Antioxidant Vitamins Research Articles

Advances on the Antioxidant Activity of a Phytocomplex Product Containing Berry Extracts from Romanian Spontaneous Flora

The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of a phytocomplex product obtained using 10% hydroalcoholic extractive solutions, in equal proportions, from Ribes nigrum, Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus and Fragaria moschata fresh fruits harvested from the spontaneous flora of Romania. These plant products were recognized for their rich antioxidant content. The phytochemical profile was assessed using HPLC chromatography and UV-Vis spectrometry. The obtained results highlighted the presence of complex bioactive compounds with antioxidant actions, namely anthocyanins, proanthocyanins and vitamin C. The antioxidant actions of the hydroalcoholic extractive solutions and the phytocomplex product were evaluated using chemiluminescence, electrochemical and superoxide dismutase (SOD) methods. The experimental results showed evident antioxidant activity in both the hydroalcoholic extracts and the phytocomplex product.

Azotlu ve potasyumlu gübrelemenin kivi bitkisinde verim ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkisi

ABSTRACT In this research, increasing doses of nitrogen (8-16-24-32 kg N da-1) and potassium (0-8-16-24-32-40 kg K2O da-1) fertilizers were applied to Hayward kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) to determine their effects on the yield and some fruit quality characteristics. The research was started in a kiwi orchard established in 2004 in Ordu, in the vegetation period of 2015-2016, and was carried out in a randomized block design with 4 replications for two years. In general, the yield decreased with increasing N rates while it increased irregularly with the increasing K rates, and the highest yield was achieved by applying 24 kg of N and 40 kg of K2O per decare in both years. Nitrogen fertilization provided a somewhat increase in fruit weight in the first year and tended to decrease in the second year. Total antioxidant capacity generally showed a fluctuating trend in the first year and an increasing trend in the second year considering the nitrogen application. With increasing potassium applications, the total antioxidant activity and vitamin C content of fruits increased up to a certain level and then decreased. Total soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) generally tended to decrease with potassium applications. Although fruit firmness generally varied considerably with nitrogen and potassium applications, higher fruit firmness was observed at higher doses. Nitrogen application generally increased the total phenolic content. When the yield, fruit weight and fruit quality were evaluated together, it was determined that 16 kg N and 32 kg K2O application per decare was more appropriate.

Research on antioxidant performance of diglucosyl gallic acid and its application in emulsion cosmetics.

Diglucosyl gallic acid is a whitening active with powerful whitening function. When it acts on human skin, microorganisms on the skin surface and part of the stratum corneum produce α-glucosidase to sever the glucose bond of diglucosyl gallic acid, thereby converting part of diglucosyl gallic acid into gallic acid, acting on the skin and exerting the excellent effects of diglucosyl gallic acid and gallic acid at the same time. Diglucosyl gallic acid has high stability and water solubility, it can reduce free radical generation, inhibit tyrosinase generation, prevent melanin transfer, and control skin inflammation. The present study investigates the in vitro tyrosinase inhibition activity, antioxidant capacity of diglucosyl gallic acid as well as its clinical efficacy as a cosmetic ingredient. Taking VC and gallic acid as controls, the pH = 6.8, 0.05 mmol/L Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer solution was prepared to test the tyrosinase inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity of diglucosyl gallic acid respectively. Using arbutin and nicotinamide, two common cosmetic raw materials as controls, 20 volunteers (aged 20-35 years old) were selected for the test. (2 ± 0.1) mg/cm2 take the lotion to be tested and apply it to the test part evenly, twice a day, volunteers are not allowed to use sunscreen or other sunscreen products during the study period. The results show that diglucosyl gallic acid has a stronger ability to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase compared with VC, and its IC50 value is 2.68 mg/ mL. Their potential antioxidant activities are further evaluated by the DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) method and the ABTS [2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenz othiazoline-6-sulphonate)] radical cation (ABTS+) method, in which the gallic acid demonstrates a better performance than the traditional antioxidant vitamin C (VC), while the diglucosyl gallic acid shows poorer performance. As to the reducing ability, VC has the best performance, much better than gallic acid and diglucosyl gallic acid. Furthermore, through clinical experiments, it is shown the application of the diglucosyl gallic acid as a cosmetic ingredient can considerably improve the brightness of the skin and meanwhile reduce the area of ultraviolet spots, melanin and erythema over time. The above in vitro and in vivo studies on diglucosyl gallic provide the basis for its future application development in cosmetics.

