Antioxidant Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) polysaccharides: Extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structure features

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) on the extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structural properties of jujube polysaccharide (JPS), with hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) serving as controls. Optimal extraction conditions were determined through a multi-index weighted scoring method that comprehensively accounted for yield, duration, and antioxidant activity. Results demonstrated that the JPS yield obtained by UAEE at 22/33 kHz was 10.5 % to 16.3 % higher than those achieved by the other methods, significantly enhancing antioxidant activity. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that UAEE increased the content of key mono-sugars in JPS. Additionally, assessments of molecular weight distribution, zeta potential, and rheological properties showed that UAEE reduced the molecular weight and apparent viscosity of JPS, resulting in a looser structural configuration. These structural modifications were observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, which revealed a filamentous branched morphology in JPS obtained through UAEE. Further observations using the atomic force microscope (AFM) indicated that the polysaccharide chains extracted by UAEE were shorter in length, lower in height, and free from aggregation

Phytochemical profile, antioxidant and contractile activity of plants extracts used by parturients to manage childbirth in Niger

The widespread use of herbal preparations during childbirth and postnatal care in some developing countries is generating interest in scientific research about their standardized use. This study aims to compare the phytochemical profiles, the antioxidant properties, and the contractile effects of plants used to manage the childbirth of seven samples of plants (bark of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd, leaves and bark of Sclerocarya birrea, leaves of Lawsonia inermis L, whole plant of Sesamum alatum, whole plant of Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. and brak of Ficus platyphylla). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried out using HPTLC and colorimetric methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Enzyme inhibition was performed on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX). The contractile effect of uterine smooth muscle in NMRI mice was assessed ex vivo. The screening revealed the presence of several phytoconstituents, such as tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, sterols, and triterpenes. The highest content of phenolic compounds and tannins, respectively 980.61 ± 0.60 and 764.80 ± 0.54 µg GAE/mg dE, were obtained with the ethanolic extract of bark of Sclerocarya birrea (eth-Dn-e). The highest content of flavonoids (456.95 ± 0.89 µg QE/mg dE) was obtained with the ethanolic extract of Ceratotheca sesamoides (eth-Y). The ethanolic extract of Ficus platyphylla bark (eth-G) effectively reduced DPPH, with an IC50 of 1.46 ± 0.06 µg/mL. The highest ferric ion-reducing power was obtained with Sclerocarya birrea bark decoction (Da-Dn-e), (78.95 ± 5.74 mmol AAE/g). Ethanolic macerate of Acacia senegal bark (eth-D) showed the lowest IC50 against 15-LOX at 32.18 µg/mL. The aqueous macerate of Ceratotheca sesamoides (Ma-Y) gave the highest percentage inhibition of LPO, at 62.07 ± 0.01 %. The highest uterine contraction at 10 mg/mL was 1.38 [A(cm)/uterus(cm)], obtained with ethanolic maceration of the whole plant of Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. (eth-Y). The traditional use of plants during childbirth could be linked to the antioxidant and/or uterotonic effects of phytoconstituents. These constitutes a scientific basis that could justify the use of these plants in the management of childbirth.

Designing sustainable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients from seaweeds for functional gummies

Atlantic wakame (AW) and sea lettuce (SL) are edible seaweeds commonly produced in Asia and Europe, typically consumed as fresh or dried biomass. Because of the short shelf life, developing new post-harvest treatments, such as the extraction of bioactive compounds, is essential for establishing reliable macroalgae supply chains for food applications. This study aims to develop a sustainable and functional seaweed-based food ingredient rich in bioactive compounds for functional food applications. The results indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction using 70% ethanol for 10 minutes was optimal for both SL (410±23 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE] per kg) and AW (666±63 mg GAE/kg). Both extracts exhibited chemical antioxidant activity and inhibited the protection of human plasma against chemically induced oxidation. SL extract did not exhibit free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Importantly, no cytotoxicity (IC50>250 µg/mL) was observed in human-derived THP-1, HUVEC, HT-29, and HepG2 cell lines, ensuring the relative safety of these extracts for potential food technology applications. AW and SL extracts (100 µg/mL) reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged THP-1 cells by 66% and 30%, respectively, highlighting the higher antioxidant activity of AW extract. AW and SL extracts did not modulate TNF-α and IL-6 secretion to show anti-inflammatory activity. Gummies infused with AW and SL extracts had a higher total phenolic content than commercial products, but their antioxidant activity was lower. Sensory evaluation revealed that gummies containing seaweed extracts received lower scores for colour, taste, overall impression, and purchase intention than those without extracts.

