Antioxidant Activities Of Water Extracts Research Articles

Antioxidant potential and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Bugis ginseng (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn) leaf water extract

Bugis ginseng (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.) leaves function as a traditional medicine to increase breast milk production, to increase appetite, to improve the immune system and as an antibacterial as we as medicine for ulcers. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds, one of the secondary metabolites in plants that function as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the total phenol content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of water extract of Bugis ginseng leaves. Quantitative determination of total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu method was expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of extract. Total flavonoid content using the AlCl3 method was expressed as Quercetin equivalent (QE) and in vitro antioxidant activity with DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) expressed in terms of IC50 (inhibition concentration). The results showed that water extraction of ginseng leaves showed a total phenol content of 8.37 mg GAE/g extract, a total flavonoid content of 2.12 mg QE/g extract and an IC50 value of 60.27 ug/ml.

Study of the antioxidant activity of rowan extracts (Sorbus aucuparia) by biotesting method

Special importance in modern unfavorable environmental conditions is given to nutrition, which should ensure the weakening of the negative effect of harmful eco-factors on the human body, contribute to increasing its protective and adaptive capabilities, and, as a result, reduce the risk of developing various pathologies. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the diet of a modern person should be rich in biologically active components that can exhibit antioxidant properties. Recently, scientists are increasingly considering plant extracts as sources of antioxidants. Among them, a special role is assigned to Sorbus aucuparia, whose antioxidant activity is described as comparable, or even higher than other fruits. The article presents data on the study of the antioxidant activity of water extracts of mountain ash by biotesting. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using a biological model – Paramecium caudatum, determining the stress resistance of infusoria to hydrogen peroxide. The study revealed an increase in the stress resistance of Paramecium caudatum infusoria when adding extracts of mountain ash to the nutrient mixture compared to the control.

In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods.

Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.

Antioxidant activity of water extract from bamboo by high-temperature and high-pressure steam treatment

The antioxidant activity of water extract from bamboo by high-temperature and high-pressure steam treatment was analyzed. Bamboo was decomposed by high-temperature and high-pressure steam treatment, and more decomposition products were extracted with water extraction. The maximum antioxidant activity, i.e., EC50 = 0.127 mg/mL, and the maximum flavonoid content, i.e., 3.94 mg-quercetin equiv./g-dry weight bamboo, of water extract were obtained at a treatment pressure of 30 atm for a steaming time of 5 min. Compared with the untreated sample, they showed about 4.16 times higher of antioxidant activity and 6.02 times higher of flavonoid content. The maximum total polyphenol content, i.e., 35.7 mg-catechin equiv./g-dry weight bamboo, of water extract was obtained at 25 atm for 5 min. Compared with the untreated sample, it showed 6.69 times higher of total polyphenol content. The water extract from bamboo by high-temperature and high-pressure steam treatment was fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure of the fraction showing the highest antioxidant activity in the fractionated extract was determined. It had a structure having two highly reactive phenolic hydroxyl groups. The two phenolic hydroxyl groups reacted with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause a reduction reaction, thereby exhibiting antioxidant activity.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, tyrosinase activities and volatile compounds of the Essential oil and Solvent Extract of Epilobium hirsutum L. growing in Turkey

TThe essential oil (EO), solid phase micro extraction (SPME), and SPME of n-hexane extract of Epilobium hirsutum L. were analyzed by GC-FID/MS. A total of 35, 20, and 32 compounds were identified from E. hirsutum, accounting for 98.2% in HD, 97.6% in SPME, and 98.8% in SPME of n-hexane extract, respectively. The EO and SPME consisted mainly of alcohol (HD: 51.5% vs. SPME: 30.8%). Aromatic hydrocarbons (57.1%) was the major compounds for the SPME of n-hexane extract. Monoterpenes were the minor constituents for the EO (2.3%) and SPME (3.1%) of the E. hirsutum. (Z)-3-Hexene-1-ol (46.5%), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (18.2%), and cyclohexanone (38%) were major compounds for the EO, SPME, and SPME of n-hexane of the E. hirsutum, respectively. The comparative study gave that the total amount of monoterpenoids (6.3%) was found only in the EO of E. hirsutum. The antimicrobial activity of EO and solvent extracts (n-hexane, methanol, and water) of E. hirsutum were screened in vitro against nine microorganisms. The EO resulted the best activity (10 mm) against Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial activity for the methanol extract of E. hirsutum against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis was found to be 12 mm, 12 mm, and 16 mm inhibition zone, respectively. Methanol extract gave moderate active against the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus within 6-8 mm, respectively. Antioxidant activity of water extract were found to be 12.7647±0.0145 µm (CUPRAC) and 0.034 mg/mL (IC50, DPPH). IC50 values for the tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity for the methanol, and water extracts was determined to be 0.196±0.013 µg/mL and 0.160±0.09 µg/mL, respectively.

