Antioxidant Substances Research Articles

Recovery of antioxidant compounds from wine lees using membrane technologies

Considering the substantial volume available and the high concentration of antioxidant compounds in wine lees composition, the present work investigated the use of this winemaking by-product as a raw material for the recovery of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. This study explores a process that includes an aqueous extraction step of the antioxidant substances from wine lees, followed by microfiltration to remove suspended material, and a nanofiltration step, resulting in a concentrate rich in anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. The final product consists of an extract concentrated in natural antioxidant compounds with high antioxidant activity and presenting potential to be used in formulations of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The process presented is grounded on sustainability, using eco-friendly solvents and clean technologies, aligning with the principles of circular economy and adding value to wine industry by-products.

T-2 Toxin Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Effects, Mechanisms, Mitigations, and Future Perspectives.

T-2 toxin is a highly toxic fungal toxin that threatens humans and animals' health. As a major detoxifying and metabolic organ, the kidney is also a target of T-2 toxin. This article reviews T-2 toxin nephrotoxicity research progress, covering renal structure and function damage, nephrotoxicity mechanisms, and detoxification methods to future research directions. T-2 toxin damages kidney structure, causing renal dysfunction. The nephrotoxicity mechanism of T-2 toxin involves multiple factors including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitophagy, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis, which are intertwined and interdependent. Current detoxification strategies mainly involve reducing T-2 toxin in feedstuff and using antioxidant substances, but both have limits. Future research should focus on renal cells sensitivity to T-2 toxin, exploring key molecules in T-2 toxin's nephrotoxicity, renal injury's impact on other organs, and better detoxification methods. This review aims to guide future research and underpin T-2 toxin-induced nephrotoxicity prevention and treatment.

Microneedles as Modern Carriers of Plant Extracts

Recently, intensive research has been conducted on effective and simple systems for delivering active substances deep into the epidermis, e.g., for the treatment of skin inflammation. One possibility can be the use of soluble microneedles in which active compounds are encapsulated. This article describes the preparation of modern carriers, namely microneedles with encapsulated extracts of red beet or parsley leaves, that are rich in active substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, specifically betanin and apigenin. The concentration of hyaluronic acid sodium salt, the method of preparing the solution, and the technique of the complete filling of molds were optimized. Plant extracts were obtained with sonication or maceration. In order to characterize the extracts obtained, several techniques were employed, such as UV–Vis, LC–MS, GC–MS, and FTIR-ATR. The analyses performed allowed for confirmation of the presence of selected active substances in the extracts. The most optimal solution of the microneedles’ precursor turned out to be the one with a concentration of 10 wt.% of sodium hyaluronate, prepared by stirring and sonication. The most efficient extraction method for each plant was chosen, and the extracts were introduced into a solution of hyaluronic acid sodium salt. The resulting soluble microneedle patches can be used as an alternative to the traditional methods of delivering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant substances of plant origin.

Genetic Tendency Analysis and Comprehensive Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Leaves and Flowers of Loquat F1 Generation.

Loquat leaves, flowers, and other organs contain abundant antioxidant substances, which have wide applications in medicine, health, and food industries. This study aims to provide theoretical guidance for loquat hybrid parent and combination selection and a basis for high-quality loquat strain screening and development. For comprehensive antioxidant profiling, we used "Ninghaibai" and "Oobusa" loquat and their F1 generation as experimental materials to determine the total phenol, flavonoid, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP content in the leaves and flowers of 56 strains. Five traits, including total phenols, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, were widely separated and normally distributed in the flowers of 56 F1 loquat strains, exhibiting the genetic basis of these quantitative traits. However, these traits displayed widely separated and slightly skewed distribution in the leaves of the F1 generation. The total phenols, flavonoids, DPPH, and FRAP showed a trend of small inheritance in the leaves. However, the ABTS showed a trend of medium and high inheritance in leaves and flowers, respectively. Through cluster and principal component analyses, a comprehensive antioxidant activity evaluation was conducted. Ten strains with comprehensive scores greater than 1 for antioxidant activity in leaves and flowers were selected. Among them, the top three strains with high antioxidant capacity were ND107, "Oobusa", and ND128. These results suggest that hybrid breeding guided by the genetic characteristics of each trait can improve the possibility of cultivating new varieties with high antioxidant activity.

