Antioxidant Vitamins Research Articles

Potential role of tocopherol in protecting crop plants against abiotic stresses.

The changing global climate have given rise to abiotic stresses that adversely affect the metabolic activities of plants, limit their growth, and agricultural output posing a serious threat to food production. The abiotic stresses commonly lead to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in cellular oxidation. Over the course of evolution, plants have devised efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidative strategies to counteract harmful effects of ROS. Among the emerging non-enzymatic anti-oxidative technologies, the chloroplast lipophilic antioxidant vitamin A (Tocopherol) shows great promise. Working in coordination with the other cellular antioxidant machinery, it scavenges ROS, prevents lipid peroxidation, regulates stable cellular redox conditions, simulates signal cascades, improves membrane stability, confers photoprotection and enhances resistance against abiotic stresses. The amount of tocopherol production varies based on the severity of stress and its proposed mechanism of action involves arresting lipid peroxidation while quenching singlet oxygen species and lipid peroxyl radicals. Additionally, studies have demonstrated its coordination with other cellular antioxidants and phytohormones. Despite its significance, the precise mechanism of tocopherol action and signaling coordination are not yet fully understood. To bridge this knowledge gap, the present review aims to explore and understand the biosynthesis and antioxidant functions of Vitamin E, along with its signal transduction and stress regulation capacities and responses. Furthermore, the review delves into the light harvesting and photoprotection capabilities of tocopherol. By providing insights into these domains, this review offers new opportunities and avenues for using tocopherol in the management of abiotic stresses in agriculture.

Study on stability of antioxidant activity of fresh, pasteurized, and commercial fruit juice during refrigerated storage

Fruit juice is growing in popularity worldwide due to its excellent wellness properties, and most people usually like to store the juice in the refrigerator to drink it later. The current study was undertaken to compare the stability of antioxidant activity of selected samples (apple, orange, and pineapple) of juice that were fresh (untreated), pasteurized at 70 °C for 30 min, and commercially available in Bangladesh at 4 °C in refrigerated storage conditions for up to 21 days. The fresh juice was prepared by crushing and pressing the fruits using an electric mixer, and the pasteurized juice was prepared by running the fruits through a pasteurization procedure at 70 °C for 30 min in a water bath. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), beta-carotene content, and vitamin C content throughout 21 days of refrigerated storage were studied by using standard methods. The study found that TPC and TFC of the fresh juices (apple, orange, and pineapple) were statistically significant (p < 0.05) on 0 and 7 days, whereas pasteurized and commercial juices were statistically significant (p < 0.05) on 0, 7, and 14 days. As for TAA, orange and pineapple juices, except fresh pineapple juice, were statistically significant (p < 0.05) up to 21 days. In the case of beta-carotene content, only fresh and pasteurized orange juices were statistically significant (p < 0.05) on 14 days. Apart from apple, all the juice samples had vitamin C content up to 21 days, and these results were statistically significant (p < 0.05) at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. In addition, most of the samples showed drastic degradation after 7 days for both bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. It is concluded that the stored fruit juice at 4 °C in refrigerated storage conditions should be consumed within 7 days to get the desired properties of the juice.

Oxidative stress-related genetic variation and antioxidant vitamin intake in intact and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a Swedish population-based retrospective cohort study.