The relation of dietary components with severity of obstructive sleep apnea in Cypriot patients: A randomized, stratified epidemiological study.

BackgroundObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is considered a public health problem and its prevalence is increasing at an epidemic rate. The aim of this study was to examine whether individual nutrients (macronutrients, antioxidant vitamins) rather than energy restriction may potentially affect OSA severity in a representative population of Cyprus.MethodsA total sample of 303 adults (>18 years old) with Cypriot citizenship and permanently residing in Cyprus were randomly selected. Selected patients have completed the food frequency questionnaire, and a physical activity questionnaire and underwent a sleep study to assess OSA severity.ResultsOverall, 303 patients were included in this study, 169 (55.8%) had mild OSA (apnea-hypopnea index—AHI <15) and the remaining 83 (27.4%) had moderate to severe OSA (AHI>15). The mean age of all patients was 55.7 years old. Patients with moderate to severe OSA had significant higher BMI levels, higher consumption of calories, higher hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and neck circumference and higher consumption of folic acid compared with the patients with mild OSA (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that increased energy intake regardless diet macronutrient composition is positively associated with OSA severity whereas higher folic acid intake seems to have a protective role.

An Overview on Antioxidants

Antioxidants are substances that limit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can result in free radicals and chain reactions that can harm organisms' cells. Organisms have a complex network of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that work together to protect cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative damage. Although specific quantities of antioxidant vitamins in the diet are essential for optimum health, whether antioxidant-rich foods or supplements have anti-disease action is still being debated. Antioxidants are used as food additives to help prevent food spoilage. Antioxidants are a particularly significant kind of preservative because, unlike bacterial or fungal deterioration, oxidation processes occur quite quickly in frozen or refrigerated food. Antioxidants are commonly used in industrial goods. A common application is in fuels and lubricants as a stabiliser.

Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is associated with greater anti-oxidant capacity and improved glycemic control in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Healthy dietary patterns are typically associated with improved metabolic and cardiovascular health in population-based cohorts. This study aims to investigate whether a healthy dietary score, derived from UK Diabetes and Diet Questionnaire (UKDDQ), is significantly associated with measures of metabolic health and nutritional status in patients with T2DM. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 85 patients with T2DM (age: 51.7±9.4, BMI: 30.6±5.3) and 20 healthy volunteers (age: 48.4±8.6, BMI: 29.5±5) recruited from the Al-Hassan Diabetes and Endocrinology Specialized Center, Karbala, Iraq. Body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) and resting clinic blood pressure were measured. All participants completed the UKDDQ to assess the quality of the diet. Metabolic and nutritional biomarkers were measured in fasting blood samples. A composite nutritional heathy index score (CNHI-score) based on the sum of z-scores for plasma vitamin A, C and E concentrations was derived. RESULTS: In patients with T2DM the UKDDQ score was associated with lower fasting blood glucose (FBG) (r = –0.33; P &lt; 0.01), hemoglobin A1C (r = –0.49; P &lt; 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (r = –0.26; P = 0.02) concentrations. In patients with T2DM, the CNHI-score significantly associated with UKDDQ (r = 0.43; P &lt; 0.001). In addition, a higher CNHI-score was associated with FBG (r = –0.61; P &lt; 0.001), HbA1C (r = –0.83; P &lt; 0.001), TC (r = –0.30; P &lt; 0.01) and triglyceride (r = –0.30; P &lt; 0.01) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: A healthy diet is associated with a higher concentration of anti-oxidant vitamins and better glycemic and lipid profile in healthy subjects and in patients with T2DM.

The association of dietary antioxidant index (DAI) with breast cancer among Iranian women.

