Antioxidant Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

In-vitro Antioxidant, In-vitro and In-silico Ovarian Anticancer Activity (Ovarian Cancer Cells-PA1) and Phytochemical Analysis of Cissus quadrangularis L. Ethanolic Extract.

Cissus quadrangularis is a valuable natural source of traditional medicines. An in vitro investigation was performed to determine whether the ethanolic extract from the whole portions of C. quadrangularis had anticancer and free radical scavenging activities against ovarian cancer cells-PA1. C. quadrangularis is a herb collected from rural areas in Andhra Pradesh, India. C. quadrangularis was air-dried and crushed, and the powder and ethanol (0.5 kg) were used in a Soxhlet device for continuous extraction. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was performed using a standard procedure. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis was evaluated using DPPH. An in vitro anticancer study used an ethanolic extract against the PA1 cell line. Apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells was studied using DAPI and carboxy-H2DCFDA staining. From LC-MS analysis, quercetin-3-O-alpha-Lrhamnopyranoside and erucic acid were docked with the threonine tyrosine kinase (TTK) enzyme using auto docking. The ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis demonstrated significant dose-dependent antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis was found to have high anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell lines (PA1), with an IC50 value of 482.057 ± 113.857 μg/ml. DAPI and carboxy-H2DCFDA staining confirmed that C. quadrangularis ethanolic extract induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells (p < .001). Molecular docking studies helped identify the binding affinities between the protein and ligand complexes, such as Quercetin-3-O-alpha-Lrhamnopyranoside binding sites of target proteins 5N7V (MET602, GLN672) and erucic acid 5N7V (GLY354). Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside was reported to bind with 5N7V by hydrogen bonding at MET602 and GLN672 amino acids with 2.02, 2.99 Å bonding length distance and binding affinity of -7.9 kcal/mol. Erucic acid was reported to bind with 5N7V by hydrogen bonding at GLY354 amino acid with 3.18, 2.93 Å bonding length (Å) distance and binding affinity of -4.3 kcal/mol. The current analysis showed that the ethanolic extracts of C. quadrangularis L. exhibited antioxidant and anticancer properties against ovarian PA1 cells. The experimental results confirmed that C. quadrangularis L. is a promising, safe chemotherapeutic plant for ovarian cancer PA1 cells. The docking results demonstrated that Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside strongly binds threonine tyrosine kinase at the MET602 and GLN672 positions. This study showed that the C. quadrangularis ethanolic extract has Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, which can be used as an anticancer agent.

Enhancing the Nutritional Profile of Crataegus monogyna Fruits by Optimizing the Extraction Conditions

Crataegus monogyna (CM) fruits are highly regarded for their rich nutritional content, boasting elevated levels of various beneficial secondary metabolites like total polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and ample amounts of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. Despite the acknowledged benefits of CM fruits, researchers have directed more attention toward its leaves and flowers. Consequently, the current research attempts to optimize extraction techniques for CM fruit using a multifaceted approach involving varied durations, temperatures, and concentrations of ethanol solvent to isolate the diverse range of bioactive components present effectively. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) is employed for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds. According to the results, by following the optimum extraction parameters (50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time), the total polyphenol content can be increased up to 410%, reaching 55.59 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and extraction time of 90 min, the total anthocyanin content can be enhanced by more than 560%, reaching a quantity of 51.83 μg cyanidin equivalents/g. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of CM fruit extracts can reach 415.95 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw (by FRAP method), using 50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time, and 270.26 μmol AAE/g dw (by DPPH method) and 1053.28 mg/100 g dw ascorbic acid content, using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and 90 min extraction time. This comprehensive study seeks to augment the already substantial content of bioactive compounds found in CM, resulting in an extract with promising applications across the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.