Integrative molecular and physiological insights into the phytotoxic impact of liquid crystal monomer exposure and the protective strategy in plants.

Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), the integral components in the manufacture of digital displays, have engendered environmental concerns due to extensive utilization and intensive emission. Despite their prevalence and ecotoxicity, the LCM impacts on plant growth and agricultural yield remain inadequately understood. In this study, we investigated the specific response mechanisms of tobacco, a pivotal agricultural crop and model plant, to four representative LCMs (2OdF3B, 5CB, 4PiMeOP, 2BzoCP) through integrative molecular and physiological approaches. The findings reveal specific impacts, with 4PiMeOP exerting the most pronounced effects, followed by 2BzoCP, 5CB, and 2OdF3B. LCM exposure disrupts the photosynthetic apparatus, exacerbating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in leaves, which in turn triggers the upregulation of antioxidative enzymes and the synthesis of antioxidant substances. Additionally, LCMs strongly stimulate the expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signalling pathways. The AI-assisted meta-analysis implicates ABA as a critical regulator in the tobacco response to LCMs. Notably, exogenous application of ABA alleviates LCM-induced toxicities, highlighting the pivotal role of ABA in stress amelioration. Our study provides novel insights into the toxicity and tolerance mechanisms of LCMs in plants, shedding light on both their harmful effects on the ecosystems and potential adaptation responses. This is crucial to develop sustainable agricultural systems by reducing the negative environmental impacts caused by emerging organic pollutants.

Exploring the Effects of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Polysaccharides on the Fecal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites of Fattening Pigs Based on 16S rDNA and Metabolome Sequencing.

Sixty Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) castrated male finishing pigs were randomly divided into negative control (NC) and gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides (GLP) groups to study the effects of GLP on the fecal microbiota and fecal metabolites of fattening pigs. The NC group was fed a basic diet, and the GLP group was fed a basic diet supplemented with 0.1% GLP. The diversity of the species and the fecal metabolites were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolome sequencing, respectively. The serum immune and antioxidant indices were analyzed using the ELISA assay. The abundances of hazardous bacteria such as Proteobacteria at the phylum level and Shigella at the genus level were extremely significantly decreased (p < 0.01) and those of beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes at the phylum level (p < 0.01), Clostridium at the genus level (p < 0.01), and Lactobacillus at the genus level (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in the GLP group compared with the NC group. A total of 41 differentially expressed metabolites were identified. The expression of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant active substances, such as methyl cinnamate, protopanaxatriol, and isovanillic acid, was elevated in the GLP group. The ELISA assay showed increased GSH-Px activity (p < 0.01), T-AOC (p < 0.01), IgG (p < 0.01), IgA (p < 0.05), and IgM (p < 0.05) in the GLP group. These results indicate that dietary GLP supplementation can improve the antioxidant ability, anti-inflammatory ability, and immune level of fattening pigs by regulating fecal flora and metabolites and could be used as a functional feed additive.

Antioxidant capacity and athletic condition of endurance horses undergoing nutraceutical supplementation.

Endurance is an equestrian discipline that primarily relies on aerobic metabolism. Intense aerobic exercise produces reactive oxygen species due to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant substances, known as oxidative stress, which may reduce athletic performance. This study evaluated the effects of a feed supplement containing natural antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids on the blood antioxidant activity and the athletic condition of endurance horses undergoing an exercise test. Twelve Arabian endurance horses were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. At T0, blood lactate, whole blood and red blood cells (RBC) antioxidant capacity were assessed. The horses performed an exercise test with heart rate monitoring. After 30 minutes, blood lactate, antioxidant capacity and serum creatine kinase (CK) were measured. The treatment group received the dietary supplement for 21 days, while controls maintained their diet. Then, the protocol was repeated (T1). Variables were compared within and between groups through two-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests. Significant time*group effects were observed for serum CK (p = 0.026), RBC antioxidant capacity at rest (p = 0.034) and post-exercise (p = 0.019). At T1, in treatment group, CK was lower than controls (p = 0.006), while RBC antioxidant capacity increased at rest (p = 0.037) and after exercise (p = 0.006) compared to T0. The dietary supplement showed efficacy in enhancing RBC antioxidant capacity, and it could be beneficial for horses engaged in intense aerobic exercise.