Poultry manure application enhances the phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and fixed oil of Momordica charantia L

Due to its rich sources of bioactive compounds, Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is used as a food and natural medicine, resuting in many beneficial health effects. Poultry manure is a valuable source of organic fertilizer used to enrich soil fertility to obtain high yields from agricultural products. It contains high levels of essential macro and micronutrients. The present study aimed to determine the effects of chicken and turkey manure applications on the protein content, extract content, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and mineral matter productivity of bitter melon fruits. In addition, the study evaluated the chicken and turkey manure applications on the fixed oil quality of bitter melon seeds. In this context, different doses of chicken (T1:10, T2:12.5, T3:15, T4:17.5 t/ha) and turkey (T5: 10, T6: 12.5, T7:15, T8:17.5 t/ha) manures were applied by sowing. The crude protein contents values of the bitter melon fruits ranged from 4.79 to 7.80 %, and a maximum crude protein content of bitter melon fruits was obtained from T8 application. The highest DPPH activity was observed with the T7 (88.43 %) and T4 (86.23 %) applications, while the highest FRAP value was obtained from T4 application (73.52 mg TE/g). In addition, the highest total phenolic content (21.13 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid amount (11.44 mg QE/g) of bitter melon fruits were obtained from T6 application. Maximum capric acid (50.40 %) was recorded in the seed oil after applying the T1, while the highest concentration of lauric acid (30.09 %) were reflected by applying the T5. The highest Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations were found in the T4, while the highest concentration of Zn and B recorded in the fruit extract appeared after applying the T6. The PCA analysis showed 56.2 % of total variation. Thus, the results suggest that the application of poultry manure could be employed to get maximum benefits regarding protein and extract contents, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, fixed oil component and mineral content values.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of alcoholic extracts from Piper aequale Vahl leaves

Piper is a large plant genus containing essential oils rich in mono and sesquiterpenes and other secondary metabolites showing different biological activities. Piper aequale, cordoncillo, is used in México for urinary and prostate ailments, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect against prostate cancer. Due to the lack of chemical and pharmacological information on this species, in this work antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities were evaluated. Leaves ethanol and methanol extracts were used to assess antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), antimicrobial activity (Kirby-Bauer) against clinically relevant strains and antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (MTT assay). Methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with 69.08% (DPPH) and inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacterial strains associated with urinary tract infections. Ethanolic extract displayed moderate antiproliferative activity (IC50 81.28 μg/mL), showing cytotoxicity from 100 μg/mL. This study demonstrates P. aequale exhibits inhibitory effects against bacteria associated with urinary problems and antiproliferative properties in prostate cancer cells.

Unveiling the Lipid Features and Valorization Potential of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Heads

The sustainable utilization of co-products derived from the salmon processing industry is crucial for enhancing the viability and decreasing the environmental footprint of both capture and aquaculture operations. Salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most consumed fish worldwide and a major species produced in aquaculture. As such, significant quantities of salmon co-products are produced in pre-commercialization processing/steaking procedures. The present study characterized a specific co-product derived from the processing of salmon: minced salmon heads. More specifically, this work aimed to reveal the nutritional profile of this co-product, with a special focus on its lipid content, including thoroughly profiling fatty acids and fully appraising the composition in complex lipids (polar lipids and triglycerides) for the first time. The antioxidant potential of lipid extracts from this salmon co-product was also studied in order to bioprospect lipid functional properties and possibly unveil new pathways for added-value applications. Our analysis indicated that these minced salmon heads are exceptionally rich in lipids. Oleic acid is the most prevalent fatty acid in this co-product, followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid. Moreover, relevant lipid indexes inferred from the fatty acid composition of this co-product revealed good nutritional traits. Lipidome analysis revealed that triglycerides were clearly the predominant lipid class present in this co-product while phospholipids, as well as ceramides, were also present, although in minimal quantities. The bioprospecting of antioxidant activity in the lipid extracts of the minced salmon heads revealed limited results. Given the high concentration of triglycerides, minced salmon heads can constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications from the production of fish oil to biodiesel (as triglycerides can be easily converted into fatty acid methyl esters), as well as possible ingredients for cosmetics, capitalizing on their alluring emollient properties. Overall, the valorization of minced salmon heads, major co-products derived from the processing of one of the most intensively farmed fish in the world, not only offers economic benefits but also contributes to the sustainability of the salmon processing industry by reducing waste and promoting a more efficient use of marine bioresources.

The antioxidant activity and nitric oxide production of extracts obtained from the leaves of Chenopodium quinoa Willd

The antioxidant activity and nitric oxide production of extracts obtained from the leaves of Chenopodium quinoa Willd

In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Root Extract of Blumea oxyodonta DC.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Root Extract of Blumea oxyodonta DC.