The Ameliorative Effect of Litsea martabanica (Kurz) Hook. f. Leaf Water Extract on Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity in Rats and Its Antioxidant Potentials

Litsea martabanica root’s antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity showed promise as a pesticide detoxification agent in our previous study. In addition to its root, leaves can help alleviate pesticide exposure, although there is limited scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. However, the use of roots in several countries, such as Thailand, could contribute to environmental degradation, as highland communities traditionally used leaves instead of roots. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity and anti-pesticide potential of water extract from L. martabanica leaves through in vitro and in vivo investigations. In the in vitro study, L. martabanica water extract and its fractions demonstrated antioxidant activity and induced apoptosis in hepatic satellite cells. In the in vivo study, treatment with the leaf extract led to increased AChE activity, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and reduced glutathione in chlorpyrifos-exposed rats. Histopathological examination revealed that chlorpyrifos-treated rats exhibited liver cell damage, while treatment with the water extract of L. martabanica exhibited a protective effect on the liver. In conclusion, L. martabanica water extract exhibited antioxidant activity, enhanced AChE activity, and improved histopathological abnormalities in the liver.

Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Ricinus communis Linn leaf and seeds extracts

The study investigates phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of leaf and seeds extracts of Ricinus communis L. Ricinus communis L. commonly known as castor plant belongs to the family Euphorbiacea. Phytochemical screening showed that both seeds and leaves of Ricinus communis L. have various secondary metabolites such as: tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes and coumarins, while anthraquinones were not detected. Antioxidant potentials were assessed on the basis of radical scavenging effect of the stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH). Leaf methanol Soxhlet extract showed the maximum antioxidant activity (85±0.01%) with IC50 value of (0.121±0.02mg/ml). Seed methanol maceration extract showed high antioxidant activity (80.7±0.01%) while petroleum ether extracts of both leaf and seeds showed no antioxidant activity. Spectroscopic analysis using GC-MS of the methanol maceration extract of leaf showed the presence of various compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid with the highest peak area 22.02%, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile with peak area 17.41%, gamonelic acid with peak area 10.40%, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one with peak area 4.84% and 2-pyrrolidinone with peak area 3.98%.

Spasmolytic, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Spray-Dried Extracts of Gentiana asclepiadea L. with In Silico Pharmacokinetic Analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the spasmolytic activity of an underground parts extract of Gentiana asclepiadea L. (Gentianaceae), assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and explore the impact of extract encapsulation on the aforementioned bioactivities. An extract encapsulated by spray drying with whey protein, pure extract, and pure whey protein were comparatively tested. The main compounds identified via HPLC-DAD analysis underwent in silico ADME assessment. The spasmolytic effect was tested on a model of spontaneous rat ileum contractions, and the mechanism of action was further evaluated on acetylcholine-, KCl-, CaCl2-, BaCl2-, histamine-, N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-, and glibenclamide-modified contractions. The most abundant compounds were secoiridoids (dominantly gentiopicroside), followed by C-glycosylated flavonoids and xanthones. Both pure and encapsulated extracts achieved significant spasmolytic effects, despite the spasmogenic activity of pure whey protein. The extract may exert its spasmolytic effect through multiple pathways, predominantly by antagonizing the Ca2+ channel and opening the K+ channel, while the nitric oxide pathway appears not to be involved. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the pure extract were moderate. The extract stabilized by encapsulation retained all of the tested bioactivities of the unencapsulated extract. The obtained results suggest that G. asclepiadea has potential for use in the treatment of some gastrointestinal complaints and that the encapsulated extract could be a valuable functional ingredient in pharmaceutical and food products.

Analysis of Quantitative Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf, Stem, and Bark of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.

To the best of our knowledge, there was no prior report providing valuable preliminary data through a demonstration of the quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Gymnosporia senegalensis. The total contents of phenols, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and saponin were evaluated from different fractions extracted from the leaf, stem, and bark of G. senegalensis by using standards such as gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, tannic acid, and saponin quillaja. The antioxidant potential was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2), superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating ferrous ion, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Data were subjected to half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p &lt; 0.05 as a significant value. The total phenol content was found to be highest in the chloroform extract of stem at 97.7 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were 97.1 ± 0.03 mg QE/g and 96.7 ± 0.07 mg RE/g, respectively. The total tannin content in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf was 97.5 ± 0.01 mg TAE/g, and the total saponin content in the methanol extract of stem was 79.1 ± 0.06 mg SQE/g. The antioxidant analysis indicated that IC50 and percentage (%) inhibition were dose-dependent and showed the highest antioxidant activity (40.9 ± 0.9 µg/mL) in methanol extract of leaf for DPPH, (88.8 ± 1.12 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of stem for H2O2, (43.9 ± 0.15 µg/mL) in the aqueous extract of bark for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, (26.9 ± 0.11 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of leaf for the metal chelating ferrous ion activity, (7.55 ± 0.10 mg/mL) in the benzene extract of leaf for FRAP, and (2.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL) in the methanol extract of bark for TAC. These results show that G. senegalensis has great potential in antioxidant activities. The isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds and the in vivo applicability of such activity await further extensive studies for drug discovery and development.

