Antioxidant Properties Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Multivariate comparative analysis of chemical constituent changes and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides in ribes stenocarpum maxim. at different maturity stages on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Ribes stenocarpum Maxim. (RSM) is abundant but less known in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, so far, it is still in the wild state and has not been effectively developed and utilized. Based on this, the fruits RSM at seven different picking time were used to quantify the contents of total polysaccharides (TP), total flavonoids (TF), titratable acids (TA), total triterpene acids (TTA), fruit oils (FO) and vitamin C (VC), and to investigate the relationship between polysaccharides structure and antioxidant activity. The relationships between the chemical constituents of the samples and meteorological factors, antioxidant activity and polysaccharide structure were investigated using multivariate comparative analysis. The results revealed that the chemical constituents content varied considerably at different stages of maturity. TF (0.660 g kg−1 dw), TA (2.280 g kg−1 dw) was abundant in immature fruits and its content decreased with fruit maturity; on the contrary, FO (0.775 g kg−1 dw), VC (0.010 g kg−1 dw) was abundant in over- mature fruits and its content increased with time. TP (1.807 g kg−1 dw), on the other hand, was abundant in mature fruits. In addition, near surface air pressure and near surface precipitation had significant effects on the accumulation of TF, near surface air temperature and near surface air specific humidity on the accumulation of TA, and surface downward shortwave radiation on the accumulation of FO. The polysaccharide structure and monosaccharide composition of RSM differed significantly depending on the picking time. Moreover, glucose and xylose had significant effects on antioxidant activity, and polysaccharides in the immature and over-mature stages had higher antioxidant activity. The study results suggested that the middle and end of September was the suitable picking period for RSM fruits. This study may provide a basis for the selection of picking period of RSM fruits.

Effect of acetylation modification on the emulsifying and antioxidant properties of polysaccharide from Millettia speciosa Champ

The highly hydrophilic nature of polysaccharides severely limits their application in oil-in-water emulsion. This work aimed to improve the emulsifying performance of Millettia speciosa Champ polysaccharide (MSCP) by adopting a modification strategy that covalently grafted the acetyl groups to the polysaccharide chains. Three acetylated polysaccharides (AC-MSCP1, AC-MSCP2 and AC-MSCP3) with different degrees of substitution (DS) were successfully prepared and characterized. Acetylation modification led to the degradation of MSCP and decrease in antioxidant ability. Compared with droplet size of MSCP formed emulsion (15.51 μm), a sharp decrease in droplet size of AC-MSCP stabilized emulsion (e.g. 0.24 μm for AC-MSCP2) was observed, which was even smaller than that of gum arabic (GA). Moreover, the emulsifying properties of AC-MSCP was regulated by multi-scale molecular structures. AC-MSCP1, with the lowest DS and molecular weight (MW), formed the largest droplets. AC-MSCP2, with a medium DS and MW, generated the smallest droplets, but droplet size was prone to increase due to low viscosity and electrostatic repulsion. AC-MSCP3, with the highest DS and the largest MW, formed bigger droplets than that of AC-MSCP2, but exhibited better emulsifying stability, owing to strong steric hindrance provided by its highest viscosity and thickest interfacial layer. Altogether, this study confirmed that acetylation modification was a promising method for improving the emulsifying performance of polysaccharide.

Purification of polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus by using an aqueous two-phase system and evaluation of the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides in vitro

In this study, Phellinus linteus polysaccharides (PLPS) and proteins were simultaneously separated from P. linteus mycelia by using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on choline chloride ([Chol]Cl)/K2HPO4, and the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of PLPS after ATPS extraction were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the maximal extraction efficiencies of 68.53% ± 0.29% PLPS and 82.37% ± 0.41% proteins were obtained when the cholinium-based ATPS contained 68.9% K2HPO4, 20% [Chol]Cl, 10.0 mg mL−1 crude water extract (1.0 mL), and distilled water (4.0 mL) at shaking time and temperature of 30 min and 21.2 °C, respectively. Compared with C-PLPS obtained using traditional ethanol precipitation and isolation protocols, PLPS had higher carbohydrate content (63.58% ± 1.12%), lower molecular weight (15.2 kDa, 80%), different monosaccharide compositions, and showed similar preliminary structural characterizations. Moreover, PLPS exhibited more evident scavenging effects on free radicals and in vitro antioxidant activities than C-PLPS. Therefore, the method of [Chol]Cl/K2HPO4 ATPS can be developed as an effective strategy for the separation/purification of highly bioactive polysaccharides.