Analysis of the antioxidant efficacy substances in fermented black mulberry juice and their preventive effects on oxidative stress in C2C12 cells.

This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and bioactive compound content of mixed-strain lactic acid bacteria-fermented black mulberry juice (FBMJ) and its protective effects against oxidative stress using physicochemical experiments and a cellular oxidative stress model. We also performed preliminary analyses of polysaccharide structures in FBMJ and identified the dynamic changes in the phenolic profiles of FBMJ during the fermentation process. The results indicated that FBMJ polyphenols can improve cell vitality and prevent H2O2-induced oxidative stress by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species concentrations and regulating mitochondrial membrane potential. Metabolomic analysis proposed transformation pathways for FBMJ polyphenols, including the biotransformation of specific phenolic acids, such as hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, and the degradation of rutin and anthocyanins. These findings will help explain why fermentation enhances the bioactivity of black mulberry juice by elucidating the biotransformation of polyphenolic compounds during fermentation.

Enhancement of superoxide dismutase gene expression in mice following the administration of cinnamon bark extract

Proliferation of free radicals in the body, particularly in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces oxidative stress. One can enhance the antioxidant levels in the body by ingesting antioxidant substances. The cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is rich in flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, coumarins, and polyfunctional organic acids. These compounds can serve as significant antioxidants in neutralizing radicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cinnamon extract on the expression of the superoxidase dismutase (SOD) gene in hepatocytes and spermatozoa of male mice. The treatments included: C: no administration of cinnamon extract, T1: administration of cinnamon extract at a concentration of 75 mg/kgBW, T2: administration of cinnamon extract at a concentration of 150 mg/kgBW. The amount of SOD cDNA after cinnamon extract administration was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR with β-Actin as internal control. This study shows that cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) had a statistically significant effect (p &lt; 0.05) on the upregulation of the superoxidase dismutase (SOD) gene expression in sperm (3.44) as well as liver cells (3,73) of male mice. The optimal dosage is 150 mg/kg body weight.

Influence of chitosan encapsulation on functionality and stability of astaxanthin nanoemulsion fabricated using high pressure homogenizer.

Astaxanthin is a natural antioxidant substance, but it can be easily degraded by light, heat, and oxidation. One solution to overcome these problems is to transform astaxanthin into nanoemulsion within a protective matrix produced during an encapsulation process. In this study astaxanthin nanoemulsion (ANE) and chitosan (CS) incorporated with ANE (CS-ANE) were fabricated using high-pressure homogenizer (HPH). Experiments were carried out to establish the influence of HPH pressure (150 and 180 MPa) and number of cycles (1-4 cycles) passing through the HPH nozzle, and CS concentration (0 % (CS0-ANE), 0.55 % (CS1-ANE), 0.75 % (CS2-ANE) and 0.95 % (CS3-ANE)) on the droplet size, zeta-potential, size distribution, morphology, encapsulation efficiency (EE), thermal stability, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays). The zeta potential of ANE increased after incorporated with CS. The droplet size of CS-ANE decreased with increasing HPH pressure and number of cycles. The EE of CS0-ANE increased significantly from 59.61 % to 76 % for CS1-ANE, 87.04 % for CS2-ANE, and 90.28 % for CS3-ANE. CS2-ANE and CS3-ANE had thermal stability at 90 °C for 30 min and could preserve antioxidant activity of astaxanthin better than CS0-ANE and CS1-ANE. Besides antioxidant assays, the antioxidant potential of the CS-ANE was also evaluated in a real food system and found that CS2-ANE was the best for inhibition of lipid oxidation in safflower oil during storage at 45 °C. These results indicated that CS encapsulation can enhance stability and preserve antioxidant activity of astaxanthin.

