Markers Of Antioxidant System Research Articles

Anti-Vasculogenic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharide Derived from Codium tomentosum: Pharmacokinetic Assay.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities of sulfated polysaccharide from C. tomentosum (PCT) using carrageenan (CARR)-induced paw edema in a rat model and anti-vasculogenic activity on a chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) model. Based on in vitro tests of anti-radical, total antioxidant, and reducing power activities, PCT presents a real interest via its antioxidant activity and ability to scavenge radical species. The in vivo pharmacological tests suggest that PCT possesses anti-inflammatory action by reducing paw edema and leukocyte migration, maintaining the redox equilibrium, and stabilizing the cellular level of several pro-/antioxidant system markers. It could significantly decrease the malondialdehyde levels and increase superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activities in local paw edema and erythrocytes during the acute inflammatory reaction of CARR. PCT pretreatment was effective against DNA alterations in the blood lymphocytes of inflamed rats and reduced the hematological alteration by restoring blood parameters to normal levels. The anti-angiogenic activity results revealed that CAM neovascularization, defined as the formation of new vessel numbers and branching patterns, was decreased by PCT in a dose-dependent manner, which supported the in silico bioavailability and pharmacokinetic findings. These results indicated the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides from C. tomentosum and their possible use as anti-proliferative molecules based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities.

Evaluating the efficacy and mechanisms of Hua-Zhuo-Ning-Fu-Decoction on psoriasis using integrated bioinformatics analysis and metabolomics

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHua Zhuo Ning Fu Decoction (HZD) is an empirical prescription from traditional Chinese medicine that shows excellent clinical results for psoriasis patients. Uncertainty lingered over HZD's potential anti-psoriasis mechanisms. Aim of the studyThe study's objective is to investigate the pharmacological processes and therapeutic effects of HZD on psoriasis. Materials and methodsIn the initial phase of the study, an investigation was conducted to assess the effects of HZD on psoriasis-afflicted mice using an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced murine model. The experimental mice were randomly allocated to different groups, including the IMQ-induced model group, the control group, the HZD therapy groups with varying dosage levels (low, medium, and high), and Dexamethasone (DEX, the positive control medicine) group. Bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking were subsequently employed to identify the primary components and molecular targets associated with the therapeutic action of HZD in the context of psoriasis. Additionally, to find the impacts on metabolite regulation, plasma metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used. It's interesting to note that the combined mechanisms from metabolomics were examined in tandem with the targets. In vivo tests were the last step in validating the potential mechanism. Throughout the trial, the following data were recorded: body weight, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). The molecular targets connected to HZD's anti-psoriasis activities were revealed using histological examination, western blot (WB), and ELISA investigation. ResultsIn mice induced with IMQ, HZD shown good anti-psoriasis effects in terms of PASI score and epidermal acanthosis. 95 HZD targets and 77 bioactive chemicals connected to psoriasis were found by bioinformatics research; of these, 7 key targets (EPHX2, PLA2G2A, TBXAS1, MAOA, ALDH1A3, ADH1A, and ADH1B) were linked to the mechanisms of HZD, the combination degree of which was finally expressed by the score of docking. In addition, HZD regulated nine metabolites. In line with this, HZD modified three metabolic pathways. Additionally, a combined examination of 7 key targets and 9 metabolites suggested that the metabolism of arachidonic acid might be the key metabolic route, which was identified by ELISA analysis. The in vivo investigation shown that HZD could control cytokines associated to inflammation (IL-10, TGF-β, IL-17A, and IL-23), as well as important antioxidant system markers (ROS, GSH, and MDA). Moreover, HZD controlled iron levels and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins (ACSL4 and GPX4), suggesting that ferroptosis played a crucial role in this process. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated the whole mechanism and anti-psoriasis effectiveness of HZD, which will promote its clinical application and aid in the investigation of new bioactive components of HZD against psoriasis.

The hepato- and neuroprotective effect of gold Casuarina equisetifolia bark nano-extract against Chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in rats