Recent studies have reported that dietary antioxidants can influence the risk of breast cancer (BC). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of dietary antioxidant index (DAI) with BC among Iranian women. This case-control study was conducted on 180 women with breast cancer and 360 healthy women who were referred to the cancer clinic of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, Iran. A 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. The DAI score was calculated based on the intake of antioxidant vitamins and minerals derived from the FFQ. The control group had a significantly higher intake of vitamin D (1.79±1.56 vs. 1.05±0.84 μg/d; P=0.01) and lower intake of calorie (2315±1066 vs. 2737±925 kcal/d; P=0.01), carbohydrate (311±170 vs. 402±124 g/d; P=0.01), iron (15.4±12.1 vs. 19.7±6.4 mg/d; P=0.01), thiamine (1.5±0.7 vs. 2.3±0.9 mg/d; P=0.01), niacin (18.2±9.2 vs. 24.3±7.9 mg/d; P=0.01), folic acid (465±308.7 vs. 673±205.2 μg/d; P=0.01), and selenium (82.6±41.7 vs. 98.7±40.8 μg/d; P=0.01) compared to the case group. No significant association was found between DAI with breast cancer after adjustments for age. DAI had a negative association with breast cancer after additional adjustments for BMI, the number of pregnancies, duration of breastfeeding, menopause age, and total energy intake (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.90-.93, and all P<0.001). The present study identified a negative association between DAI and the risk of BC, indicating the importance of antioxidants in preventing BC. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to confirm this association.

Biochemical Study of Consumption Zahdi Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Dates considered one of most significant commercial crops and have been documented in the Holy Quran and scientific references. This study was designed to determine the therapeutic effects of Zahdi variety of dates in control subjects and their effects on glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), antioxidant vitamins (C and E), and inorganic phosphate and calcium excursions. Study subjected twenty-four control group (12 male and 12 females), mean age (42.0±8.69 year), and twenty patients with diabetic type 2 (10 males and 10 females) with a means of HbA1c (9.25 ±2.02 %) and age (47.7±9.33 year). All participants ate a single number of the Zahdi dates (5-7) before breakfasting for a prior twenty-one days. Glucose was measured in control group and for diabetics. Glycemic index (GI) was established as proportion of the gradational areas below the return curves for dates as compared to glucose. Collecting blood samples from patients and control group were collected and the statistical data examinations are achievement by using independent samples and paired t-test. The results indicated a significant increase in glucose, MDA, total cholesterol and TG, while a significant decrease in GSH, vitamins (C and E) and phosphate in patients when compared with control group (previously and in accordance) consumption dates palm. No considerable changes in calcium level between diabetic and control subjects. The consumption of dates palm led to a significant decrease in MDA, total cholesterol, TG, and phosphate, also a significant increase in GSH and vitamin E in diabetic patients when compared with control group.

Paraoxonase 1 Activities and Lipid Parameters in Hypertension and Their Association with Chronic Alcoholism

Objective: To determine lipid profile, antioxidant vitamin (E and C), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activities in alcoholic hypertensive patients. Methods: Five hundred subjects were selected for this study consisting of 250 normal healthy individuals and 250 alcoholic hypertensive subjects. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL levels were measured using the enzymatic method while the LDL and VLDL levels were calculated by Friedwald equation. The MDA level were measured using thiobarbiturate (TBA) and the Vitamin E and C were measured using the enzymatic method. The SOD and PON 1 activities were measured using phenyl acetate as the substrate. Results: Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and MDA levels were found to be significantly high while the HDL and Vitamin E and C levels decreased among the alcoholic hypertensive subjects when compared to the control. Furthermore, significant decreases in SOD and PON 1 activities were also found among the alcoholic hypertensive subjects as compared to control. Conclusion: Alterations in lipid parameters, antioxidant vitamin levels, MDA level, SOD activities, and PON 1 activities are associated with hypertension that may be enhanced by alcohol intake, which may lead to the development cardiovascular disease.

The effect of vitamin e antioxidant addition in goat milk diluent on the quality of thin-tailed sheep semen

Artificial insemination supports the prevention of infectious dispersion in organisms which share the same environment. Meanwhile, spermatozoa usually experience a decrease in quality during processing due to the peroxidation process. This study aims to identify the effect of vitamin E antioxidant addition in goat milk diluent on the quality of thin-tailed sheep semen after storing at 5°C for five days. A total of 4 male thin-tailed sheep were used and the treatments consisted of controls, namely goat milk sperm diluent without vitamin E antioxidant (P0), and others with the addition of vitamin E at a dose of 2 gL-1 diluent (P1); 3 gL-1diluent (P2); and 4 gL-1 (P3). Moreover, the variables observed include individual motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane of spermatozoa after storing at 5°C for five days. The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a completely randomized design in one-way. The results showed that the addition of vitamin E antioxidant to goat milk diluent during sperm dilution had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane. Spermatozoa motility at P0, P1, P2, and P3 were 44.0%, 48.2%, 50.4%, and 53.2%, while the viability was 48.2%, 51.4%, 54.2%, and 56.0%, respectively. Additionally, the intact plasma membranes at P0, P1, P2, and P3 were 41.0%, 46.6%, 48.2%, and 51.4%, respectively. The addition of antioxidant vitamins in goat milk diluent with a concentration of 4 gL-1 produced the best results on sperm quality after cooling. Based on the results, it was concluded that the addition of vitamin E antioxidant to the sperm diluent can improve the quality of thin-tailed sheep chilled semen.