Biological Properties of Silver Nanoparticles from β (1-3) Glucan Isolated from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus florida

Pleurotus florida of the genus Pleurotus is a delicious edible mushroom with high therapeutic potential. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining a lot of importance nowadays because of their wide industrial and biomedical applications. Capping of AgNPs with polysaccharides, the most potent mushroom derived metabolites, is promising towards natural drug development for free radical-induced ailments. In the present investigation, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using β-glucan isolated from P. florida, and their antioxidant properties were studied. Polysaccharide (PS) isolation was carried out by hot water extraction, alcohol precipitation, deproteinization, and dialysis. Preliminary characterization of PS by Anthrone, Lowry’s method, Paper Chromatography, and FT-IR showed that PS is protein-bound β-(1-3) - Glucan. Synthesis of Silver nanoparticle from PS (PS-AgNPs) was confirmed by UV spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties of PS and PS-AgNPs were evaluated by Total antioxidant capacity assay, DPPH assay, Total reducing power, and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Both PS and PS-AgNPs showed profound antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner, and PS-AgNPs was more active than PS. The highest activity was shown in Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay in which PS and PS-AgNPs showed 81.8% and 89.4% activity, respectively, at the highest tested dose. The present study revealed the possible use of P. florida in antioxidant drug development.

Purification, compositional analysis and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from black ginseng

Purpose: To extract, purify black ginseng polysaccharides, and study their compositional analysis and antioxidant properties.Methods: Crude polysaccharides from black ginseng were prepared by hot water extraction and subjected to chromatographic purification on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns to yield 4 polysaccharide components: BGP-60, BGP-65, BGP-70 and BGP-80. The BGPs were characterized by chemical analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Finally, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the BGPs were determined through their capacities to scavenge superoxide anion, as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals.Results: The four fractions designated BGP-60, BGP-65, BGP-70 and BGP-80 were polysaccharides with glucose as the main component. They were acidic in nature, with estimated molecular weights (MWs) of 28.6, 26.7, 11.4 and 3.05 kDa, respectively. Fractions BGP-60, BGP-65 and BGP-80 had α- type glycosidic linkage, whereas BGP-70 had β-type glycosidic linkage. Compared with vitamin C (vit C), it was found that BGP-60, BGP-65, BGP-70 and BGP-80 had strong potential antioxidant activities; BGP-60 exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than BGP-65, BGP-70 or BGP-80 against DPPH and superoxide anion radicals, while BGP-65 had the highest antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radical.Conclusion: These results suggest that BGPs may be beneficial in the development and manufacture as potential therapeutic agents and functional foods.Keywords: Black ginseng, Polysaccharides, Purification, Antioxidant activity, Functional foods

The Antioxidant Activities of Natural Polysaccharides.

The natural polysaccharides contain plant polysaccharides, animal polysaccharides and microbial polysaccharides. They are a kind of biological macromolecules with immune regulation, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue and anti-aging effects. These effects are related to their antioxidant properties. The action mechanisms of antioxidation and scavenging free radicals for natural polysaccharides were reviewed. The recent research progresses and our work on antioxidant properties of polysaccharides and their derivatives were summarized. At last, the existing problems of antioxidant polysaccharides were analyzed, and the development prospects were also presented. It is important to study the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides and their derivatives for the development of natural antioxidants.

Extraction, preliminary characterization and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from the testa of Salicornia herbacea

Response surface methodology and central composite design based on single-factor experiments were used to optimize the extraction parameters (i.e., extraction time, extraction temperature, and solid-liquid ratio) of polysaccharides from the testa of Salicornia herbacea (STP). The optimal conditions included a liquid-solid ratio of 57:1 (volume/mass), an extraction time of 300min and an extraction temperature of 87°C. Under these conditions, the maximal yield of crude STP was 1.30±0.06%, which agreed with model predictions. Preliminary characterization of the purified acidic polysaccharide (STP II-1) by high performance liquid chromatography indicated that it was composed mainly of d-mannose, d-rhamnose, d-glucose, d-galactose, d-arabinose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. The antioxidant capacity of STP II-1 was analyzed by monitoring both the scavenging rate of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical and inhibition rate of H2O2-induced erythrocyte hemolysis.

Preparation Methods and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives.

In recent years, the antioxidant effects of polysaccharides have become a hot spot in the field of polysaccharide research. Herein, the action mechanisms of polysaccharide antioxidation and scavenging free radicals were analyzed. The research progresses on the preparation methods and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides and their derivatives were summarized. Investigating the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides and their derivatives can find useful polysaccharides and their derivatives, which have great potential as natural antioxidants used in functional foods or medicines.