BackgroundThe bark of Casuarina equisetifolia contains several active phytoconstituents that are suitable for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). These nanoparticles were subsequently evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the toxicity induced by Chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats. ResultsVarious hematological and biochemical measurements were conducted in this study. In addition, markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions quantified in liver and brain tissues were evaluated. Histopathological examinations were performed on both liver and brain tissues. Furthermore, the native electrophoretic protein and isoenzyme patterns were analyzed, and the relative expression levels of apoptotic genes in these tissues were determined. The hematological and biochemical parameters were found to be severely altered in the group injected with CPF. However, the administration of Au-C. equisetifolia nano-extract normalized these levels in all treated groups. The antioxidant system markers showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in conjunction with elevated levels of inflammatory and fibrotic markers in both liver and brain tissues of the CPF-injected group. In comparison, the pre-treated group exhibited a reduction in these markers when treated with the nano-extract, as opposed to the CPF-injected group. Additionally, the nano-extract mitigated the severity of histopathological lesions induced by CPF in both liver and brain tissues, with a higher ameliorative effect observed in the pre-treated group. Electrophoretic assays conducted on liver and brain tissues revealed that the nano-extract prevented the qualitative changes induced by CPF in the pre-treated group. Furthermore, the molecular assay demonstrated a significant increase in the relative expression of apoptotic genes in the CPF-injected rats. Although the nano-extract ameliorated the relative expression of these genes compared to the CPF-injected group, it was unable to restore their values to normal levels. ConclusionOur results demonstrated that the nano-extract effectively reduced the toxicity induced by CPF in rats at hematological, biochemical, histopathological, physiological, and molecular levels, in the group pre-treated with the nano-extract.

The effect of the physical exercise on the redox status of chil- dren with repaired congenital heart diseases

Purpose. Evaluation of the impact of the physical rehabilitation program with the inclusion of ubidecarenone on the redox status in children with repaired congenital heart diseases. Material and methods. Markers of free radical oxidation (lactate, pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio) and antioxidant system (catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) were studied in 84 children, including 48 children with repaired congenital heart diseases and 36 healthy peers. The main group consisted of 28 patients who performed a rehabilitation program using physical activity in combination with taking ubidecarenone for a year, the comparison group consisted of 20 children who received only ubidecarenone. Results. After the rehabilitation program was completed, both the main group and the comparison group had a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in lactate levels, the ratio of lactate to pyruvate, and an increase in catalase and reduced RBC glutathione. The group of children who performed physical exercises had significantly lower levels of markers of free radical oxidation and higher values of markers of the antioxidant system than the patients from the comparison group. Conclusion. There are free radical oxidation and the antioxidant system impairments in children with repaired congenital heart diseases. The use of ubidecarenone reduces oxidative stress and increases antioxidant protection in children with repaired congenital heart diseases. The inclusion of physical activity in the rehabilitation program for children with repaired congenital heart diseases improves the redox status and increases the effectiveness of rehabilitation.

Oxidative Stress in Plasma from Patients with Marfan Syndrome Is Modulated by Deodorized Garlic Preliminary Findings

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue that affects the fibrillin-1 protein (FBN-1). It is associated with the formation of aneurysms, damage to the endothelium and oxidative stress (OS). Allium sativum (garlic) has antioxidant properties; therefore, the goal of this study was to show the antioxidant effect of deodorized garlic (DG) on antioxidant enzymes and OS markers in the plasma of patients with MFS. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD), peroxidases, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gluthatione-S-tranferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) was quantified, and nonenzymatic antioxidant system markers including lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbonylation, nitrates/nitrites, GSH, and vitamin C in plasma were determined in patients with MFS before and after treatment with DG. The results show that DG increased the activity of the EcSOD, peroxidases, GPx, GST, TrxR (p ≤ 0.05) and decrease LPO, carbonylation, and nitrates/nitrites (p ≤ 0.01). However, glutathione was increased (p = 0.01) in plasma from patients with MFS. This suggests that treatment with garlic could lower the OS threshold by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and could help in the prevention and mitigation of adverse OS in patients with MFS.

ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ СТРЕСС И АНТИОКСИДАНТНАЯ СИСТЕМА ПРИ НЕСПЕЦИФИЧЕСКОМ АОРТОАРТЕРИИТЕ I ТИПА