Biochemical constituent, enzyme inhibitory activity, and molecular docking analysis of an endemic plant species, Thymus migricus

Medicinal plants have been used traditionally since ancient times as alternative medications to treat various human diseases. In this work, we examined the chemical constituent, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition of an endemic plant Thymus migricus. The plant extracts showed remarkable inhibition effects against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and α-glycosidase (α-Gly) enzymes that are linked with some metabolic disorders. IC50 values (concentration of a sample to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity) for AChE, BChE, GST, and α-Gly were found as 18.23 mg/mL, 17.77 mg/mL, 31.5 mg/ml, and 16.5 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant activities of water extract of T. migricus (WET) and methanol extract of T. migricus (MET) were determined using four in vitro techniques. The extracts showed considerable antioxidant actions on all four techniques. In addition, quinic acid (18.30 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (0.94 mg/g), cynaroside (0.49 mg/g), luteolin (0.21 mg/g), and p-coumaric acid (0.19 mg/g) were characterized as major phenolic compounds using advanced LC–MS/MS technique. The interactions of some phenolic compounds with the enzymes have been investigated using molecular docking studies. The docking analysis results revealed that the interactions of the major compounds of the plant with AChE, BChE, GST, and α-Gly enzymes are responsible for the inhibitory activity.

Bioactive compounds profile, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of water extracts from five selected medicinal plants

Medicinal plants are a potentially renewable source of biomolecules. The aim of the current study was to investigate the bioactive compounds, the antioxidant capacity and the enzyme inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from Camellia sinensis L., Erica arborea L., Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hilaire, Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L. The extraction yields were between 8.54 and 32.62 %. The contents of total phenolic compounds varied from 31.55 to 199.06 mg GAEs/g extract. Thirteen bioactive compounds were identified using liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and fifteen compounds were detected in the five species (Protocatechuic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, verbascoside, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, hesperidin, hyperoside, and rosmarinic acid). Ilex paraguariensis and R. officinalis showed the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The correlation analysis showed that caffeic acid and pinoresinol were significantly correlated with α-amylase and α- glucosidase inhibitory activities, respectively. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis grouped the studied species into three main clusters: the first group included E. arborea, the second group included I. paraguariensis, and the third group included C. sinensis, R. officinalis, and T. vulgaris.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA EKSTRAK JAMUR LINGZHI (Ganoderma lucidum) DENGAN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS)

Lingzhi mushroom is widely used as an alternative treatment to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar levels, to maximize the potential of the Lingzhi fungus antioxidant tests are carried out. This study aims to determine the potential antioxidant activity of water extract and 70% ethanol extract of Lingzhi mushroom with maceration extraction time variation and identification of compounds with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). This research begins with the determination of fresh lingzhi mushrooms then made simplicia and extracted by maceration with time variation with soaking time of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours each with 2 solvents namely water and 70% ethanol. The extract was tested by phytochemistry followed by testing the antioxidant activity of Lingzhi mushroom extract (ganoderma lucidum) by DPPH method. Then the compounds were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Based on the results of research that maceration for 1 hour (1 day) Lingzhi mushroom with 70% ethanol extraction has the potential as an antioxidant with an IC50 value of 94.83 ppm. The results of identification with LC-MS in 70% ethanol extract as a compound that has potential as an antioxidant are Bisphenol M compounds, and 1- - [[2- (3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl) amino]} -3-methyl-2-octylpyrido [1 , 2-a] benzimidazole-4-carbonitrile.