Sulfated modification, characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus

In this study, polysaccharide extracted from Cyclocarya paliurus was chemically modified to obtain its sulfated derivatives. The physicochemical characterizations and antioxidant properties of these sulfated polysaccharide derivatives were comparatively investigated by chemical methods, circular dichroism spectra, high-performance anion exchange chromatography, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and hydroxyl radical assay, DPPH radical assay, superoxide radical assay and β-carotene–linoleic acid assay, respectively. Results showed that these modifications were successful, and the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides were changed after sulfation. Among these sulfated polysaccharides, the S-CP1–8 with relatively the lowest degree of substitution (DS), molecular weight (Mw) and the highest protein content exhibited excellent antioxidant activities in hydroxyl, superoxide, DPPH radical assay and β-carotene–linoleic acid assay. These results indicated that the in vitro antioxidant activities of the sulfated polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliuru may be related to combined effects of DS, Mw, sulfate content, protein and uronic acid content.

Structural characterization and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from two Schisandra fruits

Different polysaccharides (NPS1-1 and BPS1-1) were obtained from Schisandra sphenanthera and Schisandra chinensis fruits by hot-water extraction, DEAE-52 ion-exchange column chromatography and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration chromatography. Structure characteristic and antioxidant properties of NPS1-1 and BPS1-1 were comparatively investigated by gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, multi-angle laser light scattering analysis, atomic force microscope, circular dichroism spectroscopy, scavenging DPPH free radicals assay, ferric-reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, respectively. Results showed that physicochemical and antioxidant properties of NPS1-1 and BPS1-1 were different from each other. Molecular weights of NPS1-1 and BPS1-1 were 2.22 × 106 and 2.66 × 106, respectively. NPS1-1 and BPS1-1 could be a kind of rhamnogalacturonan, and the sugar chain contained pyran configurations and β-glycosidic linkages. Significant differences in the surface features and particle distribution of NPS1-1 and BPS1-1 were detected. NPS1-1 showed higher antioxidant abilities on ferric-reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. The results would be helpful for the further use of the two fruits.

Extraction, Preliminary Chemical Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties of Polysaccharides From

Extraction, Preliminary Chemical Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties of Polysaccharides From

Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis

The roots of Sanguisorba officinalis are used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diseases such as inflammation and internal haemorrhage. Several scientific investigations involving extraction and pharmacological studies of terpenoids and triterpenoid glycosides from this herb have been carried out. However, little is known regarding the immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from S. officinalis. Hence the polysaccharides from this herb have been investigated here. The hot water extract of S. officinalis has been fractionated using size-exclusion chromatography to obtain four polysaccharide fractions designated as SOP-1, SOP-2, SOP-3 and SOP-4. The range of molecular masses of these fractions were from 280Da to 2000kDa, and their sugar compositions consisted mainly of fructose, glucose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose. The antioxidant activities of the crude polysaccharide fractions were evaluated in a biological assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas the radical scavenging activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Analysis of the immunomodulatory activities of these polysaccharide fractions were measured by using mouse macrophages. Most of the polysaccharide fractions have stimulated the production of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and also displayed antioxidant activities. These results suggest that the roots of S. officinalis are likely to have therapeutic value for the treatment of cancer.

Antioxidant properties of polysaccharides obtained by batch cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium

The antioxidant activity of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) obtained from the mycelia obtained by submerged culture of two edible Pleurotus ostreatus strains, PQMZ91109 and PSI101109 in a batch bioreactor was determined. EPS and IPS showed significant antioxidant activities (in vitro) especially in the scavenging effect on the DPPH and ABTS radicals, reducing power and chelating effect on ferrous ions. The tests proved the differences between the two mushrooms, concerning the biological activity of polysaccharides. The data sustain that P. ostreatus polysaccharides are natural antioxidant for pharmaceutical and food industries, particularly PSI101109.

Antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from Laetiporus sulphureus in submerged cultures

Intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) are isolated respectively from mycelia and filtrates of submerged culture by Laetiporus sulphureusin a 20-L stirred tank bioreactor with corresponding antioxidant properties investigated. Effective productions of IPS and EPS by submerged cultures of L. sulphureus are available. Number of average molecular weights (Mn) and protein/polysaccharide ratios are 1.29×106 Da and 8.24% for IPS and 3.95×106 Da and 2.38% for EPS. IPS shows an excellent antioxidant property in reducing power and scavenging effect on superoxide anion, whereas EPS has a powerful antioxidant activity in reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions and scavenging effect on superoxide anion, as evidenced by their quite low EC50 values below 5 mg/ml. Confirmed by the result is the potential antioxidant application of fermented L. sulphureus polysaccharides in health-promoting functional food and pharmaceutical industries. Key words: Laetiporus sulphureus, intracellular polysaccharide, exopolysaccharide, antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant properties of polysaccharide from the brown seaweed Sargassum graminifolium (Turn.), and its effects on calcium oxalate crystallization.