Determination of antioxidant activity in milk extracts with phosphomolibdate method

Antioxidants are mainly non-nutrient compounds in both human and animal feed, but have the antioxidant capacity in vitro to provide an artificial power index in preventing the destruction of cells and tissue potential by inhibiting nutrient oxidation. Milk contains lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, which play a key role in maintaining. The efficiency of extraction for determining the antioxidant activity of milk corresponds to the method used for plant extraction. For this purpose, the phosphor molybdenum method based on the reduction of Mo (VI) in Mo (B) in samples of milk. Extracts obtained with methanol and ethanol, Soxlet method. Green complexes formed at acidic pH value, measurements of spectrophotometer (UV), λ = 695 nm. The values of milk samples are compared with respect to the calibration curve of gallic acid range (0.00 to 14.00 μg / ml, y = 0.0344 + 0.0519, R2 = 0.9709). The results of milk extract was concentration/ c = 3, 80; 2.35; 3.78; 4.85 / (μg / ml). The highest value of antioxidant activity in packs milk, which has 3.2% fat, also affects the fat and the presence of vitamin E, which found in fat droplets and has a synergistic effect with vitamin C. It concluded that the highest value of the total antioxidant activity in milk obtained from the first sample due to the use of several types of feed – alfalfa, two types of concentrated and straw, which proves the dependence of antioxidant activity on the impact of nutrients, that is, of their type and quantities.

Enhancement of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Fomitopsis pinicola mycelium extract

BackgroundFomitopsis pinicola is one of the most common fungi found in temperate zone of Europe, widely distributed spread in Asia and North America. Fungus has a wide range of therapeutic activity: antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antifungal, hepatoprotective, hemostatic action. A number of studies have confirmed the significant antioxidant activity of F. pinicola fruiting bodies. However, the controlled cultivation conditions that influence fungal growth and metabolite production of F. pinicola, particularly the mycelial growth and biosynthesis of metabolites in its culture broth, as well as the antioxidant activity of its mycelium, remain poorly understood.ResultsThis study investigated the impact of cultivation conditions on F. pinicola mycelium growth, phenols synthesis and antioxidant activity. Difference in the biosynthetic activity of F. pinicola under tested cultivation conditions was established. A highest value of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) inhibition (78.2 ± 0.9%) was found for a mycelium cultivated at 30 ºC, while cultivation at a lower temperature (20 ºC) was suitable for biomass growth (8.5 ± 0.3 g/L) and total phenolic content (TPC) 11.0 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g. Carbon and nitrogen sources in a cultivation broth significantly influenced the studied characteristics. Xylose supported the highest DPPH• inhibition (89.91 ± 0.5%) and TPC (16.55 ± 0.4 mg GAE/g), while galactose yielded the best biomass (4.0 ± 0.3 g/L). Peptone was the most effective nitrogen source for obtaining the mycelium with high potential of DPPH• radical inactivation (90.42 ± 0.5%) and TPC (17.41 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g), while the maximum biomass yield (7.8 ± 0.6 g/L) was found with yeast extract in cultivation medium. F. pinicola demonstrated the ability to grow and produce bioactive metabolites across a wide pH range from 2.5 to 7.5. Shaking cultivation resulted in the highest TPC (21.44 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g), though the same level of antioxidant activity (93%) was achieved under both shaking and static cultivation on the 7th and 28th days, respectively.ConclusionControlling cultivation parameters makes it possible to regulate the metabolic and biochemical processes of F. pinicola, facilitating the balance needed to obtain optimal biomass, phenols and antioxidant activity. The findings show the potential to increase phenol production by 2.25 and 2.23 times under shaking and static conditions, respectively, while maintaining a high level of activity.

Antioxidant activity and content of total phenols and flavonoids of aqueous extracts from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L.

The Mounts of Tessala (western of Algeria) is a remarkable site of plants diversity, characterized by the presence of numerous aromatic and medicinal species used by the local population as therapeutic agents, the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) is among the plants inhabiting this mountain; it is a perennial shrub belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. The dosage of some polyphenols (total phenols, flavonoids) varied respectively between 21.20 - 98.23 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 39.767 - 91.288 mg catechin equivalents/g. ANOVA revealed a significant variation in the mean concentrations according to the used extract. Evaluation of the antioxidant power of aqueous extracts has revealed a remarkable biological effect. The high inhibition percentages (100%) were found in the decocted extract at 10 mg/mL, followed by the macerated extract at 10 mg/mL, and finally the infused extract with 82.99% at 20 mg/mL. The DPPH free radical scavenging test revealed that the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts varied significantly according to extract type and its concentration. The results obtained not only confirm the richness of active principles in the studied plant but also its therapeutic effectiveness.