The aim of this study is to investigate how genetic variations in genes related to oxidative stress, intake of antioxidant vitamins, and any potential interactions between these factors affect the incidence of intact abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and its rupture (rAAA), accounting for sex differences where possible. The present retrospective cohort study (n = 25 252) uses baseline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and total antioxidant vitamin intake data from the large population-based, Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Cumulative incidence of intact AAA was 1.6% and of rAAA 0.3% after a median follow-up of 24.3 years. A variant in NOX3 (rs3749930) was associated with higher rAAA risk in males [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 2.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36-4.35] and the overall population (aHR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05-3.37). Higher intakes of antioxidant vitamins, riboflavin, and folate were associated with 20% and 19% reduced intact AAA incidence, respectively. Interestingly, the inverse associations between riboflavin and vitamin D intake with intact AAA incidence were stronger in the individuals carrying the NOX3 variant as compared with the wild-type recessive genotype, i.e. by 60% and 66%, respectively (P for interaction < 0.05). Higher riboflavin intake was associated with a 33% male-specific intact AAA risk reduction, while higher intake of vitamin B12 intake was associated with 55% female-specific intact AAA risk increase; both these associations were significantly modified by sex (P for interaction < 0.05). Our findings highlight the role of oxidative stress genetic variations and antioxidant vitamin intake in AAA. Although a low AAA/rAAA sample size limited some analyses, especially in females, our findings highlight the need for future randomized controlled trials and mechanistic studies, to explore the potential benefits of antioxidant vitamins while accounting for genetic and sex differences.

Functional Composition, Minerals and Antioxidant Vitamins Content of Juice of (Botria africanus)

Fruits play important role in human nutrition, particularly as sources of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. This research is able to highlight essential composition available in juice of (Botria africanus), the functional composition, mineral and antioxidant vitamin contents were determined. The results identified availability of nutrients were obtained to be moisture content (20.17±0.76mg/dL), ash content (5.33±0.58mg/dL), crude protein (3.81±0.02mg/dL), crude lipid (12.33±0.12mg/dL), crude fibre (1.33±0.58mg/dL), and carbonhydrate (57.08±0.01mg/dL). The mineral contents were also identified to be Iron (3.723±0.003mg/dL), Manganese (0.405±0.005 mg/dL), Magnesium (ND±ND mg/dL), Phosphorus (31.15±0.050mg/dL), Potassium (5800 ± 100.000mg/dL), Sodium (150 ± 5.000mg/dL) and Zinc (0.016±0.008mg/dL) at the end the vitamins content were also obtained to be vit C&gt; vit E &gt; vit A the values are 53.6 ± 0.300&gt; 50.21 ±3.357&gt; 1.158±0.008, the research concluded that juice of (Botria africanus) contained an important nutritional components that are useful which are able to protect the body against oxidative stress.

БЛЮДА ДИЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПИТАНИЯ ОПТИМИЗИРОВАННОГО СОСТАВА

Deficient concentrations of vitamins and minerals in the existing diets of patients in medical institutions were analyzed. When conducting studies of the state of the organism in patients of health care facilities, a deficien-cy of vitamin D, vitamins of group B, carotenoids is found, in certain categories of patients – antioxidant vit-amins A and E. This deficiency is aggravated against the background of drug therapy. To replenish the defi-cient states of the body, it is recommended to enrich the ATS with a mineral-vitamin complex at a concentra-tion of 50-100% of the daily norm of vitamins and minerals. The diet was enriched with GS-3093 premixes. The discrepancy between the content of the vitamin-mineral complex in the existing diet and the recommend-ed, enriched with GS-3093 premix for four especially deficient minerals and the studied vitamins A and group B ranges from – 0.59 to – 675.215 mg. It should be noted the lack of vitamins A (37%), B2 (14%) and C (52%), minerals Ca (26%), Zn (21%) and I (65%) of the recommended daily intake. This will ensure compli-ance with the requirements for conducting evidence-based dietary nutrition for 800 patients of the health care facility of GBUZ “MONIKI” named after. MF. Vladimirsky, who was assigned the main variant of the stand-ard diet (ATD).

Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis for enriching the antioxidant content of agro‐food industrial residues

AbstractBackgroundEnzymatic hydrolysis of agro‐food industrial residues (AFIRs) has the potential of generating great economic value in the food and the cosmetics industry. Here, we develop an efficient solid enzymatic hydrolysis (SEH) employing the edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus to enzymatically digest wheat bran. We assess the antioxidant activity of the SEH product by implementing a highly affordable antioxidant activity test (AAT). Finally, we obtain a tablet formulation containing the SEH product.ResultsResults show that the selected parameters for the SEH are highly competitive among other described SEHs that use fungi to digest wheat residues. The AAT showed a dose–response antioxidant behavior employing a known antioxidant (vitamin C). The AAT also showed that the SEH product has higher antioxidant activity than the undigested substrate. Finally, the hardness assessment of the SEH tablets suggested changes in stability.ConclusionIn conclusion, an efficient SEH was implemented and its effect on the antioxidant activity was demonstrated. The SEH could be performed at a competitive incubation time, temperature, and moisture content. Nevertheless, a deeper study is warranted to fully describe this SEH. We hope that these findings contribute to the development of cost‐efficient SEHs in the food and cosmetics industry.

META-ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION “2 KIDNEYS, 1 CLAMP” ON LIFESTYLE FACTORS

Background. According to WHO controllable hypertension risk factors include an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and wrong daily routine. To date, a large number of experimental studies in rats have studied the effect on the development of unilateral renovascular hypertension (URH) of dietary supplements (minerals, vitamins, flavonoids, caffeine, fats, carbohydrates), physical activity and melatonin therapy.Objective. To conduct a meta- analysis of studies on risk factors for the development of URH.Design and methods. The search for publications was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar databases. A total of 52 publications were selected.Results. The severity of hypertension decreases when the diet is enriched with potassium, as well as with various antioxidants (vitamin C, flavonoids, melatonin), which reduce oxidative stress in the ischemic kidney. In addition, physical activity can help reduce blood pressure in URH, but at the same time, it increases myocardial hypertrophy. There was no hypertensive effect of increased sodium chloride intake in renal artery stenosis, and no effect of calcium or magnesium supplementation on the URH development. At the same time, caffeine intake significantly increases plasma renin activity and blood pressure in URH.Conclusion. The majority of experimental studies included in our meta-analysis investigated the influence of factors on the development of URH, but not their effect on blood pressure in the chronic stage of URH.

Antioxidants-rich Nutraceutical Ameliorates Lead-induced Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats

Treatment of lead toxicity is usually through aggressive approach such as chelation and bowel irrigation and these therapies are used just to promote body metal excretion and are considered less effective due multiple limitations and side effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the protective and curative potentials of formulated antioxidant-rich nutraceutcals against lead-induced oxidative stress in albino rats. A total of Fifty (50) albino rats of both sexes weighing 200–220 g were equally and randomly divided into two (2) groups (A and B models) of twenty five rats each. The group A was designed to study the protective effect of formulated nutraceutical against lead-induce oxidative stress. While group B was to evaluate the curative effect of same formulated nutraceutical in rats after lead intoxication. The rats in each of the models were randomly divided into five groups. Thirty (20) rats of lead treated groups were administered with different concentration of antioxidant-rich nutraceutical in both models. While 10 rats were treated with standard drug. Our findings reveals that oral administration of antioxidant- rich supplement in lead-intoxicated rats (in both models) significantly reduced blood lead levels, increased the activity of antioxidants enzymes and glutathione levels. Similarly, the levels of antioxidant minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu and Se) and vitamins (A, C and E) were boosted significantly. Concurrently, significant decreased levels of malondialdehyde were observed after administration of the antioxidant-rich supplement, hence, lowering lead-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, oral administration of antioxidant-rich supplement may invariably use as protective and as well as curative regimen to curtail lead-induced oxidative stress.

A clinical evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a novel topical antioxidant formulation featuring vitamin C, astaxanthin, and fermented turmeric.

Ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, and pollution are a few examples of environmental factors that exacerbate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage to skin cells' DNA, proteins, and lipids. By supplementing the skin with antioxidants, we can help neutralize ROS formed by these extrinsic factors before they can damage the skin. This prospective open-label study explores the safety and efficacy of this novel topical formulation of antioxidants (vitamin C, astaxanthin, fermented turmeric, and vitamin E) designed to fight free radical damage and improve overall skin quality, as well as the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation of the skin. This single-center clinical study evaluated the efficacy of twice-daily application of the test article (Asta C™ Vitamin C Age Defense Serum, Dr. Whitney Bowe Beauty) in 32 subjects for 12 weeks. Healthy female subjects aged 35-60 with mild to moderate fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation/uneven skin tone were enrolled in this study. Fitzpatrick skin types I-VI, all skin types (dry, normal, combination, oily), and subjects with sensitive skin were included. All subjects demonstrated improvement in overall skin quality (face, neck, and chest) by the end of the 12-week study period. One hundred percent of subjects demonstrated improvement in the appearance of fine lines at Week 12. Overall, the current clinical study demonstrates that Asta C™ is safe, well-tolerated, and effective in improving overall skin quality, as well as the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.

Natural Antioxidant-Based Nanodrug for Atherosclerosis Treatment.

Natural antioxidants are always considered as candidates for the antioxidative therapy of atherosclerosis (AS) due to their good safety profile. However, restricted to their limited reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination and rapid metabolism, the natural antioxidants' treatment suffers from the undesirable clinical outcomes. Herein, a new natural antioxidant-based nanodrug (VC@cLAVs) that can overcome above issues is developed to treat AS by loading natural antioxidant vitamin C (VC) into the natural antioxidant lipoic acid (LA)-constructed cross-linked vesicles. This integration not only greatly increases the blood half-life of natural antioxidants, but also amplifies the antioxidation capacity by the mutual recycling of two redox pairs LA/DHLA (reduced form of LA) and VC/DHA (oxidized form of VC). In vivo results disclose that VC@cLAVs decreases the apolipoprotein E-deficient mice's plaque area from 52% to 13%, much lower than those of free VC (≈45%) and LA (≈38%). This natural antioxidant-based nanodrug holds great potential in clinics.

Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Elucidate the Metabolomic Variation in Leaf Development of a Calcium-Rich Vegetable (Primulina eburnea)

Primulina eburnea, a plant with a longstanding history of traditional medicinal use, has emerged as a novel calcium-rich vegetable characterized by a remarkable abundance of soluble and bioavailable calcium within its leaves. However, most of the metabolites produced by P. eburnea have not been identified, and few studies have addressed the accumulation of nutritional and medicinal ingredients during leaf development. In the present study, we investigated the “Gaogai-1” cultivar by integrating transcriptomic and mestabolomic methods. A total of 1041 metabolites were identified in calcium-rich vegetable leaves. During leaf development, most of the flavor components, including amino acids and derivatives, organic acids and derivatives, and carbohydrates, decreased their content, which contrasted with the starch content. Most of the antioxidant components, e.g., flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, and phenolamines, were more highly accumulated in the bud leaves than in the mature leaves, but terpenes had the opposite trend. These results indicate that leaves of different developmental stages are suitable for different medicinal uses and that P. eburnea could be regarded as a new type of medicinal and edible vegetable. Furthermore, most of the coding genes related to the important components that influence the flavor and nutritional and medicinal values were identified, and their expressions were consistent with the component accumulation profiles. Transcription factors that may regulate the coding genes were identified by combining the co-expression network and cis-element binding ability prediction. The high level of water-soluble calcium was maintained by the high expression of Ca2+/cation antiporter genes in calcium-rich vegetable leaves. Our results uncovered metabolomic and molecular evidence of the mechanisms of nutritional and medicinal component accumulation underlying the leaf development of a calcium-rich vegetable. This study provides a wealth of data for the future utilization and improvement of calcium-rich vegetable cultivars.

Eating Behavior and Factors of Metabolic Health in Primary Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greek Children.