Https://www.azpharmjournal.org/en/jurnal/azerbaycan-florasinin-perspektiv-yabani

Studying the antioxidant activity of various fruit plants is an important issue for researchers and is very important in terms of human health and prevention of many diseases. Antioxidant activity of 2 varieties of Prunus cerasifera species growing in the territory of Nakhchivan AR was studied by the DPPH method. The absorbance values of the fruit samples were measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 517 nm by mixing the sample with radical in a ratio of 1:1. The radical scavenging power of antioxidant substances was calculated by drawing an exponential graph from the obtained values. The antioxidant activity of red cherry plum variety was DPPH SC50 (mg/mL) 1.01 ± 0.038 in the sample weighed 6.70g/20 mL, and 2.83 ± 0.043 in the sample weighed 8.97g/20 mL yellow cherry plum variety. Thus, the antioxidant activity of the yellow cherry variety is higher than that of the red cherry variety.

High-Intensity Continuous Light from Red-Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Improved Yield, Nutritional Quality and Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Two Leaf-Color Lettuces.

In an environmentally controlled plant factory with LED red-blue light, the effects of conventional light (4R:1B, 200 μmol·m-2·s-1, 18/6 h) and continuous light (CL, 24/0 h) with three light intensities (4R:1B, 200, 300 and 400 μmol·m-2·s-1, 24/0 h) on yield, nutritional quality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) in green-leaf Yidali and purple-leaf Zishan lettuces were investigated. The results showed that the dry and fresh shoot weight of two lettuces exposed to CL tended to increase with light intensity-from 200 to 400 μmol·m-2·s-1-compared to conventional light, while the leaf area tended to decrease or remained unchanged. High-intensity CL could significantly increase soluble sugar and reduce the nitrate contents of the two lettuces. Also, the antioxidant substance (anthocyanins, flavonoids and total phenols) content of the two lettuces was improved with the increase in CL intensity. High-intensity CL could significantly increase the malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion content and DPPH of the two lettuces. The above indices showed similar results both at 6 and 12 days after light treatment. In contrast, the Zishan cultivar contained more antioxidant substances, ROS and MDA contents and DPPH (more than 1 to 100 times) than the Yidali cultivar under high-intensity CL. In summary, high-intensity CL could improve the yield and nutritional value of both Yidali and Zishan lettuces. The high CL tolerance of Zishan was attributed to a stronger antioxidant capacity due to a greater content of antioxidant substances and DPPH, while the accumulation of ROS and the content of antioxidant substances might interact.

Effect of Aerobic Training on Quality of Life in the Elderly with Idiopathic Chronic Fatigue

Objective: Idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) is described as clinically diagnosed physical and/or psychological chronic fatigue of more than 6 months, with no known/detected underlying pathologies/disorders. As no study has discussed the effect of scheduled, regular, and supervised aerobic exercise on fatigue severity, physical performance, and quality of life (QoL) in ICF elderly, this study was applied to achieve this aim. Material and Methods: Forty ICF elderly (from both genders) were divided evenly into the study group that received 8-week aerobic exercises plus traditional physical therapy balance and stretching exercises (n=20) and the control group (n=20) who received traditional physical therapy balance and stretching exercises only. The fatigue severity assessment scale (FSAS), The elderly’s Brief-Version Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (EBVQOLQ), six-minute walking distance (6MWD), and serum glutathione (as an anti-oxidative substance) were assessed. Results: Only the study group’s outcomes (EBVQOLQ, six minute walk distance (SMWD), serum glutathione, and FSAS) showed significant improvements. Conclusion: Eight-week aerobic exercises in ICF elderly can improve fatigue perception, physical performance/capacity, QoL, and anti-oxidative defense.