Study on Bioactive Components of Aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum by Solvent Fractionation

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract from aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. by fractionating it with different solvents, aiming to provide theoretical evidence for the development of products related to aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. The yield of the methanol extract was 13.33%, with the water fraction showing the highest yield, followed by n-hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, as indicated by total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and SOD-like activity measurements showed no significant difference between the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, as both showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In the FRAP activity measurement, the n-butanol fraction ranked behind the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions in terms of antioxidant activity. Although the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, its yield was only 1.29%, making it unsuitable for product production considering productivity and economy. However, the n-butanol fraction showed overall high antioxidant activity and was approximately four times more abundant, with a yield of 5.80% compared to the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, considering both productivity and economy, the n-butanol fraction is considered suitable for product development and production.

Phytochemical evaluation via GC-MS and LC-MS/MS: a comprehensive study of antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and genotoxic activities of extracts from endemic species Centaurea amanicola Hub.-Mor. and C. antitauri Hayek (Asteraceae)

The study investigated the antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and genotoxic activities of extracts from Centaurea amanicola and C. antitauri (Asteraceae). Methanol extracts were analysed for phenolic and fatty oil contents. Major components of fatty oils were identified, including methyl hexadecanoate (48.30%) and heptacosane (22.13%) in C. antitauri, and methyl hexadecanoate (16.29%) and methyl linoleate (13.55%) in C. amanicola. The highest α-amylase inhibition was observed in hexane extracts of both species with 55.53% and 41.57% inhibition values, respectively. Antioxidant activity, measured by ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging, varied among extracts, with notable efficacy in C. antitauri dichloromethane extract and C. amanicola ethyl acetate extract. The dichloromethane extract of C. antitauri demonstrated effectiveness against Candida albicans with MIC= 156.25 µg/mL. Importantly, all extracts were found to be genotoxicity-safe. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of these extracts for various medicinal applications, particularly in managing diabetes and combating microbial infections.

Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents as green media for efficient extraction of tea polyphenols and its application in bio-active film

Ultrasonic-assisted supramolecular deep eutectic solvents (SUPRADESs) extraction of active ingredients from plants is a novel green extraction method. In this study, a series of SUPRADESs combined with cyclodextrins (CDs) and organic acids or polyols were synthesized and used to extract the tea polyphenols (TP). SUPRADESs, consisting of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and L-lactic acid (LA) with a mass ratio of 1:5, contributed to achieving the maximum extraction efficiency of TP. Then, the extraction rate was optimized by different experimental conditions, and the optimal extraction yield of TP was (111.36 ± 2.31 mg/g). Then, the biofilms were successfully prepared using HP-β-CD/LA extract as a plasticizer for polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of extract and film containing TP was determined using biochemical kits. Finally, the synthesis process of HP-β-CD/LA and the TP extraction were investigated using molecular simulation. The findings indicate that enhanced TP yield could be attributed to an increase in non-covalent bonds between HP-β-CD and TP through the assistance of LA.

Insights into the culturable fungal endophytes of Dioscorea bulbifera L. in terms of their diversity, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity

The research on endophytes is focused on understanding the complex microbiome compositions, their interactions with host plants and their bioactive potential. Our study provided an overview of the diversity, distribution and bioactivities of culturable endophytic fungi associated with fungal endophytes of Dioscorea bulbifera L. The phylogenetic analysis depicted the evolutionary relationship among taxa of endophytic fungal isolates. The isolated fungal endophytes belonged to twenty-five genera and thirty-eight species. Further, diversity indices demonstrated significant diversity of fungal endophytes in the different tissues: stem, leaf, tuber and bulbil. A higher consistency of endophytic fungal isolates in the bulbils was found using Shannon index. Furthermore, Simpson's index revealed that the leaf tissue harboured highly diverse fungal endophytes. Likewise, Margalef's index depicted high taxonomic richness in bulbils. The isolates such as Acrocalymma medicaginis, Curvularia lycoperscii, Talaromyces macrospora, Fusarium laceratum, Paecilomyces formosus and Microascus cirrosus isolated in this study have been reported as endophytes for the first time from any plant. In-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the ethyl acetate extracts revealed that Nigrospora oryzae (Z2) effectively inhibited α-glucosidase activity with IC50 value of 0.6 µg/ml whereas IC50 value of the acarbose, the positive control was reported to be 0.040 µg/ml. The results of antioxidant activity demonstrated that H15A (Acrocalymma medicaginis) and BD5 (Phomopsis longicolla) could be used as potential sources of antioxidant agents. Moreover, H15A (Acrocalymma medicaginis) was reported to produce 687.1 ± 0.17 µg GAE/mg of TPC and 78.55 ± 0.29 µg QE/mg of TFC quantitatively. These findings suggest that the potential endophytes could be explored using systematic bio-guided investigations to further discover novel natural products. Our study provides an important resource for a deeper understanding of endophyte-plant interactions at molecular and genetic levels.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of the bark of Hibiscus sabdariffa