Childhood obesity has been associated with altered blood lipids and bad eating habits. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic health markers in regard to weight status and dietary habits in schoolchildren. In 134 children (6-11 years), we conducted: (1) Anthropometry, namely z-score BMI (z-BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body composition analysis. (2) Measurements of handgrip strength (HGS), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and VO2max. (3) Quantification of blood lipids and antioxidant vitamins A, E, C. (4) Eating breakfast assessment. About 35% of children were overweight/obese. The z-BMI positively correlated with WHtR (r = 0.637, p < 0.001), and adversely correlated with fat-free mass (r = -0.728, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (r = -0.286, p < 0.001). RMR and VO2max were greater in normal weight children compared to those with overweight/obesity (p < 0.001). HGS did not differ between these groups, but was negatively correlated with dyslipidemia as shown by TG/HDL-C ratio (r = -0.224, p = 0.037). According to regression analysis, eating breakfast routinely at home was positively associated with RMR and adversely associated with z-BMI. Hence, regular breakfast consumption at home may improve RMR in kids. Cardiorespiratory fitness and physical strength are key modulators of metabolic health in Greek children added to a social determinant of health i.e., eating breakfast at home.

Antioxidants ameliorate oxidative stress in alcoholic liver injury by modulating lipid metabolism and phospholipid homeostasis.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a significant risk factor in the global disease burden. The antioxidants vitamin C (Vc) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) have shown hepatoprotective effects in preventing and treating ALD. However, the correlation between the improved effect of antioxidants and lipid metabolism is still unclear. In this study, AML12 cells and C57BL/6 mice stimulated with alcohol were used to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of two antioxidants (Vc and NAC) on alcoholic liver injury. Results showed that Vc and NAC attenuated intracellular lipid accumulation and oxidative damage induced by excessive alcohol exposure in hepatic AML12 cells. The in vivo results indicated that antioxidants ameliorated alcohol-induced changes in histopathology, reducing the levels of alcohol metabolizing factors and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) contents, which demonstrated that antioxidants effectively mitigated liver injury in ALD mice. Further studies showed that antioxidants reversed the disruption of fatty acid (FA) synthesis and lipid transport induced by alcohol exposure, and restored phospholipid levels. Especially, Vc and NAC increased the endogenous antioxidant plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PlsEtn). Additionally, antioxidants ameliorated the alcohol-impaired mitochondrial function and inhibited excessive oxidative stress. In conclusion, antioxidants can regulate lipid metabolism and phospholipid homeostasis, which in turn inhibit oxidative stress and thereby exert protective effects against ALD.

Effect of biopolymer active coating on alteration kinetics of minimally processed fennel stored at different temperatures

The effect of an active coating based on sodium caseinate and propyl gallate on the physical and nutritional quality indices changes of minimally processed fennel stored at different temperatures was investigated. Pseudo-zero and pseudo-first-order models well described the quality changes of the product over time, whereas the Arrhenius-type model was used to estimate the activation energy of the alteration processes in the range of temperatures tested. The kinetic constants of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and vitamin C loss were reduced by 30% and 20% thanks to the presence of the coating. Whereas for the physical properties, the kinetic constants were not affected. Additionally, the TAC loss of coated samples was less sensitive to temperature change (Ea TAC 113) than the control sample (Ea TAC 130). In conclusion, sodium caseinate coating enriched with propyl gallate can be a technological solution to preserve the nutritional quality of minimally processed fennels.

Assessment of antioxidant bioactive properties of iberian dry-cured ham fat-derived essences using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as experimental model

