Antioxidant Enzymes GST Research Articles

Antioxidant Effects of Rutin Trihydrate vs. Doxorubicin in Zebrafish Larvae: GSH, GPx, and GST Activity

This study aimed to compare the clinical relevance of the novel drug rutin trihydrate with doxorubicin concerning their influence on the antioxidant enzymes GST, GPX, and GSH. Zebrafish larvae were subjected to oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ at 1mM concentration, and their antioxidant activity was assessed through enzymatic assays. The stock solution was prepared with DMSO, and zebrafish eggs were collected in a 1:1 male-to-female breeding ratio, followed by distribution into four petri plates for exposure to rutin trihydrate from 4 hours post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. Hatching rates were recorded after 96 hpf, and SPSS software was utilized for statistical analysis. Embryos exposed to compound dosage exhibited significantly increased enzyme activity (p < 0.000, p < 0.05) (8.5667.17593) compared to appropriate dosages (34.40000.07). With a total sample size of 30 and parameters including a 0.05 significance threshold, 80% statistical power, a 95% confidence interval, and an enrolment ratio of 1, the study revealed notable alterations in GPX (9%), GSH (5%), and GST (5%) activity in zebrafish larvae treated with rutin trihydrate and doxorubicin. The investigation’s significance level was determined to be p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), signifying a statistically significant difference among the test groups. These findings shed light on the potential clinical implications of these compounds on zebrafish larvae’s antioxidant systems.

Desloratadine Efficacy in Relation to GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphic Genes in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

The etiopathogeny of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is not well defined. Allelism in glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 has been suggested as a risk factor. Desloratadine is the first-line treatment for this disease. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a first-line treatment: desloratadine 5 mg/day on antioxidant status and clinical assessment in Tunisian patients with CSU and to identify possible associations between GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes and susceptibility to CSU. Sixty patients with CSU and 60 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study. We calculated the urticaria activity score (UAS) and assessed the antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant status [TAS], glutathione S-transferase [GST], SOD, CAT, GPx]). Multiplex PCR was performed to find the relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms with CSU susceptibility. At baseline, GST, GPx, CAT, SOD activities, and TAS were significantly lower in CSU patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). After treatment, GST, GPx, CAT, SOD activities and TAS were significantly increased in patients compared to those before treatment (P < 0.001). We observed a significant association in null alleles of GSTM1. Before treatment, GST activity was significantly lower in patients having GSTM1+ genotype than those having GSTM1- genotype (P = 0.001). After treatment, TAS and antioxidant enzymes GST, GPx, SOD, and CAT were significantly elevated in patients having GSTM1- genotype than those having GSTM1+ genotype (P < 0.05). These results suggest the impact of GSTM1 and GSTT1 on CSU susceptibility and desloratadine efficacy in Tunisian patients.

Investigations on the Accumulation, Tissue Distribution and Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Amammalian Model

The current work aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of Ag-NPs in male rabbits as a mammalian model, following acute and sub-acute dermal exposure terms. The rabbits were topically exposed to a single acute dose of 2.0% Ag-NPs and the assessments were conducted4 days latter, while a dose of 0.5% was administered every other day for the sub-acute exposure in two time periods (7 and 14 days). The accumulation and retention of Ag+ ions in the skin and their distribution in other vital tissues were measured. In addition, the concentrations of total proteins, lipidparameters and levels of different oxidative stress biomarkers in the skin were also evaluated. The results demonstrated the ability of Ag-NPs to penetrate the skin and accumulate rapidly in the dermal skin, then spread out to the blood and other vital organs. The spleen and liver seemed to be the main target organs. The high levels of Ag+ tissue accumulation affected the concentration of total proteins and acted as a stressor stimulus within the skin, thereby, initiating oxidative stress. The liberated ROS caused disruption of the activities of the antioxidant enzymes GST, GSH, GR, GPx, SOD and CAT as well as increased levels of H2O2 and MDA. The current work showed that the toxicity of Ag-NPs could be attributed to the release of Ag+ ions and the subsequent excessive generation of ROS.

Modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy and expression of Nrf2 in hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats fed with açaí-enriched diets