Optimization of water extract of Cinnamomum burmannii bark to ascertain its in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities

Abstract The antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of water extract of Cinnamomum burmannii bark is well documented. This research aimed to optimize cinnamon water extraction process and verify active components instigating its in vitro antidiabetic activity. The study employed a Design Expert 7.0 program to derive factorial design and optimization conditions. The extraction step comprised of three factors (temperature, concentration and time of extraction) and two levels (low and high), with four responses observed (yield, total phenolic content, IC50DPPH antioxidant activity, and IC50 α-glucosidase inhibition). The polynomial equations revealed influence and interaction among the selected factors to the responses and obtained overlay optimization of factors to responses. The results indicated that optimal temperature, concentration, and extraction time were 98 °C, 30% and 20 min, respectively. Corresponding DPPH, α-glucosidase, TPC, and yield values were 3.45 μg/mL, 0.50 μg/mL, 259.08 μg GAE/mg of sample, 6.28%, respectively. LCMS analysis of the optimum extract confirmed typical characteristic of C. burmannii contents (coumarins, polymers of proanthocyanidins A-type and protonated heterodimer of flavan-3-ol group). The optimized water extract of C.burmannii has the potency to assist in complementary therapy to modulate diabetes mellitus.

Differences Between Aronia Medik. Taxa on the Morphological and Biochemical Characters

Useful wild plants usually decrease the content of biologically active substances in the culture. However, no one studied the reverse process and didn’t know whether the level of biologically active compounds increases in plants escaping from culture and becoming invaded in natural communities (invasive species). We studied Aronia melanocarpa, A. arbutifolia and A. × prunifolia in the arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden (Moscow, Russia), which were brought from the USA in the 1980s. Two samples of cultivated A. mitschurinii and one sample of invasive A. mitschurinii from the Moscow region were also included in the analysis. The task of the study is to determine the degree of heritability of macro- and micromorphological characters of North American plants introduced to Europe and their comparison with the analogous parameters of mane-made A. mitschurinii, especially with naturalized plants. The identification of the samples most promising for further broad cultivation by their antioxidant activity and the content of microelements in leaves was also our research purpose. The digital microscope KeyenceVHX-1000 and scanning electron microscope LEO 1430 VP were used for examining leaves by the trichome density and stoma’s parameters. The antioxidant activity of the fruits was determined by the 2,2-difenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test. The content of microelements in the plant material was determined by using ICP-MS (Agilent 7700ce, USA). The diagnostic features of the introduced North American Aronia were found to be inherited under culture conditions. The mass of fruits increases in this order: A. arbutifolia → naturalized A. mitschurinii →A. × prunifolia → A. melanocarpa → cultivated A. mitschurinii. An original table has been compiled to compare the studied taxa on 21 biomorphological features. The total antioxidant activity in dry fruits for methanol, ethanol and for water extracts was determined. Naturalizing plants have a higher antioxidant activity of alcohol extracts than cultivated plants, and, on the contrary, lower antioxidant activity of water extracts. There are 17 microelements (ppm) in the leaves of Aronia taxa. A. mitschurinii have the highest content of 10 from them: Fe, Mn, Sr, Zn, Se, Cu, Mo, Cr, As and Sb; A. × prunifolia have the highest content of 6 ones: Ni, Co, V, Cd, Pb, Sn; and A. arbutifolia have the highest content of B. Our observations suggest that naturalizing plants of Aronia have a potential source of useful bioactive compounds. Apparently, plants in a comfortable culture environment accumulate fewer biologically active substances than during forced adaptation to unfavorable ecological conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.74.4.20893

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT VARIATIONS OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF LAURUS NOBILIS L. FROM MOROCCO

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Laurus nobilis L.Methods: Antioxidant properties were measured using three tests: Free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reduction of molybdate, and reducing (Fe3+/Fe2+) power. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was measured by Folin–Ciocalteu and rutin reagent, respectively.Results: The results showed that both the ethanol and water extracts had greater antioxidant activity than ethyl acetate. Aqueous extract exhibited a higher DPPH radical scavenging and reducing molybdate 545.83±5.89 mg equivalent to ascorbic acid/g dry extract. The strong antioxidant activity of water extract was probably due to its high content of phenols. Furthermore, ethanol and water extracts showed higher total flavonoid content with the values: 153.33±3.59 and 127.25±2.60 mg equivalent rutin/g dry extract, respectively.Conclusion: Our results suggested a potent and excellent antioxidant activity of L. nobilis L. extracts of Morocco. Further research has to be done to isolate the pure bioactive compound and could be considered as a potential source of biomolecules for pharmaceutical and food industry.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Water Extract Obtained from Dried Pine Needle (Pinus densiflora).

