Antioxidant Capacity Of Blood Plasma Research Articles

Антиоксидантная ёмкость плазмы крови крыс со стрептозотоцин-индуцированным сахарным диабетом и терапией сфероидной формой дигидрокверцетина

INTRODUCTION: Dihydroquercetin, as a natural polyphenol with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity, can inhibit free radical formation process which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. However, currently, flavonoid antioxidants, in particular, dihydroquercetin are not included in the recommendations for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which may be due to its low biological availability and some other factors. Earlier, a spheroidal form of dihydroquercetin (DHQsph) was obtained from the pharmaceutical substance dihydroquercetin by spray drying, characterized by better solubility, prolonged liberation and a higher safety profile. AIM: Identification of the effect of (DHQsph) on the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used plasma of adult male Wistar rats divided into three groups. The antioxidant capacity of intact plasma samples and of a model mixture of DHQsph solution with blood plasma from healthy rats was evaluated using modified ABTS/PP-method. RESULTS: The antioxidant capacity of blood plasma of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus decreased by 15% relative to the healthy group, however, no differences were found between groups with streptozotocin-induced diabetes treated and not treated with DHQsph. The model mixture of plasma with added DHQsph was shown to have 32% lower antioxidant capacity than the theoretically calculated additive sum. CONCLUSION: Antioxidant capacity of plasma of rats with diabetes was significantly lower in comparison with that of the healthy group. The effect of masking of antioxidant capacity of dihydroquercetin with blood plasma of rats was demonstrated on the model mixture of plasma with the added spheroidal form of dihydroquercetin.

THE ROLES OF BLACK SOYBEAN AND PALM OIL IN CONTROL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELITUS

Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) is generally caused by a poor diet that causes high glucose in the blood (hyperglycemic) continuously and results in pancreatic dysfunction as a producer of the hormone insulin. The hormone insulin functions as a regulator of the presence of glucose in the blood. Hyperglycemic events can increase the formation of free radicals in the body. Free radicals can increase the damage to the pancreas and other organs in the body, thereby increasing the severity of diabetes. The high mortality rate due to (DMT2) requires serious attention from all parties for its handling. T2DM is a chronic disease that cannot be cured, but can be controlled to reduce the severity of the disease. Foods that are suitable for people with DMT2 are high in protein, vegetable fat, dietary fiber and antioxidants, and have low starch content. Foods sourced from black soybeans can meet the nutrients and antioxidant compounds needed by people with DMT2, because they contain daidzein, genistein, isoflavones, and anthocyanins. Crude palm oil (MSMn) contains carotenoids and vitamin E which can also act as antioxidants. Many studies mention the benefits of black soybeans for people with DMT2, because it can control blood glucose, reduce inflammation, improve blood lipids, increase the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma, and reduce SGOT/SGPT enzymes as markers of liver damage. Functional food for people with DMT2 sourced from black soybeans and MSMn can be black soybean juice enriched with MSMn microencapsulation.

A preliminary evaluation of oxidative stress in patients with gastric cancer before chemotherapy.

IntroductionDue to an imbalanced redox status, cancer cells generate intrinsically higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to normal cells. Targeting ROS is an important therapeutic strategy for cancer as exemplified by cancer drugs, which induce ROS-dependent synergistic cytotoxicity in gastric cancer cells. The present study was designed to assess the level of selected oxidative stress biomarkers in blood plasma derived from gastric cancer patients.Material and methodsThe study assessed the oxidative/nitrative biomarkers in blood plasma isolated from 51 gastric (adenocarcinoma) cancer patients, compared to a control group of 32 healthy volunteers. Oxidative stress was evaluated using a panel of biomarkers such as plasma protein thiol groups and 3-nitrotyrosine levels as well as indicators of plasma lipid peroxidation, i.e. lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma (non-enzymatic capacity of blood plasma, NEAC) was also estimated.ResultsOur results showed that patients with gastric cancer had significantly different levels of thiol groups (lower, p < 0.001) and 3-nitrotyrosine (higher, p < 0.0001), LOOH (higher, p < 0.05), TBARS (higher, p < 0.05), NEAC (lower, p < 0.0001), compared to the control group.ConclusionsThe present study indicates considerable oxidative/nitrative stress in gastric cancer patients. Our pilot study shows that not a single marker, but a biomarker panel, may be a more reliable representation of oxidative stress in patients with gastric cancer.

The Antioxidant Capacity of Aqueous Extracts from Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)

The antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts from yerba mate and some of its polyphenolic components, namely, quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, was studied. Aqueous extracts from mate discolored the cation radicals of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) in a dose-dependent manner and caused a latent period of luminol chemiluminescence induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. The following sequence of the studied substances in order of decreasing antioxidant capacity: quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid occurred in both model systems, represented as trolox equivalents. The antioxidant capacity of quercetin was higher than that of chlorogenic and caffeic acids. An increase was found in the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in healthy volunteers which was assessed with the chemiluminescent system at 1 and 2 h after a single consumption of a tea made from 8 g of mate. The results show that aqueous extracts from yerba mate can be used to create phytopreparations with antioxidant properties.

Assessment of mediator regulation of inflammatory processes in children with congenital malformations of maxillo-facial area

In the article results of mediator regulation of inflammatory processes in patients after one-sided (15 children) and reconstructive (15 children) rinocheiloplasty are presented. It is determined that in patients after reconstructive rinocheiloplasty at 57th day post operation antioxidant capacity of blood plasma is below normal values, that points on lack of compensatory increasing of anti-radical ferments. Specified deficit is necessary to be considered in conservative treatment by applying antioxidants.

Clinical Prognosis for SAH Consistent with Redox Imbalance and Lipid Peroxidation.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 3% of all strokes. As more and more data indicates the role of oxidative stress in acute brain damage caused by SAH, an attempt was made to correlate the clinical status of patients with systemic level of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation products. The hemorrhage was diagnosed with brain computed tomography (CT) and aneurysm with angio-CT and angiography, while the vasospasm was monitored with transcranial Doppler. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) and vitamin A, E, and C levels were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC, respectively. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) cyclization products were determined by GC–MS, while F2-isoprostanes and neuroprostanes (NP) were determined by LC–MS. SAH was accompanied by changes in antioxidant capacity in blood plasma, including initially (day 1) an increase in GSH-Px activity, followed by its decrease and a progressive decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels and vitamins A, E, and C. On the other hand, levels of PUFAs cyclization products, F2-isoprostanes, and neuroprostanes were highest on day 1 (two and eight times higher, respectively) and decreased over time. The levels of 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), 4-ONE (4-oxononenal), and MDA (malondialdehyde) changed similarly. In contrast, the 4-HHE (4-hydroxyhexenal) level reduced after SAH increased significantly after a week. It was found that the deterioration of the overall clinical and neurological condition of SAH patients due to cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, or vasoconstriction corresponded to reduced antioxidant defense and, as a consequence, increased lipid peroxidation and slower observed changes in regression. It can be concluded that monitoring the level of lipid peroxidation products (neuroprostanes, 4-ONE, and MDA) can support the monitoring of the clinical status of patients, especially with regard to the assessment of vasospasm.

Protective effect of lycopene on oral mucositis and antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in the rat exposed to gamma radiation.

Background:Nowadays, radiotherapy is used effectively for the treatment of head and neck cancers. Mucositis is one of the most important side effects of radiotherapy. Radio-protective agents protect tissues and cells against the adverse effects due to ionizing radiation and cleave radiation-induced free radicals. Lycopene as a potent antioxidant protects cells against oxidative damage by free radical–scavenging. The present study investigated the antioxidant effect of lycopene on oral mucosa of irradiated rats.Methods:In this experimental animal study, 28 rats were placed in four groups as follows: treated with 50 mg /kg of lycopene (L50), solvent+irradiation (SR), 25 mg / kg of lycopene+irradiation (LR25), and 50 mg / kg of lycopene+irradiation (LR50). The rats received lycopene intraperitoneally. On the irradiation day (day 0) and tenth day of radiation, blood samples were taken from the animals for FRAP and TBARS tests.Results:The results showed that the LR50 group did not show mucositis higher than grade 2. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between SR and the L50 regarding the severity of mucositis. In addition, L50 showed higher antioxidant activity and lower peroxidation than SR.Conclusion:Lycopene reduced the severity of mucositis. Therefore, it can be used as a potential and promising nutritional substance to prevent radiotherapy complications, especially in the treatment of head and neck cancers. However, further research is necessary to confirm these results.