We investigated the effects of polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Sargassum graminifolium (Turn.) (SGP) on calcium oxalate crystallization, and determined its antioxidant activities. To examine the effects of SGP on calcium oxalate crystallization, we monitored nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, using trisodium citrate as a positive control. We assessed antioxidant activities of SGP by determining its reducing power, its ability to scavenge superoxide radicals, and its activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The nucleation inhibition ratio of trisodium citrate and SGP was 58.5 and 69.2%, respectively, and crystal aggregation was inhibited by 71.4 and 76.8%, respectively. Increasing concentrations of SGP resulted in increased scavenging of superoxide anions and DPPH radicals (IC50 = 1.9 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). These results suggest that SGP could be a candidate for treating urinary stones because of its ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization and its antioxidant properties.

Immunomodulatory activities and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from Monascus-fermented products in vitro

Monascus-fermented products have featured in Chinese cuisine for thousands of years and are widely used as food colourants and dietary materials in many Asian countries. Rice and dioscorea fermented with Monascus purpureus NTU 568 have health-promoting attributes in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of polysaccharides from red mould rice (RMRP) and red mould dioscorea (RMDP) in Raw 264.7 cells. The results showed the antioxidant capabilities (including scavenging, chelating, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and reducing power) of RMRP and RMDP at a concentration of 10 mg mL(-1). RMRP and RMDP also stimulated cell proliferation, nitric oxide production, phagocytosis and cytokine production (including IL1-β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in Raw 264.7 cells. These findings demonstrate that RMRP and RMDP have antioxidant and immunomodulation potential to be developed as novel dietary supplements.

Antioxidant Properties of Polysaccharides from Ganoderma sinense by Diffident Cultivations

Ganoderma sinense were available in the form of log-cultivated and sawdust-cultivated fruit bodies, solid-fermentation products and liquid-fermentation mycelia. From these four forms, water extracted polysaccharides were prepared and their antioxidant properties were investigated. Among the four forms of G. sinense, mycelia showed the largest extraction polysaccharide content (14.68%). Compared with ascorbic acid, the extracted polysaccharides from four forms exhibited stronger capability of inhibiting lipid oxidation in a linoleic acid system and more efficient radical-scavenging activity on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).The extracted polysaccharides from four forms could scavenge hydroxyl radicals and showed good reducing powers evidenced by their low EC50 values (< 13 mg/mL). However, the scavenging ability on superoxide-anion radicals was not found in our investigation. All extracted polysaccharides possessed good antioxidant properties except for scavenging ability on superoxide-anion radicals and could be utilized as a new dietary supplement and functional food or tea.

Structural characterisation and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Russula virescens

Water-soluble crude polysaccharide named as RVP was obtained from the fresh fruiting bodies of Russula virescens by boiling-water extraction. DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography was used for the fractionation of polysaccharide RVP. Two fractions were obtained, namely RVP-1 and RVP-2. RVP-1 and RVP-2 were composed mainly of glucose, with the estimated equivalent dextran molecular weights of 3.1 × 105 and 4.2 × 105 Da, respectively. Analysis by Periodate oxidation–Smith degradation indicated that RVP-1 was composed of 68.3% (1 →)- or ((1 → 6)-glycosidic linkages and 31.7% (1 → 3)-glycosidic linkages, and RVP-2 7.9% (1 →)- or (1 → 6)-glycosidic linkages, 9.6% (1 → 2)-glycosidic linkages, 35.7% (1 → 4)-glycosidic linkages, and 46.8% (1 → 3)-glycosidic linkages. RVP-1 exhibited equivalent inhibiting power for self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol to vitamin C (Vc), a little higher scavenging activity of superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical than Vc. The reducing power of RVP-1 at 20.0 mg/ml was 0.77, and RVP-1 was a good chelating agent for ferrous ions. Overall, RVP-1 possessed good antioxidant properties and should be developed as a novel potential antioxidant.

Comparison of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation on extraction yield, morphological and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from tamarind seed

Tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L) seed polysaccharide (TSP) is of great important due to its various biological activities. The present investigation was carried out to compare extraction yield, morphological characteristics, average molecular weights and antioxidant activities of TSP from gamma- and electron beam (EB)-irradiated tamarind kernel powder. The tamarind kernel powder was irradiated with 0, 5 and 10 kGy by gamma ray (GR) and electron beam, respectively. The extraction yield of TSP was increased significantly by EB and GR irradiation, but there was no significant difference between irradiation types. Morphological studies by scanning electron microscope showed that TSP from GR-irradiated tamarind seed had a fibrous structure, different from that of EB irradiated with a particle structures. The average molecular weight of TSP was decreased by the irradiation, and EB treatment degraded more severely than GR. Superoxide radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity of EB-treated TSP showed higher than those of GR-treated TSP.