Antioxidant activities of water extracts obtained from dried pine needle (Pinus densiflora) were measured at 0, 4, 20, 100, 500, 1,000, and 1,200 ppm and compared with those of phenolic compounds of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, ferulic acid, and α-tocopherol. The activity was determined as the ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, reductive power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid system using the ferric thiocyanate method and thiobarbituric acid method, respectively. Pine needle water extract (PNWE) exhibited antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent mode at the same parameters mentioned above, and a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed at 1,000 ppm. The protective activity of PNWE as a potent antioxidant in a non-cellular system was compared with that of phenolics at 150.67 μg/mL in the two assays using biological cellular systems, namely 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-initiated hemolysis and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation, using rat red blood cells and rat brain homogenate, respectively. The PNWE showed a strong power comparable to those of commercial phenolic compounds in biological systems. These results indicated that the protective activity of PNWE could be due to the presence of naturally-occurring phenolic compounds, which act as potent in vitro antioxidants in both non-cellular and cellular systems.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Microwave Torrefied Oak Wood

The Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology (JKWST) launched in 1973 as an official publication of the Korean Society of Wood Science and Technology has been served as a core of knowledges on wood science and technology.

The Mutual Correlation of Glucose, Starch, and Beta-Glucan Release During Microwave Heating and Antioxidant Activity of Oat Water Extracts

Starch and beta-glucan are most abundant carbohydrate polymers available in oat products; however, their simultaneous release during extraction depends on morphological and processing conditions of raw material. The study analyzes the mutual correlation between the sample (oat flakes and bran) and treatment types (microwave heating (MW)—1–5 min; conventional heating (CH)—7 min) on water extract properties focusing on beta-glucan, starch, and glucose content as well as the antioxidant activity of water extracts. The strong negative partial coefficient correlation was found between solids-starch (− 0.65) and starch-glucose (− 0.89) content as well as DPPH (− 0.66) antioxidant activity in oat flakes revealing the high release of glucose to the water phase and its prooxidant activity. For the oat bran, positive and very high partial coefficient was found for both glucose (0.98) and beta-glucan (0.98) content in solids while the mutual interaction between them was highly negative (− 0.97), meaning the more beta-glucan, the less glucose in the water phase.

Statistical Characterization of the Phytochemical Characteristics of Edible Mushroom Extracts

ABSTRACTThe antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of 10 edible mushrooms species, including cultivated (Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus white and brown) and wild (P. ostreatus, Macrolepiota procera, Cantharellus cibarius, Russula vesca, Russula alutacea, Boletus edulis and Agaricus campestris), were determined. The extraction was performed using water and 50% water–ethanol and the caps and stipe were investigated separately. Water was the most appropriate solvent for phenolic compounds regardless of the sample. In contrast, the presence of ethanol in the solvent increased the extraction of flavonoids for cultivated P. ostreatus (caps and stipe), and wild R. alutacea, R. vesca, A. campestris, P. ostreatus (only caps) and C. cibarius, M. procera (only stipe). Significant differences between the antioxidant activities of the samples were registered in relationship with the different solvents. The antioxidant activity of water extract of dried A. bisporus brown (cultivated) showed the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals-scavenging assay (88.64%), while the B. edulis hydroalcoholic extract contained 74.93%. A detailed investigation into the functional group of phenolics and other organic compounds responsible with the antioxidant activity has been performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra showed that the solvent-type directly influences the extraction process and, hence, the antioxidant activity. The present study contributes to information concerning mushrooms as sources of biologically active compounds. To investigate the correlations between phytochemical characteristics (i.e., phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity) closely related to nature of solvents, the statistical analysis was performed.