Objective: Açaí (Euterpe spp.), an exotic palm fruit, has recently emerged as a promising source of natural antioxidants with wide pharmacological and nutritional value. In this study, two different species of açaí pulp extracts, naturally grown in two distinct regions of the Amazon, namely, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (habitat: Brazilian floodplains of the Amazon) and Euterpe precatoria Mart. (habitat: Bolivian Amazon), were studied for their effects on brain health and cognition.Methods: Neurochemical analyses were performed in critical brain regions associated with memory and cognition of 19-month-old açaí-fed rats, in whom the cognitive benefits of açaí had been established.Results: Results indicated significant reductions (P< 0.05) in prooxidant NADPH-oxidoreductase-2 (NOX2) and proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in açaí-fed rats. Measurement of Nrf2 expression, a transcription factor for antioxidant enzymes, and a possible link between oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and autophagy mechanisms, indicated significant overexpression (P<0.005) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of the açaí-fed rats. Furthermore, significant activation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes GST and SOD were also observed in the açaí-fed animals when compared to control. Analysis of autophagy markers such as p62, phospho-mTOR, beclin1 and MAP1B-LC3 revealed differential expression in frontal cortex and hippocampus, mostly indicating an upregulation in the açaí-fed rats.Discussion: In general, results were more profound for EP than EO in hippocampus as well as frontal cortex. Therefore, an açaí-enriched diet could possibly modulate Nrf2, which is known to modulate the intracellular redox status, thereby regulating the ubiquitin-proteosomal pathway, ultimately affecting cognitive function in the aging brain.

Antihepatotoxic efficacy of Mangifera indica L. polysaccharides against cyclophosphamide in rats

The present study aims to evaluate the possible protective role of polysaccharides extracted from the Egyptian mango Mangifera indica L. (MPS) and/or silymarine against cyclophosphamide (CP) toxicity in male albino rats. The MPS and/or silymarin significantly decreased the activities of serum ASAT and ALAT. However, MPS (1000 mg/kg) normalized their activities towards the normal levels recording 28.75 and 78.75 U/ml respectively. The recorded data also showed the antioxidant effect of MPS by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as normalized the activities of the antioxidant enzyme GST and SOD. Histopathological examinations also confirmed the protective efficacy of MPS against liver toxicity of CP. In conclusion, the recorded results of the present study support the protective role of MPS and/or silymarin against CP-induced hepatic damage.

Antineoplastic and immunomodulatory effect of polyphenolic components of Achyranthes aspera (PCA) extract on urethane induced lung cancer in vivo

Polyphenolic compounds of Achyranthes aspera (PCA) extract is evaluated for anti-cancerous and cytokine based immunomodulatory effects. The PCA extract contains known components of phenolic acid and flavonoids such as mixture of quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, quercetin and chrysin along with many unknown components. PCA has been orally feed to urethane (ethyl carbamate) primed lung cancerous mice at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight for 30 consecutive days. 100 mg powder of A. aspera contains 2.4 mg phenolic acid and 1.1 mg flavonoid (2:1 ratio). Enhanced activities and expression of antioxidant enzymes GST, GR, CAT, SOD, while down regulated expression and activation of LDH enzymes in PCA feed urethane primed lung cancerous tissues as compared to PCA non-feed urethane primed lung cancerous tissues were observed. PCA feed urethane primed lung tissues showed down regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α along with TFs, NF-κB and Stat3 while the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and p53 were enhanced in PCA feed urethane primed lung tissues. FTIR and CD spectroscopy data revealed that PCA resisted the urethane mediated conformational changes of DNA which is evident by the shift in guanine and thymine bands in FTIR from 1,708 to 1,711 cm(-1) and 1,675 to 1,671 cm(-1), respectively in PCA feed urethane primed lung cancerous tissues DNA in comparison to urethane primed lung cancerous tissues DNA. The present study suggests that PCA components have synergistic anti-cancerous and cytokine based immunomodulatory role and DNA conformation restoring effects. However, more research is required to show the effects of each component separately and in combination for effective therapeutic use to cure and prevent lung cancer including other cancers.

Decreased glutathione- S-transferase activity: Diagnostic and protective role in vivax malaria

Objectives: The study was undertaken to establish data on the comparative status of antioxidant enzyme GST activity, levels of lipid peroxidation and catalase activity during pathology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Indian population. We investigated whether serum and plasma glutathione- S-transferase activity in vivax patients are unique to the disease or act as one of the important antioxidant marker for diagnostic potential and candidate for chemoprevention. Methods: We measured activity of antioxidant enzyme GST, levels of lipid peroxidation and catalase activity during vivax infection. Results: Mean activity of antioxidant enzyme GST in patients serum and plasma were less (6.43 and 5.65 IU/L respectively) than healthy subjects (11.65 and 10.09 IU/L respectively). Lipid peroxidation level and catalase activity of patients (1.77 μmol/L and 29.64 U/mL) with vivax malaria were higher than those of healthy subjects (1.03 μmol/L and 10.87 U/mL). GST activity in serum and plasma was inversely correlated with age in case of vivax patient and were found significant ( R 2 = 0.1907 and 0.1605 and p < 0.0007 and p < 0.01). Conclusions: In view of the present findings we suggest that GST, lipid peroxidation and catalase evaluation may be considered to be reliable biochemical markers and possess promising rational for diagnostic and therapeutic potential in vivax malaria. Decreasing GST activity and elevated activity of lipid peroxidation and catalase may play important roles in host defence mechanisms against vivax infection by up-regulating oxidative defence mechanisms.