Bioactive Components Analysis and Pharmacological Properties of Extracts and Metabolites of Lichen Umbilicaria crustulosa

Lichens, a diverse group of organisms, have a unique structure consisting of fungal filaments and photosynthetic partner cells. This research conducted a comprehensive chemical analysis and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of methanolic and acetone extracts from Umbilicaria crustulosa lichen, along with its isolated metabolites. The process involved separating atranorin and chloratranorin fractions, physodic acid, and gyrophoric acid. Secondary metabolites were identified using chromatographic and spectroscopic data. The total polyphenols content was determined spectrophotometrically. This study examined the antioxidant activity of extracts of the lichen U. crustulosa and the isolated fractions using three methods: DPPH scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, and reducing power. This study also evaluated the acute oral toxicity and the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts in Wistar albino rats. A higher content of the total phenolic compounds was found in the acetone extract, but antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were more prominent in the methanolic extract. The isolated atranorin and chloratranorin fractions and compound physodic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity. No toxic effects were noted in the acute oral toxicity study. This study highlights the potential of the investigated lichen as a valuable source of novel biological agents.

Ethanolic Extract from Fruits of Pintoa chilensis, a Chilean Extremophile Plant. Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity.

Pintoa chilensis is a shrub with yellow flowers that reach up to two meters high, endemic of the Atacama Region in Chile. This species grows under special environmental conditions such as low altitude, arid areas, and directly sun-exposed habitats. In the present study, ethanolic extract was obtained from fruits of P. chilensis, and then partitioned in solvents of increasing polarity to obtain five fractions: hexane (HF), dichloromethane (DF), ethyl acetate (AF), and the residual water fraction (QF). The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The results show that the antioxidant capacity of P. chilensis is higher than that reported for other plants growing in similar environments. This effect is attributed to the highest content of flavonoids and total phenols found in P. chilensis. On the other hand, the cell viability of a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and a non-tumor cell line (MCF-10A) was assessed in the presence of different extract fractions. The results indicate that the hexane fraction (HF) exhibits the highest cytotoxicity on both cell lines (IC50 values equal to 35 and 45 µg/mL), whereas the dichloromethane fraction (DF) is the most selective one. The GC-MS analysis of the dichloromethane fraction (DF) shows the presence of fatty acids, sugars, and polyols as major components.

Phytochemical composition and safety of Vernonia Amygdalina ethanolic extract with anti-colon cancer properties

This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Vernonia Amygdalina extract (VAEE) in treating colorectal cancer (CRC) induced by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) in mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The study utilized a mouse model of CRC to assess the impact of VAEE on pathological markers, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress. Phytochemical profiling of VAEE was conducted using LC-HRMS, focusing on phenolic compounds. The extract's antioxidant activity was quantified, and its safety profile was verified through acute toxicity assessments. VAEE significantly mitigated the AOM/DSS-induced reduction in colon length and weight loss in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) while increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. VAEE also demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and did not adversely affect blood, kidney, or liver biomarkers, confirming its non-toxicity. Protein-protein interaction analysis suggested VAEE's role in inhibiting inflammatory markers, including COX-2, IL-18, and NF-kB. Molecular docking results supported the extract's affinity for these proteins, indicating potential as a COX-2 inhibitor. VAEE exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticarcinogenic properties against CRC, with a favorable safety profile. These findings advocate for the integration of VAEE as a novel therapeutic agent in CRC treatment. Further investigations into its molecular mechanisms and long-term effects are warranted to facilitate clinical translation.