Sensitivity of Newly Prepared Nanomaterials to NO2 Gas and its Importance on Environmental and Industrial Safety

Polyaniline (PANI) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) doped with nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposite have emerged as promising materials for gas sensing applications due to their high conductivity and surface area. This study improves the synthesized PANI/MnO2:NiO nanocomposites' sensitivity towards NO2 gas. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the produced nanocomposites. More precise methods were investigated to identify problems associated with oxidation, corrosion and sensor activity, such as increasing the amount of added nickel oxide, changing the structure of nanocomposites, and regulating the working temperature and humidity. Based on the results of this study, it is critical to comprehend how sensitive nanomaterials are to NO2 gas because exposure to this pollutant can negatively impact the environment and human health. Strategies to reduce its effects and improve industrial and environmental safety can be devised based on how nanomaterials react to nitrogen dioxide gas. We also examine antioxidants and PANI/MnO2:NiO nanocomposites for their anti-corrosion properties to guarantee long-term stability with the sensor's conductivity. Strong antioxidant and corrosion-resistant substances should be added to the sensor to extend its lifespan and maintain its performance under challenging operating conditions. Integrating these sensitive nanomaterials into gas-sensing devices can significantly improve environmental monitoring and industrial safety protocols, ultimately contributing to better air quality management and public health protection.

Antioxidant and Antiaging Activity of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Ethyl Acetate Fraction in Caenorhabditis elegans.

In aerobic organisms, such as humans, oxygen radicals are inevitably produced. To counteract oxidation, the body generates antioxidant substances that suppress free radicals. However, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase due to aging and lifestyle factors, leading to exposure to various diseases. While synthetic antioxidants offer advantages like high stability, low cost, and availability, their safety remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiaging activities of Houttuynia cordata (HC), which is rich in flavonoids and has excellent antioxidant properties, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. Extraction and fractionation of HC were performed to evaluate antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical scavenging activity) and antiaging effects (lifespan). The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) with the highest activity was selected for further investigation. The EAF of HC exhibited high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, presenting the highest DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. This fraction increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in nematodes in a concentration-dependent manner and provided resistance to oxidative stress, reducing ROS accumulation. Additionally, the fraction enhanced the lifespan of nematodes, improved resistance to heat stress, increased survival rates, and decreased the accumulation of aging pigments (lipofuscin). The expression of daf-2, daf-16, and sir-2.1, proteins directly involved in nematode aging, was confirmed. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry identified quercitrin in the HC extract, which may contribute to its antioxidant and antiaging effects. The EAF of HC demonstrates significant potential for influencing antioxidant and antiaging, as evidenced by functional investigations using C. elegans.

The Potential of Plant Extracts Used in Cosmetic Product Applications-Antioxidants Delivery and Mechanism of Actions.

Natural ingredients have been used in skincare products for thousands of years. The current focus is on novel natural bioactivities that shield the skin from UV rays and free radicals, among other damaging elements, while enhancing skin health. Free radicals significantly contribute to skin damage and hasten ageing by interfering with defence and restorative processes. Plants contain natural chemicals that can scavenge free radicals and have antioxidant capabilities. Plant materials are becoming increasingly popular as natural antioxidants related to the expanding interest in plant chemistry. This review focuses on the significance of medicinal plants in skin health and ageing and their potential as a source of antioxidant substances such as vitamins, polyphenols, stilbenes, flavonoids, and methylxanthines.

Effects of oxidative stress on the changes of viability of Paeonia lactiflora seeds with different water content before and after cryopreservation

Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (LN) is an efficient long - term seed preservation strategy and water content is one of the main factors affecting seed viability after cryopreservation. In this study, Paeonia lactiflora seeds with varying water content were used as materials to determine changes in the antioxidant system before and after cryopreservation. When the water content of P. lactiflora seeds was 15.96 %–10.12 %, the viability of P. lactiflora seeds decreased significantly compared with that of the seeds without cryopreservation, but at the water content of 8.14 %–7.56 % there were no significant differences. However, when the water content of P. lactiflora seeds decreased to 6.01 %–5.19 % the viability was slightly increased compared to the seeds without cryopreservation. The content of superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (·OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl group (PCO) of seeds with high water content (15.96 %–10.12 %) were significantly increased after cryopreservation. However, superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (·OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) did not change significantly in seeds with low water content (6.01 %–5.19 %) after cryopreservation, while oxidative stress indexes MDA and PCO decreased. These three substances were significantly negatively correlated with seed viability. In terms of antioxidant substances, the contents of catalase (CAT), ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) decreased and the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) increased during the cryopreserved process of seeds with varying water content. These changes were significantly correlated with ROS content and the changes of MDA and PCO, among which AsA content, GSH content and CAT activity were positively correlated with seed viability. The changes of GR and DHAR activity were negatively correlated with seed viability. In summary, when the water content of the seeds ranged from 8.14 % to 5.19 %, ROS content did not increase significantly after cryopreservation compared with that of before preservation. The changes of MDA and PCO contents before and after cryopreservation, it was inferred that no obvious oxidative damage occurred in seeds, so the viability of seeds did not decrease compared with that of before cryopreservation. Therefore, the optimum water content of P. lactiflora seeds for cryopreservation is 8.14 %–5.19 %.