A new essence derived from Iberian dry-cured ham trimmed fat, with high content of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and with antioxidant properties may act as protective agent counteracting the cellular effects of an oxidative insult. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as in vivo experimental model to determine antioxidant properties of essences T30, T60 and T80. Antioxidant capacity was measured as recovery of yeast growth parameters and survivorship, as proxy of systemic cellular response to oxidative stress, when compared to unstressed or stressed cells treated with known antioxidants (vitamin C and resveratrol). At lower dose (1 μl), treated yeasts recovered growth rate (rT30 = 0.252 ± 0.016, rT60 = 0.224 ± 0.054, rT80 = 0.244 ± 0.032 h−1) and increased the number of relative survivors (RST30 = 1.494 ± 0.686, RST60 = 1.384 ± 0.405, RST80 = 1.720 ± 0.650) when compared to oxidative stressed yeasts (r = 0.093 ± 0.029 h−1, RS = 1.000 ± 0.000). The developed essences (T30, T60 and T80) counteract oxidative damage, with no-statistical significantly differences between essences, in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the developed essences could be used as a functional food ingredient to relief oxidative stress, either raising from the onset of various chronic diseases or from external conditions (improving skin conditions), although they need to be validated in clinical studies.

Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins ACE and Iron Supplements on Visual Impairment among Primary and Secondary School Children in Delta State, Nigeria

Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins ACE and Iron Supplements on Visual Impairment among Primary and Secondary School Children in Delta State, Nigeria

Effect of Co-administration of Vitamin A and Artesunate in Malaria-Infected Albino Mice

Malaria is a potentially fatal illness that results from infection by parasitic protozoa, which spread to humans via the bites of mosquitoes that have already been infected with the parasite. This research examines the impact of the simultaneous administration of Vitamin A and Artesunate on Plasmodium berghei-infected albino mice. A cohort of sixteen (16) albino mice, with a mean weight of 28g and indeterminate gender, were subjected to P. berghei inoculation. The mice were separated into four groups, each consisting of four animals. Artesunate was administered to Group A, distilled water was administered to Group B, Group C received antioxidant treatment in the form of vitamin A, and Group D was subjected to a combination treatment of Artesunate and Vitamin A. The study monitored the parasitemia level, hematocrit (PVC), percentage mortality rate, and change in body weight following the administration of various treatments, including an antimalarial drug (Artesunate), distilled water, Vitamin A, and a combination therapy of both Artesunate and Vitamin A. The co-administration of vitamin A and Artesunate may decrease the effectiveness of Artesunate in treating malaria infection. The research illustrates the intricate relationship between Artesunate and antioxidant (vitamin A) in mice infected with malaria. The efficacy of Artesunate in clearing the parasite was demonstrated by the reduction of Parasitaemia levels from +2(++) on the 5th day to +3 (+++) on the 7th day, followed by a decrease to +2(++) on the 9th day, and ultimately to +1(+) Parasitaemia on the 10th day. The co-administration of Vitamin A and Artesunate resulted in a reduction of the latter's efficacy in treating malaria, particularly in cases where the parasitemia level was at +3(+++) on the 5th, seventh, and 11th days and +2(++) on the ninth day. This procedure suggests that Vitamin A acted as an antagonist to the antimalarial effects of Artesunate.&#x0D; Furthermore, the mortality rate was 50%, and the PCV was reduced compared to Group A. Artesunate, a pro-oxidant that generates free oxygen radicals that act against the parasite. However, the presence of antioxidants like Vitamin A potentially counteracted the effects of pro-oxidants, indicating some form of pharmacological antagonism. The research findings indicate that the co-administration of vitamin A and Artesunate may reduce therapeutic effectiveness. Clinical interventions are recommended to be implemented to regulate the simultaneous administration of Artesunate and Vitamin A, as this may impact the therapeutic objective of malaria treatment.

Redox Regulation in Age-Related Cataracts: Roles for Glutathione, Vitamin C, and the NRF2 Signaling Pathway.

Age is the biggest risk factor for cataracts, and aberrant oxidative modifications are correlated with age-related cataracts, suggesting that proper redox regulation is important for lens clarity. The lens has very high levels of antioxidants, including ascorbate and glutathione that aid in keeping the lens clear, at least in young animals and humans. We summarize current functional and genetic data supporting the hypothesis that impaired regulation of oxidative stress leads to redox dysregulation and cataract. We will focus on the essential endogenous antioxidant glutathione and the exogenous antioxidant vitamin C/ascorbate. Additionally, gene expression in response to oxidative stress is regulated in part by the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [NFE2L2]), thus we will summarize our data regarding cataracts in Nrf2-/- mice. In this work, we discuss the function and integration of these capacities with the objective of maintaining lens clarity.