Hydration and Fortification of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with Grape Skin Phenolics-Effects of Ultrasound Application and Heating.

Ultrasound (US)-assisted soaking combined with fortification with red grape skin (GS) phenolics was applied on two Phaseolus varieties, namely White Kidney Bean (WKB) and Cranberry Bean (CB), before heat treatment. The aims were to investigate: (a) the effect of US application on the kinetic of hydration; (b) the extent of absorption of different phenolic classes of GS into the beans and the resulting effect on antioxidant activity; (c) the effects of heat treatment on the phenolic fraction and antioxidant activity of GS extract- and water-soaked beans. US fastened the soaking step of both WKB and CB beans, which showed the sigmoidal and the downward concave shape hydration curves, respectively. Anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanol and phenolic acids levels increased with GS soaking, but US application was effective only for increasing the level of flavonols, while it favored the loss of endogenous phenolic acids and it did not affect the uptake of anthocyanins and flavanols. Heat treatment decreased the levels of most of phenolic compounds, but increased the levels of monomeric flavanols. Overall, the antioxidant activity was 40% higher in WKB and 53% higher in CB upon GS-fortification than in the control beans, despite the effects of heating. This fortification strategy could be applied for value addition of varieties low in phenolics or as a pre-treatment before intensive processing.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of the hydrophyte Persicaria senegalensis: Preparation and antioxidant activity

For the first time, methanolic leaf extract of the hydrophyte Persicaria senegalensis L. was evaluated for its ability to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesis. The effect of stirring time and plant extract concentrations was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for characterization of AgNPs. XRD confirmed the AgNPs formation with crystallite size in the range 23–71 nm. The crystallite size increased with increasing both stirring time and plant extract concentration. Antioxidants, including secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenols are substances that inhibit oxidative damage to the cell organisms by scavenging the free radicals and thus reducing the hazard of diseases. The scavenging and antioxidant activities of the plant leaf extract and AgNPs were evaluated and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plant leaf extract and AgNPs was 52.41 and 10.13 µg AA equivalent/mg DW, respectively. Total phenolics (TPs) and total flavonoids (TFs), revealed high contents equal to 154.83 µg gallic acid equivalent and 100.05 µg quercetin equivalent/mg DW plant extract, respectively.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity in different Egyptian barley cultivars: an in vitro and in silico study

BackgroundCereals have historically played a crucial role in the human diet, serving as a significant natural source of energy and offering various health benefits. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been given significant attention in recent years due to its exceptional nutritional value, surpassing that of other cereals. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts obtained from three different barley cultivars.ResultsThe G.136 variety's acetone extract exhibited the highest level of antioxidant activity in both the DPPH assay, with an IC50 of 55.62 µg/ml, and the FRAP assay, with 447 μM trolox/mg extract. The dominant compounds identified before in the acetone fraction were subjected to an evaluation of their docking scores, along with an assessment of ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) and TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) studies. Notably, hordatine A1, prodelphinidin B3, hordatine B1, procyanidin B2, and isovitexin 7-O-glucoside were the major compounds with the highest LipDock scores compared to trolox the reference drug with polyphenol oxidase.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that the acetone extract from all three cultivars demonstrates noteworthy results, surpassing the efficacy of other solvent extracts against the antioxidant activity.

Optimization of Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant Properties of Coconut Waste

Cocos nucifera L. (family Arecaceae) commonly known as coconut is considered as an important fruit crop in tropical countries and are widely used for therapeutic and domestic purpose. They have effective properties such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiseptic and antimicrobial. The growing demand for green coconut water consumption and food industries cause the dumping of the shell and husk of this fruit, generating large amount of solid waste. This study utilized part of coconut waste to study the impacts of solvent type on the phenolic content. Six different polarities of solvent were chosen. Total phenolic content was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and free radical scavenging activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil (DPPH) method. Total phenolic content for coconut shell was the highest at 71.57 ± 0.275 mg GAE/g for propanol extract and 74.10 ± 0.741 mg GAE/g for acetone extract of coconut husk. The antioxidant activity of all sample extracts was analysed using DPPH assay. Highest radical scavenging activity of coconut husk was observed by propanol extract with 93.82 ± 0.052 % while the lowest scavenging activity was demonstrated by chloroform extract with percentage of 57.77 ± 2.255%. Acetone extract of the shell exhibited the highest scavenging activity of 91.23 ± 0.073%, while chloroform extract of coconut shell demonstrated the lowest antioxidant activity of 70.627 ± 0.467%.

Extraction and Biological Activity of Lignanoids from Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson Residual Waste Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Lignanoids are an active ingredient exerting powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of many diseases. In order to improve the efficiency of the resource utilization of traditional Chinese medicine waste, Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson residue (MOR) waste biomass was used as raw material in this study, and a series of deep eutectic solvents (ChUre, ChAce, ChPro, ChCit, ChOxa, ChMal, ChLac, ChLev, ChGly and ChEG) were selected to evaluate the extraction efficiency of lignanoids from MORs. The results showed that the best conditions for lignanoid extraction were a liquid-solid ratio of 40.50 mL/g, an HBD-HBA ratio of 2.06, a water percentage of 29.3%, an extract temperature of 337.65 K, and a time of 107 min. Under these conditions, the maximum lignanoid amount was 39.18 mg/g. In addition, the kinetics of the extraction process were investigated by mathematic modeling. In our antioxidant activity study, high antioxidant activity of the lignanoid extract was shown in scavenging four different types of free radicals (DPPH, ·OH, ABTS, and superoxide anions). At a concentration of 3 mg/mL, the total antioxidant capacity of the lignanoid extract was 1.795 U/mL, which was equal to 0.12 mg/mL of Vc solution. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity study found that the lignanoid extract exhibited good antibacterial effects against six tested pathogens. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus exerted the strongest antibacterial activity. Eventually, the correlation of the lignanoid extract with the biological activity and physicochemical properties of DESs is described using a heatmap, along with the evaluation of the in vitro hypoglycemic, in vitro hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activity of the lignanoid extract. These findings can provide a theoretical foundation for the extraction of high-value components from waste biomass by deep eutectic solvents, as well as highlighting its specific significance in natural product development and utilization.

Influence of particle size fraction and bioactive compound contents on the biological activities of Solanum torvum L. leaf powder extracts

This study investigates the bioactive compound content and biological activities of raw powder extracts and particle size fractions from Solanum torvum leaves. The leaves, harvested from Douala, were processed into powders and subsequently divided into different fractions. Methanolic extracts of these powders were analyzed for their content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins), antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays), and antimicrobial (bacterial and fungal) activities. The particle size fraction of 250-400 µm constitutes the largest proportion (33.41%) of the raw powder. The highest contents of bioactive compounds are found in the 200-250, 400-500, and &lt; 125 µm fractions for total polyphenols (44.62 ± 0.19 mg GEA/100 ml extract), total flavonoids (14.47 ± 0.37 mg QE/100 ml extract), and condensed tannins (22.79 ± 0.12 mg CE/100 ml extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity of extracts from 500-800µm fraction improved their DPPH and ABTS assays by 31.50% and 40.44% compared to the raw powder. The same fraction (500-800 µm) and the raw powder extracts demonstrated bactericidal activities, while the 125-200, 200-250, and ≥ 800 µm fraction extracts exhibited moderate and significant antifungal activities against several bacterial and fungal strains, respectively. These biological activities are primarily attributed to the average flavonoid contents, which become more accessible in extracts after fractionation. This method of processing powder suggests that no plant powder should be disregarded or rejected due to its low content of bioactive compounds.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract from Endohytic Bacteria of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Roots

Aims: This study aims to obtain isolates of endophytic bacteria found in mangosteen roots, determine information regarding the chemical contents of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria, and obtain antioxidant activity data using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted from June to September 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of Universitas Perintis and the Higher Education Coordinating Board Region X, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Methodology: Isolation of endophytic bacteria, secondary metabolite production by endophytic bacteria, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method. Results: The results of measuring the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolite extracts from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen rootsusing the DPPH method yielded an IC50 of 14,047.912 g/ml and gallic acid solution of 2,498 g/ml. Furthermore, the T-test analysis between the % inhibition of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen roots and gallic acid yielded a significant value of 0.013. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria of mangosteen roots is considered weak and cannot be an alternative or solution for antioxidant production.