증숙 황정 물 추출물의 항산화 활성

Objectives : The objective of this study is to evaluate antioxidant activity of water extracts from steamed Polygonati Rhizoma(PR). Methods : The alcohol steamed PR from Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do and Samcheok-si Gangwon-do are treated for the research into the antioxidant activity of the water extract. The sample was divided into 4 groups that PR without steaming process, PR with once, second and third steaming process. The antioxidant activities of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH, SOD, hydroxyl radical and nitrite scavenging activity. Results : The total content of polyphenol was the grow rapidly when the number of steaming adds up. For the third time, both the steamed PR from Jinju-si and the one from Samcheok-si in the water extract indicate the highest content levels measured <TEX>$50.59\;mg/m{\ell}$</TEX> and <TEX>$37.33\;mg/m{\ell}$</TEX> respectively. The more the number of steaming increases, the more rising the content of flavonoid. The steamed PR from Jinju-si and Samcheok-si in the third time are measured <TEX>$30.03\;mg/m{\ell}$</TEX> and <TEX>$54.9\;mg/m{\ell}$</TEX> respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the steamed PR rises high rather than the non-steamed one when the number of steaming increases. As increase steaming time, SOD like activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability were increasing too. The steamed PR from Jinju-si in the third time is measured as the highest level 22.4%, 71.90% respectively. As increase steaming time, nitrite scavenging ability was the number was decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that water extracts from steamed PR, exhibited higher antioxidant activities can be potentially used as proper natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant Activities of Water Extracts from Steamed Polygonati Rhizoma

Antioxidant Activities of Water Extracts from Steamed Polygonati Rhizoma

쉽싸리 부위별 물추출물의 항산화 활성

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activity of water extracts from Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. leaves, stems and roots at the <TEX>$100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$</TEX> concentration. Methods : The different part of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. extract was prepared using water. The antioxidant activities of polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity, SOD like activity, hydroxyl radical, ABTS(2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), <TEX>$Fe^{2+}$</TEX> chelating, and nitrite scavenging activity. Results : The total polyphenol and total flavonoid content of leaves were the highest at <TEX>$221.85{\mu}g/mg$</TEX> and <TEX>$794.13{\mu}g/mg$</TEX>, respectively. Electron donating ability was the 79.68% in the water extract from leaves. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the hot extracts, leaves <TEX>${\gg}$</TEX> roots > stems was higher in the order. It was shown the highest at 94.53% in the water extract from leaves, which showed a value equal to 94.7% of ascorbic acid. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was the highest at 8.07% in the water extract from leaves. SOD like activity and <TEX>$Fe^{2+}$</TEX>chelating activity were leaves of 12.3% and 27%, respectively, which were much higher than those of any other parts. The nitrite scavenging ability of extracts was increased at pH 2.5, and those was the highest in leaves of 83.03%. Its were more than twice the 41.61% of BHT. Conclusion : The results suggest that Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. can be used as nutraceutical foods and natural antioxidant.

Phenolic Characterisation and Antioxidant Activity of Primula vulgaris and Its Antigenotoxic Effect on Fibroblast Cells

Background: Primula vulgaris has been used in traditional treatment, and its biological functions are attributed to its polyphenolics content. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the phenolics composition and the antioxidant activity of water extract of P. vulgaris (WEP) and to determine its probable preventive effects against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human fibroblast cells. Methods: The total polyphenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity of WEP were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Phenolic compounds and antigenotoxic effects of WEP were evaluated using HPLC and comet assay, respectively. Results: The TPC and FRAP values of WEP were 15.023 ± 0.84 mg gallic acid and 82.63 ± 0.31 μM trolox per g sample, respectively. ρ-coumaric acid and rutin were detected as major phenolics. Moreover, WEP reduced H2O2-induced DNA damage in a concentration dependent manner in fibroblast cells compared to the positive controls (only 20 μM H2O2 treatment). Conclusions: Primula vulgaris can be used in food, cosmetics, and drug industries because of its antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities.

Phenolic Characterisation and Antioxidant Activity of Primula vulgaris and Its Antigenotoxic Effect on Fibroblast Cells

Background: Primula vulgaris has been used in traditional treatment, and its biological functions are attributed to its polyphenolics content. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the phenolics composition and the antioxidant activity of water extract of P. vulgaris (WEP) and to determine its probable preventive effects against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human fibroblast cells. Methods: The total polyphenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity of WEP were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Phenolic compounds and antigenotoxic effects of WEP were evaluated using HPLC and comet assay, respectively. Results: The TPC and FRAP values of WEP were 15.023 ± 0.84 mg gallic acid and 82.63 ± 0.31 μM trolox per g sample, respectively. ρ-coumaric acid and rutin were detected as major phenolics. Moreover, WEP reduced H2O2-induced DNA damage in a concentration dependent manner in fibroblast cells compared to the positive controls (only 20 μM H2O2 treatment). Conclusions: Primula vulgaris can be used in food, cosmetics, and drug industries because of its antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities.