Antioxidant Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Assessment of the Anti-Adipogenic Effect of Crateva religiosa Bark Extract for Molecular Regulation of Adipogenesis: In Silico and In vitro Approaches for Management of Hyperlipidemia Through the 3T3-L1 Cell Line.

This study aimed to determine the phytoconstituents of Crateva religiosa bark (CRB) and evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of bioactive CRB extract by preventing adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. After performing the preliminary phytochemicals screening, the antioxidant activity of CRB extracts was determined through a DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Ethyl acetate extract (CREAE) and ethanol extract (CRETE) of CRB were selected for chromatographic evaluation. The antihyperlipidemic potential was analyzed by molecular docking through the PKCMS software platform. Further, a 3T3-L1 cell line study via In vitro sulforhodamine B assay and western blotting was performed to confirm the prevention of adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis Results: The total phenolic contents in CREAE and CRETE were estimated as 29.47 and 81.19 μg/mg equivalent to gallic acid, respectively. The total flavonoid content was found to be 8.78 and 49.08 μg/mg, equivalent to quercetin in CREAE and CRETE, respectively. CRETE exhibited greater scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 61.05 μg/ mL. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of three bioactive molecules, stigmasterol, gamma sitosterol, and lupeol, in CRETE. Molecular docking studies predicted that the bioactive molecules interact with HMG-CoA reductase, PPARγ, and CCAAT/EBP, which are responsible for lipid metabolism. In vitro, Sulforhodamine B assays revealed that CRETE dose-dependently reduced cell differentiation and viability. Cellular staining using 'Oil Red O' revealed a decreased lipid content in the CRETE-treated cell lines. CRETE significantly inhibited the induction of PPARγ and CCAAT/EBP expression, as determined through protein expression via western blotting. The influence of CRETE on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells is potentially suggesting a new approach to managing hyperlipidemia.

Bioprospecting the Anticancer Efficacy of <i>Garcinia anomala</i> from North-East India in Ovarian Cancer Cells – An <i>In Vitro</i> Study

Background: Ovarian cancer is a type of gynaecological cancer with a worldwide prevalence affecting women aged above 50. Despite several advances made in chemotherapy and surgery, the average time of clinical exemption is approximately two years, and the 5-year survival rate is 45%. But even after survival, they have long-term side effects. So, there is an urgent need for natural anticancer drugs. In this context, Garcinia spp. is one such plant that is explored for its anticancer properties. However, the endemic species Garcinia anomala from North-East India has not been studied for anticancer efficacy. Thereby present study aimed to understand the anticancer efficacy of hexane and methanol extracts of Garcinia anomola short mamilla plant available in the North-East region of India with a major emphasis on antioxidant potential. Further, the best extract with higher antioxidant activity was used to evaluate the anticancer potential through modulation of redox status. Methods: Total phenolic content in extract samples was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay was used to assess the antioxidant activities of extracts. For in vitro evaluation of the anticancer potential of the extract, ovarian teratocarcinoma PA1 cells were used as a model to study the dose-dependent effect of the extract. Various assays, such as wound healing assay and transcriptional analysis of genes, such as Bcl-2, PCNA, and TP53, were performed. For the redox parameter, DCFDA (2’,7’-Dichlorofluoroscin Diacetate) assay was used. Results: The results showed that Garcinia anomola methanol extract (EB) exhibited higher antioxidant activity in comparison to the hexane extract (EA). A cytotoxicity assay was performed to find the effective IC50. From this assay, the effective dose concentration confirmed for EA was 40 µg/mL, EB was 20 µg/mL, and the time point selected was 24 hrs. As the IC50 for EB was less than EA, EB was chosen for further assays. From the wound healing assay, the migration rate obtained was 0.967±0.041 µm/hr. The methanol extract was found to affect key cell cycle checkpoint genes at the transcript level. Conclusion: These results indicate that the anticancer potential is mediated through the modulation of antioxidant status. Thus, Garcinia anomala short mamilla extract from northeast India has good efficacy as an anticancer agent, which can be considered as a future potent drug candidate for ovarian cancer.

Screening of the antioxidant and vasorelaxant activity of wine waste ultrasonic extracts, and HRMS targeted and semi-targeted profiling of glycosylated polyphenols vs free polyphenols

The winemaking process generates a large amount of waste which can be profitably converted into a resource. In this work, extracts from stalks, lees, and pomace of Magliocco canino cv (Vitis Vinifera L.) were obtained using ultrasounds. A comprehensive metabolomics profile was carried out by high-resolving power mass spectrometry hyphenated with liquid chromatography. Fifty-nine compounds were annotated and successively verified, bearing different chemical classes. Free amino acids were quantified in the different extracts. Distinction of glycosylated polyphenols vs their aglycones was accomplished by targeted and semi-targeted LC-MS methods; then selected polyphenolic biomarkers were quantified in the studied extracts. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro in a human dermal fibroblasts assay, and the best antioxidant extract was used for the synthesis of an antioxidant DX conjugate by a grafting reaction, to obtain an innovative food ingredient endowed with improved antioxidant activity. The in-vitro endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, recorded for both stalk and lees extracts could be exploited for the development of new antihypertensive nutraceuticals.

Molecular mechanism of antioxidant activity of mesona chinensis benth extracts based on arginine-citric acid deep eutectic solvent

In the pursuit of sustainable development, the research and development of environmentally friendly green solvents have become increasingly important. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) represent a novel type of green solvent with broad application potential. Although our research group has previously successfully developed various new DES, the separation mechanism of Mesona chinensis Benth (MB) using arginine (Arg)-citric acid (CA) DES and the antioxidant activity of its extracts remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to extract MB using natural deep eutectic solvents and investigate the antioxidant activity of its extracts. Initially, thermodynamic analysis of Arg-CA DES is conducted using solid-liquid equilibrium phase diagrams. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of MB is screened through in vitro antioxidant experiments. The composition of MB extracts is analyzed using LC-MS, and their antioxidant mechanisms are explored through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Finally, further validation is carried out through in vitro antioxidant experiments. The cell experiments show that DES extracts could enhance cellular antioxidant capacity by increasing GSH-PX, CAT enzyme activity and reducing MDA levels. PCR studies reveal that MB extracts obtained with DES could regulate the expression of antioxidant-related genes to improve the antioxidant capacity of cells. Overall, this study demonstrates that the MB Arg-CA (4:6) DES extract can serve as a novel antioxidant for functional food and healthcare sectors.

Extraction, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba.

The extraction of total flavonoids from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba (H. spectabile) leaves was studied through the use of a double enzyme-assisted ultrasonic method, and the extraction process was optimized using the Box-Behnken design. Eight different macroporous resins were screened for purification in single-factorial experiments, and the flavonoid compounds in the extract of H. spectabile leaves were identified using HPLC-MS. Through the evaluation of the total reducing capacity and capacity for reducing 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and 2,2'-biazobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the in vitro antioxidant activities of the crude extracts of the total flavonoids and purified total flavonoids of H. spectabile leaves were investigated. The results showed that the most efficient conditions for flavonoid extraction were an ultrasonic extraction time of 60 min, an ethanol concentration of 35%, a liquid-to-material ratio of 20:1 mL/g, and an amount of enzyme (cellulose/pectinase = 1:1) of 1.5%, forming H. spectabile powder. Under these conditions, the total flavonoid extraction rate in the H. spectabile leaf extract was 4.22%. AB-8 resin showed superior performance in terms of purification, and the optimal adsorption and desorption times were 1.5 h and 3 h, respectively. The recommended parameters for purification included a liquid volume of 5.5 BV, a flow rate of 1.2 BV/min, a pH of 5, and a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. The observed order for reducing capacity was ascorbic acid (VC) > rutin > purified total flavonoids > crude extract of total flavonoids. The purified total flavonoid extract from H. spectabile showed a good scavenging ability against DPPH, ·OH, and ABTS·+, suggesting strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study can serve as technical support and reference data for the further development and utilization of H. spectabile resources.

Evaluation of anti-aging and antioxidant properties of a new rose variety, Ever-rose

BackgroundRose flowers contain active ingredients such as flavonoids and volatile oils and are acknowledged to be good natural resources owing to their anti-aging and antioxidant properties. In this study, we develop four new rose varieties (named Ever-rose) that are fragrant, pest resistant, and easy to grow. Subsequently, we evaluate the properties of Ever-rose and its potential for use in anti-aging products.MethodsThe chemical composition of Ever-rose was determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of the Ever-rose extract was evaluated using various assays, including superoxide dismutase activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging capacity, and xanthine oxidase activity. The variations in proteolytic matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression, collagen content after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) levels after infrared A (IRA) treatment were evaluated. The variations in cell elasticity were assessed via atomic force microscopy.ResultsThe petal extracts of Ever-rose (named ER004(P), ER011(P), ER012(P), and ER015(P)) showed good antioxidant activity. They effectively inhibited UV irradiation-induced MMP-1 expression and IRA irradiation-induced increase in mitochondrial ROS levels. Additionally, they inhibited variations in cell shape and elasticity as aging progressed. In particular, ER011(P) demonstrated the best anti-aging and antioxidant effects.ConclusionThe newly developed Ever-rose showed excellent antioxidant and anti-aging effects. In particular, ER011(P) demonstrated the best properties owing to its high antioxidant content. Hence, it exhibits significant potential as a functional cosmetic ingredient.Graphical

Nutraceutical Valorization of Exhausted Olive Pomace from Olea europaea L. Using Advanced Extraction Techniques.

Exhausted olive pomace (EOP) represents the principal residue of olive pomace. Several studies have optimized the extraction of specialized metabolites from the EOP of Olea europaea L., but a comparison between different extractive methods has not been made. For this reason, the present investigation aims to compare four different extractive methods by using water and 15% ethanol/water as extractive solvents. Specifically, based on extract antioxidant activity, the methods compared were maceration (MAC), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). Between these, the UAE and ASE hydroalcoholic EOP extracts were demonstrated to have the highest antioxidant activity. Subsequently, these extracts were investigated for their hypoglycemic and antiradical activity using in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays, respectively. ASE hydroalcoholic EOP extract demonstrated the greatest ability to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme and an in vitro antioxidant activity comparable to N-acetyl cysteine in HepG2 cells. UAE and ASE extracts' phytochemical characterization was also performed, identifying seven phenolic compounds, including 3-hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and, for the first time, salidroside. The ASE hydroalcoholic EOP extract was the richest from a phytochemical point of view, thus confirming its major biological activity. Therefore, ASE and 15% ethanol/water may represent the best extractive method for EOP nutraceutical valorization.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Composition of Different Monofloral and Polyfloral Brazilian Honey Extracts.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from monofloral and polyfloral honey samples obtained from different Brazilian regions. The chemical composition (total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids) of extracts were measured by using colorimetric assays and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC-DAD). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by chemical and biochemical assays (reducing power assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⋅) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS⋅+) scavenger assays. It was also investigated the ability of extracts in attenuate lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+ in phospholipids. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the botanical origin and geographical region of honey collection influenced the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts. Furthermore, the samples were constituted by phenolic acids and flavonoids, which p-coumaric acid was predominant among the compounds identified. All samples were able to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, and good correlations were obtained between the flavonoid content and honey color. In conclusion, the obtained extracts were constituted by antioxidant compounds, which reinforce the usage of honey in human diets, and demonstrated that the region of honey collection strong influenced in the chemical composition and, consequently, its biological effect.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of the aqueous extracts of Dracaena arborea and Bridelia ferruginea: In vitro and in silico studies

Dracaena arborea (DA) and Bridelia ferruginea (BF) are medicinal plants used in the treatment of various ailments such as diabetes, infertility, and sexual dysfunctions. The aim of this work was to characterize these plants chemically and investigate their antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro and in silico. The cytotoxicity was determined in PC3, NIH3T3 and BT474 cells, and through hemolysis using erythrocytes. Furthermore, selected compounds from DA and BF were docked against some oxidative stress (Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and GST: glutathione S-transferase) and cytotoxicity (PARP10: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 10 and p90 RSK: p90 ribosomal S6 kinases) proteins to predict the ligand-protein interaction. We found that the total phenolic and flavonoid content in BF was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of DA. 16 and 32 phytocompounds were identified in DA and BF, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+) free radical scavenging activity, and cupric and ferric reducing power of BF were significantly (p < 0.05–0.001) higher than those of DA. Moreover, the ability of BF to inhibit lipid peroxidation was higher than that of DA. DA dose-dependently decreased the viability of PC3, NIH3T3, and BT474 cells, while BF tended to feed the cells. Drug-Likeness and toxicity prediction of selected compounds found in DA and BF were within the acceptable standards, according to Lipinski's rule. The majority of compounds found in DA and BF exhibited a strong binding affinity with Keap1, GST, PARP10 and p90 RSK, which supports the in vitro results. For instance, Cis-cyclohexane-1,3-diamine from DA showed a binding affinity of -6.73 kcal/mol and interacted with Keap1 through five conventional hydrogen bonds, while Nrf2 (a Keap1 inhibitor) exhibited a binding affinity of -11.82 kcal/mol and interacted with Keap1 via two conventional hydrogen bonds. 1,3-propanediamine, n-methyl identified in BF exhibited a high stability with Keap1 (-5.95 kcal/mol) due to the presence of 6 conventional hydrogen bonds. Among the compounds identified in DA, the best stable ligand interacting with PARP10 was 2-deoxy-alpha-d-ribopyranose (-7.62 kcal/mol), as it was well-matched in the PARP10 pocket through five conventional hydrogen bonds. In parallel, among the compounds present in BF, 2-[(methylamino)methyl]cyclohexanol showed the best binding affinity with PARP10 (-9.80 kcal/mol), which was higher than that of veliparib (-8.26 kcal/mol), used as a reference inhibitor. In conclusion, BF has the possibility to be exploited in the prevention/treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases, while DA could be a potential anticancer agent. This could justify their ethnomedicinal uses.

Evaluation of the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of Prosopis juliflora fruit extract as a novel multifunctional bioactive ingredient and its potential applicability in pro-ageing and skin colour harmonization cosmetic products.

Prosopis juliflora, commonly known as algaroba or mesquite, was introduced and has since proliferated throughout the semi-arid region of the Caatinga biome. Various studies have documented its properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities, attributed to the presence of diverse secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of P. juliflora fruit extract as a multifunctional active ingredient, and to develop cosmetic formulations containing this vegetal extract for potential applications in skincare products targeting pro-ageing and skin colour homogenization properties. The extraction process followed established protocols. Chemical characterization of the extract involved quantification of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds, along with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Invitro antioxidant activity was assessed using different methods. Antityrosinase activity was determined by employing enzymatic assays. Cosmetic formulations containing Disodium EDTA, Phenoxyethanol (and) Ethylhexyl Glycerin, Distilled Water, Sodium Acrylates Copolymer Lecithin, Polyacrylamide (and) C13-14 Isoparaffin (and) Laureth-7, and 3.0% of the investigated plant extract were subjected to preliminary and accelerated stability tests. The extract demonstrated a concentration of total flavonoids (1.71 ± 0.26 μg EQ/mg) and exhibited concentrations of phenolic compounds at 0.21 ± 0.01 mg EAG/g. Metabolites such as flavonoids and saponins were annotated, as well as some of their respective glycosidic derivatives. The extract showed antioxidant potential and the ability to inhibit the oxidation cascade in both the initiation and propagation phases. Moreover, the extract exhibited noteworthy inhibition of antityrosinase activity, presenting 62.48 ± 2.09 at a concentration of 30.00 mg/mL. The formulations were stable in accelerated stability tests over a 60-day period. This research not only demonstrates scientifically by demonstrating the potential of a plant from the Caatinga biome with antioxidant and antityrosinase properties in the development of cosmetic products aimed at pro-ageing effects and skin colour harmonization, but also adds value to the P. juliflora production chain. This valorization encompasses various aspects which include environmental, social, and biodiversity responsibilities.

Chemical Composition Analysis and Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Crude Extract of Flueggea leucopyrus on Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Wistar Albino Rats.

A member of the Phyllanthaceae family, Flueggea leucopyrus is a well-known plant in the tribal areas of Sri Lanka, India's Shaurastra region, Australia, and Malaysia. This study provides information about Flueggea leucopyrus, a plant with a wide range of therapeutic uses in India. Different extracts from the leaves and roots of Flueggea leucopyrus were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties, preliminary phytochemical parameters, and pharmacological activities in the current study, followed by their fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aqueous extract of Flueggea leucopyrus leaves and roots have more different phytochemical elements than other solvent extracts, according to physico-chemical tests and phytochemical screening. As a result, the FT-IR, GC-MS, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of an aqueous extract were tested. Studies on hind paw edemas caused by carrageenan in albino rats examined the mean increase in paw volume and the percentage inhibition in paw volume at various time points following the injection of carrageenan (1% w/v). In comparison to the norm, these inhibitions were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The aqueous extract of Flueggea leucopyrus leaves and roots have both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, indicating that it has the potential to be used in the formulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medications in the future.

Determination of in vitro Antioxidant, Anticholinergic and Antiepileptic Activities of Some Aromatic Plant Extracts

Medicinal and aromatic plants such as Crocus cancellatus, Scilla Siberica subsp. armena, Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and Anthriscus nemorosa have many different biological activities. While antioxidants are significant in preventing many diseases, inhibition of metabolic enzymes is also important in preventing many significant diseases. In this study, antioxidant activities of water, ethanol, and dichloromethane extracts of four different medicinal and aromatic plant species were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS·+) radical scavenging and Cu2+, Fe+3, and Fe3+-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing assays. Standard antioxidants (BHA, BHT, Trolox, α-Tocopherol) were used in antioxidant assays, and the results were evaluated according to these standards. Enzyme inhibition studies were performed with metabolic enzymes acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes. The ethanol extract of A. nemorosa showed the highest activity in DPPH assay (IC50: 17.36 µg mL-1). In the ABTS assay, the ethanol extract of A. nemorosa plant showed the highest activity (IC50: 7.02 µg mL-1). In the Fe3+ reducing assay, the dichloromethane extract of A. nemorosa showed the highest activity (1.96±0.060 µg mL-1). In the Cu2+ reducing assay, the dichloromethane extract of J. oxycedrus showed the highest activity (1.773±0.066 µg mL-1). In the Fe3+-TPTZ reducing assay, the ethanol extract of S. siberica showed the highest activity (1.256±0.011 µg mL-1). In the enzyme inhibition results, it was determined that all plants and all extracts inhibited the enzymes studied. As a result of this study, it was determined that these four medicinal and aromatic plants have high biological and antioxidant activities.

Characterization and antioxidant activity of nano-formulated berberine and cyperus rotundus extracts with anti-inflammatory effects in mastitis-induced rats

Bovine mastitis caused by infectious pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), constitutes a major destructive challenge for the dairy industry and public health. Berberine chloride (BER) and Cyperus rotundus possess a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities; however, their bioavailability is low. This research aimed first to prepare an ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes (CRE) followed by screening its phytochemical contents, then synthesis of BER and CRE loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs), afterward, the analysis of their loading efficiency in addition to the morphological and physicochemical characterization of the formulated NPs employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) assessments compared to their crude forms to evaluate the enhancement of bioavailability and stability. Isolation of bacterial strains from the milk of mastitic cows, used for induction of mammary gland (MG) inflammation in female albino rats, and a preliminary investigation of the prophylactic oral doses of the prepared NPs against S. aureus-induced mastitis in female rats. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs is 1 mg/kg b.w. BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs alone or in combination show significant (P ≤ 0.05) DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.2, 88.5, and 98.2%, respectively) in vitro. Oral administration of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs to mastitis rats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) attenuated TNF-α (22.1, 28.6 pg/ml), IL-6 (33.4, 42.9 pg/ml), IL-18 (21.7, 34.7 pg/ml), IL-4 (432.9, 421.6 pg/ml), and MPO (87.1, 89.3 pg/ml) compared to mastitis group alongside the improvement of MG histopathological findings without any side effect on renal and hepatic functions. Despite promising results with BER and CRE nanoparticles, the study is limited by small-scale trials, a focus on acute administration, and partially explored nanoparticle-biological interactions, with no economic or scalability assessments. Future research should address these limitations by expanding trial scopes, exploring interactions further, extending study durations, and assessing economic and practical scalability. Field trials and regulatory compliance are also necessary to ensure practical application and safety in the dairy industry. In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results proved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs in low doses with minimal damage to the liver and kidney functions, supposing their promising uses in mastitis treatment.

Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum Sm leaf and flower: Integrative Analysis using Advanced Analytical Techniques

ABSTRACT Objective This study investigates the biological activities of Rhododendron arboreum Sm from the eastern Himalayas, addressing a literature gap on its properties. It explores the plant's phytochemical, antioxidant, and medicinal characteristics. Significance: Evaluating methanolic extracts of R. arboreum offers valuable insights into its bioactive potential. Comprehensive GC-MS analysis identified a diverse array of compounds, highlighting the plant's chemical composition. Methods: Methanolic leaf and flower extracts underwent sequential extraction and phytochemical profiling using column chromatography, TLC, and GC-MS analysis. Spectral studies aided compound identification, and antioxidant activity was assessed via spectrophotometric assays. Results: Column chromatography separated methanol leaf and flower extracts into 17 and 24 distinct fractions, respectively. TLC analysis showed specific Rf values for leaf (0.58, 0.65, 0.75, 0.8, 0.86, 0.9) and flower samples (0.91, 0.38, 0.48, 0.51, 0.56, 0.6, 0.65, 0.75, 0.85, 0.96). GC-MS analysis revealed a variety of organic functional groups, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic molecules, phenolic compounds, steroids, terpenoids, alcohols, esters, and other bioactive compounds. FTIR spectra identified functional groups such as hydroxyls, primary amines, alkanes, and alkynes. NMR data indicated a complex molecular composition with diverse proton environments. Leaf extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity compared to flower extracts in DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and FRAP assays. Conclusion: The study identifies diverse phytochemicals in R.arboreum extracts and highlights their potential applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods, owing to the superior antioxidant activity of leaf extracts compared to flowers.

Arbutus andrachne: The Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of Fruit Extracts and the Phytochemical Composition of Essential Oil

Background: Arbutus andrachne L. is a perennial evergreen shrub widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region. This plant holds great scientific significance owing to its nutritional, pharmacological, and chemical characteristics, making it a popular choice as a medicinal plant. It is well known for its diverse applications in science and medicine. Objectives: The primary purposes of this study were to explore the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of A. andrachne and to identify the phytochemicals in A. andrachne essential oil. Methods: The fruits of A. andrachne L. were collected and taxonomically identified. Aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts were then prepared. The fruits of A. andrachne were subjected to advanced hydrodistillation to extract essential oils, which were carefully analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify their phytochemical components. A ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay was used to test the extracts' antioxidant activity. The colorimetric assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) was used to test the extracts' antiproliferative activity against five specific cell lines: T47D and MCF-7 (breast cancer), Caco-2 and HCT-116 (colorectal cancer), and MRC-5 (a standard fibroblast cell line used as a control). Results: The main findings indicated that the essential oil of the fruits comprises 35 different components. The main ingredient in A. andrachne fruits is pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester (19.87%). The methanolic extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (18.27 µmol/L Fe2+ equivalents). Furthermore, all tested extracts exerted weak antiproliferative activity against the tested cancerous cell lines and had no significant effect on normal cell lines. At 200 µg/mL, the aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts showed high viability of the treated cells across all tested cell lines (ranging from 99.30 - 100.00%). Conclusions: The A. andrachne crude extracts, with their non-cytotoxic activity on both cancerous and normal cells, present a promising natural source of antioxidants. This potential opens up various applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, highlighting the relevance and impact of these findings.

Potential anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal components revealed in Sorindeia nitidula via LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS

Sorindeia nitidula (Anacardiaceae) is used by traditional practitioners to treat influenza illnesses with cephalgia and febrile aches. However, the potential active ingredients for its remarkable antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal activities remain unexplored. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal activities of the ethyl acetate extract of S. nitidula (SN) in order to screen out the bioactive compounds and to analyze their possible mechanisms of action. Overall, 21 phenolic compounds were annotated, by using the MS and MS/MS information provided by the QTOF-MS. In vitro assays on the extract revealed potent antioxidant (IC50 = 0.0129 ± 0.0001 mg/mL), anti-HIV (IC50 = 1.736 ± 0.036 µM), antitrypanosomal (IC50 = 1.040 ± 0.010 µM) activities. Furthermore, SN did not present cytotoxic effect on HeLa cancer cell lines. The integrated strategy based on LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS provided a powerful tool and a multidimensional perspective for further exploration of active ingredients in S. nitidula responsible for the antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitrypanosomal activities.

Antioxidant Activity and Preclinical Safety of Semen persicae Extract.

Semen persicae is the dried mature seeds of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch and P. davidiana (Carr.) Franch and is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations because of its variety of biological effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and toxicity profiles of semen persicae extract (SPE) after determining the amygdalin content (4.95%) using HPLC. Regarding the in vitro antioxidant activity, SPE with 2 mg/mL concentration scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and ABTS free radicals with rates of 51.78%, 55.47%, and 57.16%, respectively. The same concentration of SPE chelated 30.76% Fe2+. The in vitro cytotoxicity study revealed that SPE induced 92.45% cell viabilities of HEPG2 even at 2000 μg/mL. In the acute toxicity study, oral administration of SPE did not provoke mortality or any toxic signs at doses up to 2000 mg/kg bw. Repeated oral administration for 28 days at doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg per day in rats did not show any toxicity signs or gross pathological abnormalities. The results of the present research provide basic reference data for SPE with a moderate effect on antioxidant activity and low toxicity for future screening of biological and pharmacological properties.

Potential Application of Essential Oils in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: a Case Study of Essential oil from Hyptis Suaveolens (L.) Poit

The main method for treating nerve-signaling disorders like Alzheimer’s disease has been chemical suppression of acetylcholinesterase. Limited treatment options have driven the research into extracts from indigenous plants. In this study, the chemical constituents, anti-cholinesterase, and radical scavenging potentials of the essential oil and the polar constituents (decoction water) of a Nigerian variety of the medicinal plant, Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, were investigated. Essential oil from the leaves of the medicinal plant was obtained through hydro-distillation, and the chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Radical scavenging activity potential and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity were carried out using the colorimetric method. The GC-MS analysis revealed 24 chemical compounds, including β-Caryophyllene (15.31%), β-Phellandrene (9.73%), trans-α-Bergamotene (6.94%) and Fenchone (5.79%) as major components. The phytochemicals present in the polar constituent (the decoction water) of the leaves of H. suaveolens were alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins. Bioactivity assessment revealed significant antioxidant activities in essential oil extracts with values ranging from (DPPH = 38.80 ± 0.04 to 69.33 ± 0.12 %, ABTS = 2.84 ± 0.01 to 11.26 ± 0.26 mg TEAC /g, FRAP = 10.89 ± 0.01 to 15.79 ± 0.33 mg AAE /g and NOx = 26.06 ± 0.03 to 71.87 ± 0.21 %). Higher acetyl-cholinesterase inhibition activity was recorded for the essential oil compared to the polar constituents with values ranging from 10.42 ± 0.12 to 46.50 ± 0.19 %. Findings from this study highlight the antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of extracts from Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Extraction, characterization, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of ethanolic extracts from the split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune)

Split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) is among the known functional foods for the antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. However, its antidiabetic activity has not been well characterized. Thus, this study aims to characterize ethanolic extracts and investigate the antidiabetic mechanism of the extracts from the split gill mushroom. We utilized both dried and fresh split gill mushrooms as sources for ethanol extractions. We find that the extracts have differential carbohydrate, protein, total phenolic, and total flavonoid compositions, and antioxidant activities. The fresh mushroom extract 1 (FME1) is the best stimulator of glucose uptake in the C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, FME1 dose-dependently activates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, possibly by promoting the phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex. This sample also enhance lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) reveals many potential antidiabetic compounds in the sample. In conclusion, we illustrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic mechanism of an ethanolic extract from fresh split gill mushrooms and identified potential antidiabetic components in the extract, demonstrating the antidiabetic potential of S. commune.

Protective potential of onion eco-extract: safeguarding chicken patties from oxidative deterioration

ABSTRACT Onions contain valuable phytochemical compounds, including quercetin derivatives. This study explores the potential of onion extract as a natural additive in chicken patties. The optimized conditions involved sonication at 80% for 5 min with a 75% ethanol concentration. The onion extract exhibited total phenolic and flavonoid compound values of 255.63 mg GAE g−1 DR and 196.87 mg QE g−1 DR, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the onion extract was characterized by an IC50 of 12.74 µg/mL. This onion extract was dominated by quercetin derivatives (quercetin 4’-O-β-glycoside and quercetin-3-O-β-glycoside and quercetin-3,4’-O-β-diglycoside). Chicken patties treated with 2% onion extract exhibited superior pH stability, lowest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level (0.40 mg/kg) and peroxide index (0.77 mEq O2/kg meat) and maintained color stability. Comparative analysis with BHT demonstrated the efficacy of onion extract in reducing lipid oxidation. These findings highlight the potential of a 2% onion extract as effective ingredient for enhancing the quality of chicken products.