Bergamot juice powder with high bioactive properties: Spray-drying for the preservation of antioxidant activity and ultrasound-assisted extraction for enhanced phenolic compound extraction.

The spray-drying process yielded functional bergamot juice powder with high antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and vitamin C content. Optimal drying conditions were determined as 10% maltodextrin concentration, 146.02°C inlet temperature, and 39.99% pump rate, preserving powder's bioactive properties. Under these drying conditions, bergamot juice powder exhibited an antioxidant activity of 62.2% DPPH scavenging activity, a total phenolic content of 3862.1ppm, and a vitamin C content of 1385.9ppm. The bergamot juice powder, with a water activity of 0.2, bulk density of 0.4g/mL, tapped density of 0.5g/mL, porosity of 89.6%, hygroscopicity of 8.6%, and cohesiveness of 37.2%, is highly suitable for further processing. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of major phenolic compounds in both fresh bergamot juice and spray-dried powder, although their concentrations were lower in the powder form. The major phenolics identified in the fruit juice were naringin (197.5ppm), eriocitrin (105.9ppm), neoeriocitrin (53.4ppm), neohesperidin (68.8ppm), and naringenin (119.8ppm). However, in the powder form, the bitterness-associated compounds, naringin and neohesperidin, exhibited a significant reduction of 85.0% and 90.3%, respectively. Compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (48.4%), ethanol (37.9%), and distilled water (17.3%), ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetone solvent demonstrated the highest efficiency (61.7%) in obtaining phenolic compounds from bergamot juice powder. In conclusion, spray-drying is an effective method for obtaining functional bergamot juice powder, and ultrasound-assisted extraction can further enhance phenolic compound extraction efficiency. These findings have potential applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, with opportunities for further research in functional foods or nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spray-drying yields functional bergamot juice powder with high bioactive properties. Optimal drying conditions can be applied in industrial settings. Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhances phenolic compound extraction efficiency. Potential applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

CYP2E1 triggered GRP78/ATF6/CHOP signaling axis inhibit apoptosis and promotes progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is an enzyme, primarily involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and procarcinogens. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of CYP2E1 triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress in the progression of HCC through inhibition of apoptosis. In vitro CYP2E1 promotes HepG2 cell migration, reduced chromatin condensation, enhanced intracellular ROS accumulation and induce cell cycle progression. Conversely this effect was averted by CYP2E1 siRNA, selective inhibitor Diallyl sulphide (DAS) and antioxidants (vitamin C and E). In vivo Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced HCC rats showed decreased body weight and increased relative liver weight. Moreover, macro trabecular-massive HCC (MTM-HCC) histological subtyping showed pathological features like well-differentiated tumors, micro-trabecular and pseudo glandular patterns, megakaryocytes and cholestasis. Masson's trichrome staining revealed an intensive accumulation of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Increased CYP2E1, VEGF and PCNA enhance the carcinogenicity as revealed in immunohistochemistry results. Immunoblot analysis showed reduced expression of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in cytosolic as well as mitochondrial fraction of rat liver tissue respectively. Also, increased level of CYP2E1 stimulated the upregulation of unfolded proteins response (UPR) and ER stress-related proteins such as Glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP). Meanwhile, CYP2E1 stimulated ER-stress reduces BCL2 and downregulates the cleaved caspase 3 thus suppresses apoptosis. in. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed increased expression level of α-SMA in the HCC rat liver tissue. The level of CYP2E1 mRNA was significantly increased. Altogether, these findings indicate that CYP2E1 has a dynamic role in the pathogenesis of HCC and might be a budding agent in liver carcinogenesis therapy.