Effects of dietary melanoidins on digestive physiology, nutrient digestibility and plasmatic antioxidant capacity of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Melanoidins are complex molecules usually found within dietary matrixes suffering heating steps during the production process. These compounds are known to exert a number of negative effects on the digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzymes in mammals, but also determines an increase in the antioxidant capacity of the diet with potential effects for animal health. In the present work, digestive and nutritional consequences of the ingestion of glucose-glycine melanoidins were tested in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which was fed two non-heated, pelletized diets: a control diet without melanoidins and an alternative diet containing 1.2% of glucose-glycine melanoidins. The results pointed to a small effect on gut pH in interaction with digestion time, and a lack of effect on gastric evacuation and digestive proteases. In addition, melanoidins were associated with a small increase in the digestibility of the diet dry matter, leaving unchanged nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility. On the other hand, melanoidins determined a complex increase in the postprandial antioxidant capacity of blood plasma, particularly apparent in the antioxidant components above 3 kDa.

γ-Pyrone compounds: flavonoids and maltol glucoside derivatives from Herniaria glabra L. collected in the Ternopil region of the Ukraine

The phytochemical investigation of the whole plant extracts of Herniaria glabra L. (Caryophyllaceae) led to the identification and isolation of four known flavonoids, one known and three undescribed maltol derivatives, and benzyl β-gentiobioside. The structures were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, as well as HRESIMS data. For the first time in Herniaria genus, as well as in Caryophylaceae family the presence of apiorutin {quercetin 3-O-[(D-apio-β-d-furanosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside]} and licoagroside B {maltol 3-O-[6-O-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)]-β-d-glucopyranoside} were revealed. Additionally, antioxidant actions of apiorutin, rutin, narcissin (isorhamentin 3-O-β-d-rutinoside) and licoagroside B were assessed in human blood plasma, exposed to the peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress in vitro. The isolates partly reduced oxidative (oxidation of thiol groups) and nitrative (tyrosine nitration) damage to blood plasma proteins, decreased plasma lipid peroxidation as well as enhanced the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of blood plasma. No cytotoxicity of the examined substances towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells was found.

Glycemic variability and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during combined glucose-lowering therapy

To evaluate the impact of intensified glucose-lowering therapy on carbohydrate metabolic indicator, such as glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose level (BGL) (FBGL), postprandial BGL (PBGL), and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during metformin monotherapy before and 3 months after therapy intensification. The investigation enrolled 51 patients with T2DM treated with metformin 1000 mg twice daily, who failed to achieve satisfactory glycemic control. During randomization, the treatment was intensified by addition of sitagliptin 100 mg/day in Group 1 (n=25) or gliclazide MB 60 mg/day in Group 2 (n=26). Before and 3 months after the treatment, carbohydrate metabolic indicators were investigated, 24-hour BGL monitoring (continuous glucose monitoring system (GMS)) was performed, and the body's antioxidant status was examined by determining the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma (overall sound pressure levels (OASPL)). During 3-month treatment, Group 1 had a significantly reduced FBGL compared to that before the therapy; in Group 2 this index did not change significantly. Both study groups showed a significant decrease in PBGL and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) was significantly decreased in the sitagliptin intensification group. In both groups, the standard deviation (SD) reduced significantly by 26% in Group 1 and by 38% in Group 2. Both groups also displayed a significant increase in blood OASPL (p<0.05). The addition of sitagliptin significantly affected the change in the indicators of both the standard carbohydrate metabolism (FBGL, PBGL, and HbA1c) and GV (MAGE, SD), whereas that of gliclazide MV altered some studied parameters. OASPL significantly increased in both groups.