Comparison of Antioxidant Effect of Crocus Sativus and Vitamin E on Amakicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Objectives: The present study evaluated the protective effect of Crocus Sativus against Amikacin-induced Nephrotoxicity.&#x0D; Methods: The prospective descriptive study was conducted at the department of orthopedic surgery, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Adult laboratory albino rats of the Wistar strain were used in this experimental study. In this study, 75 albino rats were subdivided into 3 groups, including experimental groups B and C. The control group (A) received normal saline intraperitoneally, group (B) received Amikacin 30mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and Group (C) received Crocus sativus 50 mg/kg body weight orally and vitamin E orally in a dose of 50mg/kg of body weight. Kidneys of rats obtained after dissection were processed, sectioned, and stained in PAS Hematoxylin and Gomoris Methenamine Silver stains. The present study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences in the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Animal House of Dow University and Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory. The duration of the study was Three months. Inclusion criteria were Albino rats of both sexes, kidneys of either side (right &amp; left), rats with an approximate weight of 140 to 180 grams were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were overweight rats and pregnant rats.&#x0D; Results: A significant increase in kidney weight was observed in group B. A considerable addition was observed in proximal tubular in groups B and C. A considerable increase was also observed in the number of intact proximal tubule nuclei and the nuclear diameter of groups B &amp; C.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study provides evidence that Crocus Sativus has protective effects in Amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to widely used Antioxidant Vitamin E. The study recommends the addition of Crocus Sativus in dietary supplements after further evaluation in human subjects.

Total Lipids, Fatty Acid Composition, Total Cholesterol and Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant Vitamins in the longissimus lumborum Muscle of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Different Production Systems of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon.

Simple SummaryThe constant search for higher living standards and better health makes consumers more aware of the nutritional compositions of foods. Water buffalo meat has so far been poorly characterized. In this work, we have analyzed the influence of different production systems in the Eastern Amazon on meat nutritional quality parameters of water buffalo. Meat nutritional value was improved when buffaloes were reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol, associated with a higher h/H ratio and a lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower levels of saturated fatty acids and higher amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overall, meat from buffaloes raised in pasture production systems showed better lipid nutritional quality.The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of distinct production systems and seasonal variation in the Brazilian Eastern Amazon on the meat lipid composition of water buffaloes. Water buffaloes were reared in commercial farms in the Eastern Amazon either in extensive systems (Marajó Island, Nova Timboteua and Santarém locations), during rainy or dry seasons, or intensive (feedlot) systems. Animals reared in extensive systems were fed natural pastures, and those reared in feedlots were fed sorghum silage and commercial pellets. Buffaloes were slaughtered and ribeye muscle (longissimus lumborum) samples collected. Lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids were analyzed. The nutritional value of meat from buffaloes reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season was higher than that of other systems, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol associated with higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio and lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower percentages of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA, with increased PUFA/saturated fatty acids ratio and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. However, all extensive systems produced meat with a relatively low index of thrombogenicity values, which is advantageous for human health.

Vitamin E rescues valproic acid-induced testicular injury in rats: Role of autophagy

AimsValproic acid (VPA), a commonly used antiepileptic drug, can induce testicular oxidative stress and injury. Altered autophagic response usually follows testicular injury. The study aims to evaluate the role of autophagy in the protective effect of the antioxidant vitamin E (Vit E) against VPA-induced testicular injury. Materials and methodsVPA (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day) was administered for 8 days. The protective group received both Vit E (50 mg/kg) and VPA (500 mg/kg). The testicular weight, sperm analysis, and serum testosterone concentration, as well as testicular histopathology, steroidogenic gene expression, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. The mRNA or protein expression of autophagy-related proteins [adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin1, and p62] were measured using RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry. Key findingsVPA resulted in lower testes weight and sperm quality with aberrant morphology. VPA dose-dependently induced testicular oxidative stress, which was associated with decreased steroidogenic gene expression and serum testosterone levels, as well as deteriorated histopathology. These biochemical and histological changes were also associated with autophagy induction (higher LC3 and Beclin1, and lower p62) that was lost with the highest toxic dose (500 mg/kg). The attenuated autophagy with the highest dose was accompanied by AMPK downregulation and mTOR upregulation. Vit E protected against VPA-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity while also restoring autophagic response and AMPK/mTOR levels. SignificanceThe study highlights vitamin E as a valuable protective asset against VPA-induced testicular injury, possibly through AMPK-mTOR-dependent autophagy induction.