Phytochemical contents and bioactivity of four endemic Salvia seeds from Turkey: a comparative study to chia seed

AbstractRecently, the importance of medicinal plants such as Salvia species has been increasing both in medicine and in industrial branches, which includes food, feed, and cosmetic raw materials. On the other hand, chia seed is a functional food that has recently increased industrial importance due to its superior nutritional value, phytochemical components, and therapeutic effects. In our study, the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from the seeds of endemic Salvia cadmica Boiss var. cadmica, and Salvia caespitosa Montbret &amp; Aucher ex Benth., Salvia pisidica Boiss. &amp; Heldr. ex Benth., and Salvia potentillifolia Boiss. &amp; Heldr. ex Benth. collected from Burdur-Antalya/Turkey were determined via 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, cupric (II) reducing antioxidant capacity, b-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching and total phenolic, and total flavonoid content tests and compared with that of chia seed. Antimicrobial activity was determined according to minimum inhibitory concentration values, on S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans strains, but it was found negligible. Phenolic and fatty acid contents of the seed extracts were also determined by HPLC and GC–MS, respectively. S. pisidica and S. potentillifolia were found to be highly active. The major fatty acid composition of the chia seed was linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid while the others were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Despite fatty acid ratios of chia seed being more favorable; 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, cupric (II) reducing antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity of S. pisidica seed extracts and total flavonoid content and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching of S. potentillifolia seed extracts was higher than that of chia seed. These findings suggest seed extracts of these Salvia species are richer in phytochemicals and they are more active as antioxidants when compared to chia seed.

Assessment of Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Trigonostemon reidioides Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells

Assessment of Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Trigonostemon reidioides Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of &lt;i&gt;Cassia alata&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Roxb. Leaves

Cassia alata is a plant of Caesalpiniaceae family used for the treatment of management infectious diseases. This work aimed at evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hydroethanolic extract of Cassia alata leaves. The extract was obtained by the maceration of crude leaf powder (hydroethanolic 30:70). The phytochemical screening was focused on the detection of major chemical groups. The total flavonoids contents were studied using the aluminum chloride colorimetry method. The antioxidant capacity was carried out by the phosphomolybdate reduction method and by FRAP method. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was carried out by the diffusion method and the micro dilution. The extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and reducing compounds. The concentration of total flavonoids of Cassia alata leaves was 70.91± 5.66 mg RE/g. The antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdate reduction method and by the FRAP method were respectively 69.57 ± 4.83 mg AAE/g and 225.5 ± 17.32 mg FSE/g. The extract of Cassia alata has bactericidal action on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus SARM, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Cutibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 and fungicidal action on Candida albicans ATCC 10231. This study shows that Cassia alata could be a source of a new antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Valorization of Wine Lees: Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Wine Lees Extract and Incorporation in Chitosan Films

AbstractWine lees, as one of the main by-products of winery wastes, is considered a rich source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Recovery of such bioactive compounds would amplify the valorization of winery by-products, as well as promote their use in cosmetics and health applications. Towards this aim, the objective of this work is the recovery of phenolic compounds from wine lees by ultrasound-assisted extraction. The effect of extraction time, and ethanol content on the extraction yield of total phenolics was investigated, while the phenolic profile of the extract was monitored by GC-MS. Under the optimized conditions, the total phenolic content was calculated at 302.6 mg gallic acid equivalents g− 1 dry extract; the dry extract was investigated for its biological activities, exhibiting excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the extract was found to be a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase with IC50 values of 53.3, 83.5, 82.7, 19.0, and 31.3 µg mL− 1, respectively. Finally, the wine lees dry extract was incorporated into chitosan films, reinforcing the properties of the films, and providing them with excellent antioxidant activity. The results support that wine lees extract exhibits high antioxidant activity and can be used as a highly efficient inhibitor of enzymes with pharmaceutical and health interest. Moreover, the chitosan film enriched with wine lees extract is a promising material with high antioxidant potential and can lead to the development of novel food packaging films in the food industry. Graphical Abstract