Yunnaneic Acid B, a Component of Pulmonaria officinalis Extract, Prevents Peroxynitrite-Induced Oxidative Stress in Vitro.

Our work reveals that the aerial parts of Pulmonaria officinalis L. are a new source of yunnaneic acid B. We studied antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of this compound (1-50 μg/mL) and its contents in various plant extracts. This is the first study confirming the presence of yunnaneic acid B in P. officinalis L. and Pulmonaria obscura Dumort and hence in the Boraginaceae family. Determination of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical reduction and peroxynitrite-scavenging efficacy in inorganic experimental systems provided EC50 values of 7.14 and 50.45 μg/mL, respectively. Then we examined the antioxidant action of yunnaneic acid B in blood plasma under peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Yunnaneic acid B effectively diminished oxidative damage to blood plasma proteins and lipids. Furthermore, it was able to prevent the peroxynitrite-induced decrease in nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity of blood plasma. Additionally, cytotoxicity of yunnaneic acid B (at concentrations ≤50 μg/mL) toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells was excluded.

Analyses of oxidative stress biomarkers in Mucopolysaccharidosis VI compared with Mucopolysaccharidosis I and healthy controls

High levels of reactive oxygen species have been associated with oxidative stress and inflammation and are related to changes in cellular characteristics caused by altered metabolic pathways of individuals with inborn errors of metabolism. Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are characterized by biomolecular and tissue damage that results in the accumulation of undegraded glycosaminoglycans in cells of various organs and systems. The aim of this study was to measure superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the plasma of individuals with MPS VI and compare these parameters with those of individuals with MPS I and healthy controls. The biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated in the plasma of individuals with MPS I and MPS VI and of healthy controls. The antioxidant capacity of blood plasma was measured by assessing SOD and CAT enzyme contents. The SOD results were 0.88±0.77 USOD/mg protein in the control group 0.89±0.56 USOD/mg protein in MPS I and 0.71±0.49 USOD/mg protein in MPS VI. The CAT activity in the control group was 83.24±36.24 UCAT/mg protein, 17.30±13.98 UCAT/mg protein in MPS I, and 36.79±19.30 UCAT protein in MPS VI. The TBARS analysis results were 1.23±0.52nmol/mg protein for the control group, 3.86±1.52nmol/mg protein for MPS I, and 3.13±1.19mol/mg de protein for MPS VI. In conclusion the results show that SOD enzyme activity did not change in either MPS, however, CAT activity decreased and a larger amount of TBARS was observed, which suggests both types of MPS are susceptible to oxidative damage.

Water-soluble component of the antioxidant system under the conditions of 520-day isolation

In this study, which was carried out as part of the Mars-500 international project, six men at the age of 28 to 39 years were isolated in a pressure chamber for 520 days. Their parameters of the antioxidant system, including concentration of bilirubin, uric acid, and the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma, were measured. The maximal values of the parameters studied have been found during stressful periods of the experiment: adaptation to the conditions of the pressure chamber, imitation of a landing on the Mars surface, and change of a diet. When homeostasis was restored, the parameters stabilized at the slightly lower level than the initial values measured before the isolation. Therefore, the dynamics of the water-soluble component of the antioxidant system adequately reflects the state of homeostatic responses of the body under the conditions of 520-day isolation and demonstrates that effects of the factors of pressure chamber have been compensated.

Evaluation of zinc and copper concentrations and the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in patients with malabsorption syndrome

Evaluation of zinc and copper concentrations and the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in patients with malabsorption syndrome

Free radical scavenging actions of three Trifolium species in the protection of blood plasma antioxidant capacity in vitro

Context: Three clover [Trifolium L. (Leguminosae)] species were selected on the basis of data from traditional medicine, phytochemical profiles, and agricultural significance.Objective: The in vitro evaluations of free radical scavenging properties, ferric reducing abilities, and antioxidant effects of extracts from T. pratense L. (crude extract and phenolic fraction), T. pallidum L., and T. scabrum L. (phenolic fractions) were performed.Materials and methods: Activities of the Trifolium extracts were determined at their final concentrations of 1.5–50 µg/ml. Free radical scavenging properties of methanol extract solutions were estimated by the reduction of DPPH• and ABTS• radicals. Measurements of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were carried out to assess the antioxidant activities of the extracts in human blood plasma under conditions of oxidative stress, induced by 200 μM peroxynitrite.Results: The phenolic fraction of T. pratense displayed the strongest ABTS• and DPPH• radical scavenging effects (EC50 value of 21.69 and 12.27 µg/ml, respectively). The EC50 value for T. pallidum extract attained 29.77 and 30.06 µg/ml. The two remaining extracts were less potent scavengers (EC50 value higher than 50 µg/ml). Similar differences were obtained during evaluation of the ferric reducing abilities. Analysis of antioxidant properties of the extracts in blood plasma did not provide such evident differences in their actions, however, it indicated that the T. pratense phenolic fraction displayed the strongest effect.Conclusions: The examined Trifolium extracts partly protected blood plasma and enhanced its non-enzymatic antioxidant defense against harmful action of peroxynitrite in vitro.

Serum bilirubin and the risk of hypertension.

Experimental studies suggest oxidative stress could lead to the development of hypertension. Serum bilirubin is a major contributor to the antioxidant capacity in blood plasma and has been identified as an independent cardiovascular risk factor in cohort studies. However, data on the relationship between bilirubin and blood pressure are scarce and inconclusive. We analysed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999-2012 (N=31069). Fifty multiple imputed data sets were generated and analysed to avoid selection/confounding bias due to excluding individuals/variables with missing values. A minimal sufficient adjustment set of variables (MSAS) needed to estimate the unconfounded effect of bilirubin on blood pressure and hypertension (systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or using antihypertensive medication) was identified using the back-door criterion and included in all regression models. After adjustment for the MSAS variables, systolic blood pressure decreased progressively up to -2.5 mmHg (p<0.001) and the prevalence of hypertension was up to 25% lower (P<0.001) in those with bilirubin ≥ 1.0 mg/dl-the highest two deciles-compared with those with 0.1-0.4 mg/dl-the lowest decile. Sensitivity analyses showed these results were unlikely to be explained by residual confounding or selection bias. High serum bilirubin may decrease the risk of hypertension by inactivating and inhibiting the synthesis of reactive oxygen species in vascular cells. Strategies to boost the bioavailability of circulating and tissue bilirubin or to mimic bilirubin's antioxidant properties could have a significant impact on prevention and control of hypertension as well as coronary heart disease.

Biological activity of clovers – Free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant action of six Trifolium species

Context: Clovers were chosen on the basis of traditional medicine recommendations, agricultural value, or available information on their promising chemical profiles.Objective: This study evaluates and compares free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of six clover species: Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Leguminosae), Trifolium fragiferum L., Trifolium hybridum L., Trifolium incarnatum L., Trifolium resupinatum var. majus Boiss., and Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum L.Materials and methods: Free radical scavenging activity of the extracts (1.5–50 µg/ml) was estimated by reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS•) radicals. The Trifolium extract effects on total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma were determined by the reduction of ABTS•+ and DPPH• radicals, as well as with the use of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay.Results: The UPLC analysis of chemical profiles of the examined extracts showed the presence of three or four groups of phenolic substances, including phenolic acids, clovamides, isoflavones, and other flavonoids. The measurements of free radical scavenging and ferric reducing ability of the examined clover extracts revealed the strongest effect for T. alexandrinum. Furthermore, antioxidant activity assays in human plasma have shown protective effects of all extracts against peroxynitrite-induced reduction of total antioxidant capacity.Conclusions: Trifolium plants may be a rich source of bioactive substances with antioxidant properties. The examined extracts displayed free radical scavenging action and partly protected blood plasma against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress; however, the beneficial effects of T. alexandrinum and T. incarnatum seem to be slightly higher.

Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine on a Maternally Separated Parkinsonian Rat Model

Early-life stress has been shown to disrupt the programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which may have severe consequences in the development of neurological disorders later on in life. Prolonged early-life stressful events produce an exaggerated stress hormone response in the adult offspring. Chronic stress and elevated corticosterone levels have been found to exaggerate functional deficits and accelerate loss of dopamine producing neurons in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of caffeine on 6-OHDA lesioned rats that were exposed to maternal separation stress. We examined behaviour of animals before and after the infusion of 6-OHDA using the step and cylinder tests. We also measured dopamine concentration in the striatum, mitochondrial membrane potential in the striatum and the total antioxidant capacity in blood plasma. Maternally separated rats displayed an impaired ability to initiate movement in the step test and a decreased percentage impaired limb use in the cylinder test. In the rats that received caffeine these motor deficits were ameliorated. Maternal separation exaggerated the lesion caused by 6-OHDA injection. However, the neuroprotective effects of caffeine were evident in both the stressed and non-stressed rats as shown by the higher dopamine concentration and total antioxidant capacity on caffeine treated rats. Maternally separated rats had higher mitochondrial membrane permeability when compared to the caffeine treated rats. We therefore conclude that caffeine ameliorated the neurodegeneration associated with 6-OHDA injection in maternally separated animals.

P-1224 - Night-time/day-time antioxidant status levels in paranoid schizophrenic inpatients

Introduction The Total Antioxidant State (TAS), expressed as equivalent to the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma. It is the cumulative ability to trap molecules, as H2O2 and free radicals such as RO, ROO, and O2. Objetives Our aim is to describe the TAS levels in schizophrenic patients and to analyze if this marker has got a circadian rhythm. The only study in humans on this subject has carried out by Benot et al (1999) in healthy subjects, which has reported that there was a circadian rhythm of TAS, with a peak night at 01:00, which correlated directly with melatonin (MLT). Methods The sample was comprised by 43 paranoid schizophrenic inpatients.Blood samples were extracted by venipuncture at 12:00 and 24:00 hours. TAS levels were measured three times: at admission, discharge and three months after discharge. Clinical state was assessed by means of the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). TAS serum levels were measured by ELISA techniques. Results Our results show that there is statistical significance between 12:00 and 24:00 for the TAS at admission and three months control. This means that at both times, the income and control of the three months, the levels of midday TAS is significantly higher than the midnight TAS. However, these differences did not occur at discharge.Respect to CGI there are differences in clinical status, less high-control. TASI 0,66 ± 0,1420,60 ± 0,158,p TASA 0,64 ± 0,1530,63 ± 0,1350,740. TASC 0,84 ± 0,100,0,76 ± 0,113p CGI-SI 4,37 ± 0,846,3,05 ± 0,754,3,37 ± 0,720. CGI-GI 3,70 ± 0,640,1,77 ± 0,895,2,23 ± 1,455. Conclusions Our results point to the fact that serum TAS may be considered as a possible marker of psychopathological descompensation worsening.

Antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic potential of pulp extracts of Irvingia wombolu fruits

The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic potential of pulp extracts of Irvingia wombolu fruits on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After phytochemical screening, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of I. wombolu were analysed for polyphenol content. Antioxidant activity was assessed using three methods. The capacity of the extracts to scavenge hydroxyl radical and to chelate metal was also evaluated. Diabetes was induced in 25 rats by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight). The effect of the extracts on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was monitored at various time intervals for 5h after administration of the extract (first single dose of 400 mg/kg/day). In addition, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), MDA, hydroperoxides and plasma antioxidant capacity was determined after a three-week period. The aqueous extract showed the higher polyphenol content while the hydroethanolic extract had the best in vitro antioxidant capacity. Glucose levels of treated diabetic rats significantly decreased 3h after administration of extracts (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in TC, HDL and LDL cholesterol between diabetic control and treated diabetic rats. In contrast, extracts significantly reduced triglyceride. Treatment with extracts significantly reduced atherogenic risk predictor indices. Plant extracts significantly reduced MDA and hydroperoxide levels. Antioxidant capacity of blood plasma significantly increased after administration of aqueous extract. This study suggests that I. wombolu pulp not only could be a good source of antioxidants, but might also have glucose lowering property, with the best in vivo activity attributed to aqueous extract.