Objective: To study the features of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidant system (AOS) in blood in Takayasu arteritis (NF) with a predominant lesion of brachiocephalic vessels. Methods: Several markers of LPO (malondialdehyde – MDA), AOS (superoxide dismutase – SOD, ascorbic acid – AA) and inflammation (sialic acid – SA) were studied in 16 patients with type I TA, where the inflammatory process was localized mainly in the aortic arch and its branches. Most commonly TA was observed among females (n=14; 87.5%), the average age of patients was 20.8±0.8 years. The study of the above markers was carried out in two stages: upon admission of patients in the stage of exacerbation of inflammation and after targeted anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant therapy – in the stage of remission of the inflammatory process. Results: The study of LPO and AOS showed that in all patients, upon admission, there was a considerable oxidant-antioxidant imbalance due to an acute inflammatory process. MDA was increased by 2.6 times constituting 3.9±0.1 μmol/l. After pathogenetically targeted therapy, its significant decrease to 2.9±0.1 μmol/l (р˂0.001) was achieved. Activation of LPO was paralleled with a significant decrease of the body's AOS markers. The activity of SOD and concentration of AA during acute inflammatory process was reduced by 1.4 and 1.3 times, and amounted to 13.3±0.1 c.u./l and 57.8±0.3 μmol/l, respectively. After pulse therapy these indicators showed a significant increase compared with the initial data: up to 15.9±0.2 c.u./l and 63.9±0.4 μmol/l, respectively. The content of SA, which is one of the important components of cell membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids, was increased by 2.3 times (6.1±0.1 mmol/l), while after treatment it significantly decreased to 3.4±0.1 mmol/l (p˂0.001). Gender and age did not affect the dynamics of the specified markers, except for SA, which showed higher values in women (p<0.05). Conclusion: With TA in the stage of acute inflammation, increased content of MDA was found, indicating development of the oxidative stress. On this background the AOS indicators were decreased, which should be taken into account during preoperative preparation of patients for upcoming revascularization. The inclusion antioxidants in the protocol of standard TA therapy may improve the patients’ outcomes. Keywords: Takayasu arteritis, lipid peroxidation , antioxidant system, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, sialic acid.

Ubiquinone Levels as a Marker of Antioxidant System in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

The aims of this study are to compare serum ubiquinone levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with healthy controls and to investigate the correlation between ubiquinone levels of children with ADHD and their ADHD symptoms. Twenty-seven children who are 6-12years old age with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder having clinically normal intelligence and 23 children with clinically normal intelligence and no psychiatric disorder of similar age and sex who referred to Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry were included in this study. All children were diagnosed by same researcher using the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Scale for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview for School Children-Now and for the Life-Long Version (K-SADS-PL). Parents and teachers of the children completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CPRS-LF) and Conners Teacher Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CTRS-LF). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the age, gender, and sociodemographic data of the groups. Serum ubiquinone levels of the ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group. We did not find any correlation between ubiquinone levels and clinical values. Since ubiquinone levels are lower in children with ADHD compared with controls, we suggest that decreased antioxidant levels may play a role in ADHD pathogenesis by disrupting oxidative balance.

Дифференциальная диагностика ранней и поздней задержки роста плода на основании маркеров про- и антиоксидантной систем

Дифференциальная диагностика ранней и поздней задержки роста плода на основании маркеров про- и антиоксидантной систем

Tissue-Specific Oxidative Stress Modulation by Exercise: A Comparison between MICT and HIIT in an Obese Rat Model.

Background and Aim Exercise is an effective strategy to reduce obesity-induced oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two training modalities (moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) on the pro/antioxidant status of different tissues in obese Zucker rats. Methods Eight-week-old male Zucker rats (fa/fa, n = 36) were subdivided in three groups: MICT, HIIT, and control (no exercise) groups. Trained animals ran on a treadmill (0° slope), 5 days/week for 10 weeks (MICT: 51 min at 12 m·min−1; HIIT: 6 sets of 3 min at 10 m·min−1 followed by 4 min at 18 m·min−1). Epididymal (visceral) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, and plasma samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)), antioxidant system markers (ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities), and prooxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, myeloperoxidase content). Results Compared with the control, MICT increased GPx and catalase activities and the FRAP level in epididymal adipose tissue. HIIT increased the AOPP level in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In the muscle, HIIT increased both SOD and GPx activities and reduced the AOPP level, whereas MICT increased only SOD activity. Finally, plasma myeloperoxidase content was similarly decreased by both training modalities, whereas oxLDL was reduced only in the MICT group. Conclusion Both HIIT and MICT improved the pro/antioxidant status. However, HIIT was more efficient than MICT in the skeletal muscle, whereas MICT was more efficient in epididymal adipose tissue. This suggests that oxidative stress responses to HIIT and MICT are tissue-specific. This could result in ROS generation via different pathways in these tissues. From a practical point of view, the two training modalities should be combined to obtain a global response in people with obesity.

Evidence of metabolic imbalance and oxidative stress among patients suffering from pressure ulcers

Background: Pressure ulcers (PU) are serious medical problems that involve several factors. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress along with chronic inflammation may cause and develop PU. However, the metabolic disturbances underlying PU are not totally known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate biochemical oxidative stress markers in Tunisian patients suffering from PU.Methods: A total of 100 adult patients with PU and 213 healthy adult controls were selected for the study. Biochemical parameters related to immune profiles, and biomarkers of the liver, kidney, and inflammatory proteins were evaluated using recently developed automated measurement methods. Oxidant–antioxidant system markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl proteins, total antioxidant potential, total oxidant status (TOS), catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase) were studied using appropriate methods.Results: Patients with PU showed, remarkably, abnormal levels of biochemical markers and relatively higher systemic oxidative stress compared to healthy subjects. This provides the first evidence that alterations in biochemical parameters and oxidative stress are features of PU.Conclusions: Understanding the signaling pathways involved in the development of PU will provide experts with additional knowledge for therapeutic strategies aimed at limiting the oxidative and inflammatory reactions in affected patients.ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT0257800

Biochemical approaches to assess oxidative stress induced by exposure to natural and synthetic dyes in early life stages in zebrafish

ABSTRACT Zebrafish early life stages were found to be sensitive to several synthetic dyes widely used in industries. However, as environmental concentrations of such contaminants are often at sublethal levels, more sensitive methods are required to determine early-warning adverse consequences. The aim of this study was to utilize a multibiomarker approach to examine underlying oxidative stress mechanisms triggered by sublethal concentrations of synthetic azo dye Basic Red 51 (BR51), the natural dye erythrostominone (ERY), and its light-degraded product using zebrafish embryos. Biochemical biomarkers included parameters of detoxification and markers of antioxidant system, as well as oxidative damage. Results showed pro-oxidant mechanisms attributed to BR51 and ERY as evidenced by increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, a phase II detoxification enzyme related to reactive oxygen species detoxification. BR51 also elevated total glutathione (GSH+GSSG) levels and catalase activity. However, both dyes induced oxidative damage as evidenced by elevated lipid peroxidation content. In contrast, when the natural dye was photodegraded, no marked effects were observed for all biomarkers assessed. Data indicate that such dyes are pro-oxidants at sublethal concentrations, predominantly involving GSH and/or related enzymes pathway.

Salivary a-Amylase and Albumin Levels In Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Poorly or Well Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Recent studies suggest that chronic periodontitis (CP) and type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are bidirection- ally associated. Analysis of saliva as a mirror of oral and systemic health could allow identification of α amylase (α-Am) and albumin (A1) antioxidant system markers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of both diseases. The aims of study, compare the clinical periodontal parameters in chronic periodontitis patients with poorly or well controlled T2DM, salivary α-Am, A1, flow rate (FR) and pH then correlate between biochemical, physical and clinical periodontal parameters of each study and control groups. Materials and Methods : 80 males, with an age range of (35-50) years were divided into four groups, (20 subjects at each): two groups had well or poorly controlled T2DM both of them with chronic periodontitis, group of patients with only chronic periodontitis and control group with healthy periodontium and systemically healthy. From all subjects unstimulated whole salivary samples were collected to measure FR, pH, Al and α – Am, then clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level)were recorded. Results : patients had chronic periodontitis with poorly controlled T2DM demonstrated the highest median values of all clinical periodontal parameters and highest increase in levels of salivary α-Am and Al with lowest median values of FR and pH, in addition to the highly significant differences among the study and control groups regarding biochemical and phys - ical parameters. Positive correlation were revealed between α-Am with Al and both of them with all clinical periodontal parameters but, they were negative with FR and pH. Conclusion : patients with poor glycemic control had more severe periodontal tissue break down with decrease in FR and pH also obvious increase in levels of A1 and α- Am so, these biochemical markers will provide an objective phenotype to allow practitioners for early diagnosis, which is essential for improved prognosis and effective delay of clinical compli- cations associated with chronic periodontitis and DM and an important strategy to lower the incidence of both diseases world wide.

Skeletal muscle findings in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

IntroductionSkeletal muscle is a target organ in multiple sclerosis, a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system caused by demyelination and axonal deterioration. Since the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model reproduces the relapsing-remitting course found in most multiple sclerosis patients, this model was used to compare the histological features of skeletal muscle at onset with those observed at the start of the second relapse. Material and methodsHistological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes, as well as biochemical oxidative damage and antioxidant-system markers, were examined in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of Dark Agouti rats in which experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis had been induced by active immunization using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. ResultsHistological examination at disease onset revealed ragged-red fibers and ultrastructural evidence of mitochondrial degeneration. At the second relapse, neurogenic changes included a wide range of cytoarchitectural lesions, skeletal muscle atrophy and the appearance of intermediate fibers; however, differences were observed between soleus and extensor digitorum longus lesions. Biochemical tests disclosed an increase in oxidative stress markers at onset, which was more pronounced at the second relapse. ConclusionsMicroscopic findings suggest that two patterns can be distinguished at disease onset: an initial phase characterized by muscle mitochondrial alterations, and a second phase dominated by a histological muscle pattern of clearly neurogenic origin.

The Influence of the BioR Remedy Administration on the Prooxidant (oxidant) - Antioxidant System Parameters in Broilers

The purpose of the research was the complex study of the BioR remedy effects investigation on broilers health and productivity. The tested BioR remedy produced in the Republic of Moldova is obtained through modern technologies from Spirulina platensis. The study was made in production conditions and involved 5 lots of broilers (1 control lot and 4 experimental lots), 30 broilers each. The remedy was administrated twice: on the 9th and on the 21st day of life in different doses to each lot while the broilers from the control lot were injected saline. The main purpose of our research was to highlight the effects of this drug on the prooxidant (oxidant) – antioxidant system markers and in order to evaluate them were studied the values of some bioproductive indices. The study results revealed that the BioR remedy tested on broilers is well tolerated, reduces the intensity of the oxidant stress which shows in the increase of the malon – dialdehide (MDA) level in serum and in the intensification of the antioxidant system and of other biochemical indices that in general are reflected by higher values of the bioproductivity in the lots treated with BioR.

Coenzyme Q10 and its Relation with Oxidant and Antioxidant System Markers in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Rationale and objectives: Oxidative stress is increased in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing dialysis treatment. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a ubiquitous and strong antioxidant. Role of CoQ10 is not fully evaluated in renal patients. We aimed to investigate the relationship of CoQ10 with oxidant and antioxidant system markers in patients with renal disease. Material and methods: Forty patients with CKD (stages 3–5) who were managed conservatively without dialysis treatment, 40 hemodialysis, and 60 chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients were included in the study. Biochemical and whole blood analyses were done using hospital auto-analyzers from stored samples. Serum CoQ10, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and antioxidant activity (AOA) levels were determined. Main findings: There was no difference among the groups in terms of serum CoQ10 levels. However, other components of antioxidant system, namely, SOD and AOA were significantly higher in CAPD patients when compared to CKD patients. MDA levels were not significantly different among the groups. Principal conclusion(s): The results of this study showed no difference among CKD, CAPD, and hemodialysis patients in terms of serum CoQ10 levels.

Serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products, malonyldialdehyde, and total radical trapping antioxidant parameter in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Oxidative stress increases in chronic hepatitis C, and antioxidant defense mechanisms are impaired. The aims of this study were to compare chronic hepatitis C patients and healthy subjects according to oxidative stress and antioxidant system markers, and to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and hepatosteatosis. This is an observational study in a tertiary center. Twenty-nine biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C patients, with no prior anti-viral treatment and persistently elevated serum transaminase levels for 6 months, were included. The control group included 46 healthy subjects. Advanced oxidation protein products and malonyldialdehyde levels were measured. Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter was calculated. Baseline characteristics were similar in the patient and control groups. In chronic hepatitis C patients, serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products were significantly higher than in the control group (235.0±142.8 vs 116.7±79.5, p<0.001). Serum levels of malonyldialdehyde were also significantly higher than in the control group (9.3±2.1 vs 6.5±1.1, p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter. The total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter/advanced oxidation protein products index was significantly lower in chronic hepatitis C patients than in healthy controls (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between advanced oxidation protein products and malonyldialdehyde and hepatosteatosis. We conclude that oxidative stress occurs in chronic hepatitis C, and antioxidant defense mechanisms are inadequate. Serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products and malonyldialdehyde are higher in chronic hepatitis C patients when compared to healthy individuals, and may be useful markers in chronic hepatitis C.

Circulating leukocyte heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and oxidative stress markers in rats after a bout of exhaustive exercise

A novel method to measure oxidative stress resulting from exhaustive exercise in rats is presented. In this new procedure we evaluated the erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), the plasma oxidative attack markers, reactive carbonyl derivatives (RCD) and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Muscular tissue damage was evaluated by monitoring plasma creatine kinase (CK) and plasma taurine (Tau) concentrations. Also, we monitored total sulphydryl groups (TSG) and uric acid (UA), and the level of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) in leukocytes as a marker of oxidative stress. In the study we found a correspondence between erythrocyte CAT and GR activities and leukocyte HSP70 levels, principally 3 h after the acute exercise, and this suggested an integrated mechanism of antioxidant defense. The increase in levels of plasma Tau was coincident with the increasing plasma levels of CK and TBARS, principally after two hours of exercise. Thus tissue damage occurred before the expression of any anti-oxidant system markers and the monitoring of Tau, CK or TBARS may be important for the estimation of oxidative stress during exhaustive exercise. Furthermore, the integrated analyses could be of value in a clinical setting to quantify the extent of oxidative stress risk and reduce the need to perform muscle biopsies as a tool of clinical evaluation.