Improving the antioxidant status, fat-soluble vitamins, fatty acid composition, and lipid stability in the meat of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val) fed fresh ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam)

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp) is one of the most widely produced species in aquaculture. This species is capable of feeding on forage crops and algae. However, few studies have investigated forage feeding in the production of this species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of fresh Lolium multiflorum feeding on the fatty acid and antioxidant fat-soluble vitamin composition, antioxidant status, and lipid stability of C. idella meat. For this purpose, a 120-day feeding trial was conducted. Approximately 300 juvenile C. idella (7.97 ± 0.6 g and 8.82 ± 0.73 cm) were used. Two experimental diets were used: L. multiflorum Lam (annual ryegrass) forage, or pasture diet (PD), and artificial grain diet (GD). Juveniles of C. idella fed PD accumulated a greater concentration of EPA, DPA, and DHA fatty acids after 60 and 120 days (P < 0.05). Conversely, fish fed a grain-based diet accumulated higher omega 6 fatty acid content in their meat. The PD group meat had a higher content of α-tocopherol, lutein, β-carotene, and retinol than the GD group (P < 0.05). The action of these fat-soluble vitamins and micronutrients increased the FRAP and decreased TBARS in the meat of the PD group. These results suggest that L. multiflorum (ryegrass) feeding improves the quality of C. idella meat by increasing the fatty acids beneficial to human health, such as EPA, DPA, and DHA contents. In addition, this diet increases the antioxidant fat-soluble vitamin contents, thus not only improving the nutritional value of the meat but also contributing to lipid stability.

Antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamins in gluten‐free breads made with teff ( Eragrostis tef ) and associated flours

Teff is an underused cereal in the world, which presents interesting nutritional composition, especially amino acid profile and mineral content. It is gluten free and can be an alternative ingredient for people with celiac disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and vitamins in gluten-free breads made with teff and associated flours. The antioxidant analyses were evaluated by the ABTS, ORAC, DPPH, and FRAP methods. The total phenolic compounds by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, while the carotenoids, B and C vitamins were determined by HPLC. The results indicated that the greater the amount of teff flour in breads, the greater the antioxidant capacity by ABTS (28 μMol/gdw). The DPPH and FRAP demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity in teff breads had higher content, when compared to those with wheat flour. The greater the amount of teff flour, the greater the thiamine (0.036 mg/100 g), pantothenic acid (0.5 mg/100 g), pyridoxine (4.8 mg/100 g), and phenolic compounds (49.8 g/g). Breads made with wheat flour had lesser antioxidant capacity through different ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methods. Novelty impact statement Breads made with 100% of teff flour had higher phenolic compounds, thiamine, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine. Breads made with 100% of teff flour had the same content of zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene as breads made with wheat flour.

ANALYSIS OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID IN TOMATOES (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) AS A SOURCE OF ANTIOXIDANTS FOR THE HUMAN BODY

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) is a horticultural product that has the potential, health and has promising market prospects. Tomato contain a carotenoid compound called lycopene. tomato red. This carotenoid compound is well known as a compound that has high antioxidant power, this compound is able to fight free radicals caused by pollution and UV radiation. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant compound that is able to bind free radicals and regenerate antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E. , and coenzyme Q 10

