaf extract with the dekoxy method at a dose of 500 mg/kgBW (P2). Termination of the experimental animals was carried out on the 15th day and the rat pulmonary organs were taken to assess the microscopic structure of the rat lung. Results: The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test and continued with the Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05), however, there was no significant difference in the degree of pulmonary damage in the P1 to P2 groups. Conclusion: There is an effect of Moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera) on the microscopic structure of the lungs of male Wistar rats given inhalation of liquid vapor of electric cigarettes.

Effect of methanol solvent concentration on the extraction of bioactive compounds using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) from Spirulina platensis

Spirulina platensis is a blue-green algae that contains bioactive compounds as a source of antioxidants. Methanol is a polar solvent; it has similarities to the content of the bioactive compound Spirulina platensis, which is polar. This study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of methanol solvent (50%, 70%, 96%) using UAE on the content of bioactive antioxidant compounds from Spirulina platensis. The parameters observed were yield, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, and GC-MS. The results showed that the difference in the concentration of methanol solvent using UAE significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the Spirulina platensis extract. The highest antioxidant activity was found in Spirulina platensis extract with 50% methanol solvent concentration using UAE with an average inhibition value of 91.81%. The yield value from the Spirulina platensis extract with a 50% methanol concentration was 9.3%. The qualitative phytochemical screening test carried out on Spirulina platensis extract with 50% methanol solvent using UAE showed positive results for flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, tannins and phenols. GC-MS analysis on Spirulina platensis with 50% methanol as a solvent using UAE resulted in 5 types of the most dominant compounds, pentadecanoic acid, 9-Ooctadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanal, and 1- nonadecene.

Monitoring of the use of spent grape pomace after industrial distillation as a potent antioxidant and enzymes inhibitor

SummarySpent grape pomace (SGP) obtained after the production of Grappa has been recognised as a source of antioxidant bioactive compounds. This paper aimed to assess the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on enzymes related to non‐communicable diseases of white and red SGP, as well as to monitor the impact of storage on these bioactivities. In both pomaces, distillation did not preserve some of the bioactivities; however, after 1 month of storage, there was an improvement. The phenolic profile remained relatively stable during storage while the inhibition of α‐glucosidase (AG) was improved. These results confirmed the remaining bioactivity of SGP, demonstrating its potential use in the food industry.

Lactic acid fermentation of guava juice: Evaluation of nutritional and bioactive properties, enzyme (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibition abilities, and anti-inflammatory activities.

In the present research, the impact of fermentation with two strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (PTCC 1896 and PTCC 1745) on physicochemical properties, antioxidant bioactive compounds, and some health-promoting features of guava juice was investigated. Results showed a significant (p < .05) decrease in pH, total soluble solids, glucose and fructose residues, vitamin C, and total carotenoids after 32 h of fermentation. Total phenolic content, free radical scavenging abilities, and ferrous reducing power were markedly enhanced during the fermentation process. Moreover, fermented juice represented good enzyme inhibition abilities (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and anti-inflammatory activities. The initial amount of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity (26.5%) increased to 72.1% and 66.4% in L. plantarum subsp. plantarum 1896 and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum 1745 treatments, respectively. These findings reveal that guava juice fermentation with the studied Lactobacillus strains can be a promising strategy to augment the functional properties of the fruit-based beverage.