Involvement of UDP-glycosyltransferase of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers in quercitrin biosynthesis and consequent antioxidant defense

Plants in the Crassulaceae family are rich in flavonoids, which may contribute to their high antioxidant activity and strong tolerance to abiotic stresses. Kalanchoe spp. are known to have high antioxidant activity, but the main components responsible for this activity and the mechanisms that control antioxidant accumulation in these plants are unknown. In this study, we identified the dominant flavonoid and investigated the mechanisms of its accumulation in Kalanchoe leaves. A wide metabolomics analysis showed that flavonoids were the most enriched metabolites in the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers, Kalanchoe delagoensis (Eckl. et Zeyh.) Druce, and Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi ‘Rosy Dawn’. Among these metabolites, levels of quercitrin were significantly higher in K. pinnata (Lam.) Pers than in the other two species. RNA-seq and targeted metabolomics analyses conducted on four different K. pinnata (Lam.) Pers tissues indicated that UDP-glycosyltransferase regulates the synthesis of quercitrin. Using in vitro enzyme assays and overexpression in tobacco we demonstrated that KpUGT74F catalyzes glycosylation of quercetin to produce quercitrin. This study identified the major antioxidant substances and their key regulatory mechanisms in Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers to provide an important theoretical basis for understanding the high stress tolerance of these plants.

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN KOMPRES DAUN JARAK DAN BERAS UNTUK MENURUNKAN SUHU TUBUH ANAK PADA KASUS HIPERTERMI

Hyperthermia is a condition where the body temperature increases, which can be dangerous if not treated properly. The use of compresses as a method of reducing body temperature is a concern. Fever is a change in condition from healthy to sick causing the body's reaction to increase the temperature, where the body temperature is higher than 37.5°C. There are several ways to reduce and control fever which can be done, one of which is non-pharmacological, namely by giving a compress, one method of compressing is by giving a compress with castor leaves and several grains of rice. Castor leaves compress is known to be effective in reducing children's fever because of its content. compounds such as phenols, flavonoid saponins and alkaloid compounds. Jatropha leaves also contain active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, quercetin, polyphenolic compounds and stredoids while soaked rice is very effective in accelerating the release of heat from the body because it contains nutrients, namely amino acids, vitamin B, vitamin E, minerals and antioxidant substances

Fabrication of Antibacterial and Flexible Hydrogels Based on Citric Acid Containing Tannic Acid for Wound Dressing

ABSTRACTIn this research, a biomonomer based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate, citric acid, and polyethylene glycol (HEMA‐CA‐PEG) was synthesized. After confirming the reaction through 1H‐NMR and FT‐IR tests and obtaining the intended monomer, a flexible hydrogel was synthesized as a wound dressing, and its mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile strength, DMTA, and rheometry tests. This synthesized hydrogel exhibited sufficient mechanical properties. To enhance the efficiency of this hydrogel wound dressing and its effectiveness in facilitating wound healing, tannic acid (TA), as an antibacterial and antioxidant substance, was incorporated into it. In the second phase, antibacterial activity and animal studies were conducted. The comparison of the CA–based hydrogel with and without TA demonstrated that the TA–containing hydrogel achieved more than 99.9% inhibition and elimination of bacteria. The use of CA–based hydrogel with TA shown in treating burns on the backs of rats caused the wound to close after 17 days, and hair growth was observed by the 21st day. This synthesized flexible hydrogel wound dressing, along with suitable mechanical properties, exceptional antibacterial activity, increased granulation tissue formation, re‐epithelialization, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition, showed good performance in wound healing.