Nutrients and antioxidant properties of red, yellow and white onions (Allium cepa L) in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Background: Onions is the most widely consumed vegetable worldwide and is a rich source of phytochemicals and antioxidants responsible for fighting free radicals in the body and preventing diseases&#x0D; Objective: The general objective of the study was to analyze and compare the nutrient and antioxidant properties of red, yellow and white onions in Oyo state, Nigeria.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The research design was experimental. Samples were analyzed chemically according to the official method of analysis described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). All analysis was carried out in triplicate. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20. ANOVA was used to compare different variables together.&#x0D; Results: The protein content was same in red and white onions. The crude fibre for red onions was 1.1 ±0.12, yellow onions 1.4±0.08 and white onions 1.2 ±0.12. White Onions had the highest total ash content (0.8 ±0.08), followed by yellow onions (0.6 ± 0.08) and red onions (0.6 ±0.05). The carbohydrate (by difference) was 12.2 ±0.09 for red onions, 11.1 ±0.22 for yellow onions and 11.4 ±0.36 for white onions. The reducing sugars for red onions was 1.8 ±0.12, yellow onions had 1.1 ±0.08 while white onions contained 1.2 ±0.12. The total sugars for red onions, yellow and white onions were 2.6 ±0.12, 1.7 ±0.12 and 2.2 ±0.12 respectively. The ascorbic acid (mg/100g) content was 15.8 ± 0.79 for red onions, 11.2 ±0.21 for yellow onions and 12.4 ±0.53 for white onions. Quercetin (mg/g) was highest in red onions (0.32 ±0.02), followed by yellow onions (0.24 ±0.01) and then white onions (0.19±0.01). &#x0D; Conclusion: The nutrients and antioxidant (quercetin and vitamin c) properties were higher in red onions compared to the other varieties (white and yellow) of onions.

Molecular characterization of wild Pleurotus ostreatus (MW457626) and evaluation of β-glucans polysaccharide activities

Pleurotus ostreatus is a common cultivated edible mushroom worldwide. The fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus is a rich source of a $\beta$-glucans polysaccharide. The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of $\beta$-glucans as a natural polysaccharide produced by P. ostreatus as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer. The molecular identification of P. ostreatus isolate was confirmed by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of studied ITS sequence were performed against some deposited sequences in GenBank. The analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as the result of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has confirmed the presence of $\beta$-glucans polysaccharide in the tested samples. The percentage of antioxidant activity of $\beta$-glucans showed a gradual increase from 8.59% to 12.36, 18.56, 23.69, 44.66 and 80.36% at the concentrations of 31.2, 64.4, 125, 250, 500, and 800 $\mu$g/ml, respectively. In addition, all concentrations of $\beta$-glucans showed higher antioxidant activities when compared with standard antioxidant (Vitamin C). The highest antimicrobial activity of $\beta$-glucans polysaccharide was against P. aeruginosa with a zone of inhibition (45 mm), while the lowest activity was against S. aureus (13 mm) both at 100 mg/mL. The percentage of growth-inhibiting of MCF-7 a humanbreast cancer cell line and normal WRL-68 cell line affected by $\beta$-glucans were determined by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT assay).

KARAKTERISTIK MUTU FISIKOKIMIA DAN ORGANOLEPTIK TEH KULIT KOPI (CASCARA) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN LEMON DAN MADU

Cascara is coffee husk that has been dried and drunk like tea through a brewing process. This study aims to improve the taste of cascara tea which is still unfamiliar in Indonesia by adding lemon and honey. The study used lemon extract (L) with different concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. Honey (P) used also varied with concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%. The analysis carried out on the cascara drink was physicochemical analysis (antioxidant activity, total Vitamin C, pH) and sensory analysis (hedonic test on taste, color and aroma). The results showed that the concentration of lemon extract affected antioxidant activity, Vitamin C, pH, taste and aroma of cascara tea. The higher the concentration of lemon used, the higher the antioxidant activity, vitamin C, and the pH of cascara tea. honey concentration affects the pH value and taste of cascara tea. The higher the concentration of honey used, the lower the pH value of cascara tea but it can increase the panelists' favorites for the taste of cascara tea. Based on the chemical and organoleptic characteristics, the best treatment was obtained by adding 1% lemon and 7.5% honey.

Anesthesiology

Hyperoxia and oxidative stress may be associated with increased risk of myocardial injury. In this issue of Anesthesiology, Holse and members of the VIXIE (VitamIn and oXygen Interventions and cardiovascular Events) Trial Group report the results of a randomized clinical trial examining the impact of hyperoxia and the antioxidants vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine on the degree of myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery. In an accompanying editorial, Nagele discusses the need for more well-designed trials like VIXIE to definitively answer important clinical questions. Cover Illustration: A. Johnson, Vivo Visuals Studio.