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of the bark of Hibiscus sabdariffa

GC-MS Analysis, Antidiarrhoeal, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extract of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Leaves from North Sumatra Province

GC-MS Analysis, Antidiarrhoeal, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extract of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Leaves from North Sumatra Province

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and prebiotic properties of mangosteen peel proanthocyanidin extracts through simulated in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation

The biological activity of mangosteen peel proanthocyanidin extracts is related to digestive properties and colonic metabolism. Therefore, the study's aim was to investigate the dynamics of proanthocyanidin extracts during in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation, their protective effects against oxidative damage in PEC-J2 cells, and their interactions with the intestinal flora. The results showed that epicatechin and proanthocyanidin B2 were the most abundant in proanthocyanidin. In addition, the catechin was increased by 27.7 ± 0.2 μg/mL. The total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and proanthocyanidin content of mangosteen peel were reduced by 32.36%, 90.63%, and 78.06%, respectively. However, the antioxidant capacity was increased by two-fold, protecting against oxidative damage in cells. Proanthocyanidin polymers that are not digested by the gastrointestinal tract go to the colon, where they are metabolized by microorganisms to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Proanthocyanidin extracts modulated the microbial flora structure: the relative abundance of Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcu, and Clostridium sensu stricto all increased significantly. The ratio of Bacteroides to Firmicutes increased, and Bifidobacterium grew and multiplied. This study improves the utilization of mangosteen peel and provides a theoretical basis for the scientific evaluation of the antioxidant activity and gut microbiota modulation of mangosteen peel.

Functional Food Candidate from Indonesian Green Algae Caulerpa racemosa (Försskal) J. Agardh by Two Extraction Methods: Metabolite Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxic Properties

There is an urgent need to explore natural sources like Caulerpa racemosa (Försskal) J. Agardh for bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant and therapeutic potential, providing sustainable alternatives for health and pharmaceutical innovation. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile and biological activities of extracts from edible green algae–known as sea grapes (C. racemosa). This present study has successfully identified secondary metabolites through untargeted metabolomic profiling by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) as well as a bioactive peptide. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of extracts from C. racemosa and compounds were determined. A total of 103 metabolites were identified in the C. racemosa extract obtained by the maceration (ME), while 48 metabolites were detected in the soxhlet extract (SE). The sequence of the identified peptide was ELWKTF (Glu-Leu-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe; C41H58N8O) and its abundance was identified in the α-chymotrypsin hydrolysate of C. racemosa. In the antioxidant activity test, SE and purified fraction 1 (PF1) had EC50<EC50 of control or Glutathione (GSH) in terms of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition, and PF1 had EC50<EC50 of control or Trolox in terms of 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) inhibition. In general, C. racemosa contains antioxidant nutrients, metabolites, and bioactive peptides, suggesting its promising potential as a functional food and pharmaceutical.

Antioxidant: Antimycobacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Acetone Extract and Subfraction Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. Against Mycobacterium smegmatis

Tuberculosis is a worldwide prevalent and recurring disease that contributes significantly to high mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-mycobacterial, and antibiofilm activities of Artemisia afra acetone crude extract. Methodology: The crude acetone extract was fractionated using column chromatography and characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). A 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant activity. The antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis was screened using bioautography, broth microdilution, and growth curve assays. Molecular docking was used to predict the possible mechanisms of action of the LC-MS-identified ligands. Crystal violet was used to screen for anti-cell adherence and biofilm inhibition activities. Results: The crude extract scavenged 77% of the free radical at 16 μg/mL. The subfraction had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.078 mg/mL) compared to the crude extract (0.313–0.833 mg/mL). The subfraction had a concentration-dependent inhibition effect (&gt;50%) on mycobacterial cell adherence and early biofilms. However, the mature biofilms were resistant. Two propanoate compounds, [(2S)-3-[6-acetyl-4,6-dihydroxy-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-propyl] (2R)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoate and 3-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)propyl 3-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-yl) propanoate, had binding energies of −5.4 kcal/mol and −6.3 kcal/mol, respectively, against the RNA polymerase binding protein. Conclusions: The results show that A. afra acetone crude extract has antioxidant and antimycobacterial activities that can be improved by fractionation.