Antioxidant Activity Of Essential Oil Research Articles

GC/MS and LC-MS Analysis and in-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Crude Methanol Extract from the Leaves of Acacia Gerrardii Benth. Growing in Saudi Arabia.

In this study, I determined the essential oil (EO) chemical composition and crude methanol extract (ME) phytochemical profile of the leaves of Acacia gerrardii (ACGL), a plant growing in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, I assessed their in vitro antioxidant activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the EO revealed a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (79.86 %), primarily dominated by pulegone (35.11 %), carvacrol (27.36 %), and neo-dihydrocarveol (4.67 %). The ME was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine its qualitative chemical profile. Four organic acids, eleven phenolic compounds, sixteen flavonoids, nine terpenoids (eight triterpenoids and one diterpenoid), and one coumarin were found in the ME of ACGL. This extract was found to be dominated by 5,6,4-trihydroxy-7,3-dimethoxyflavone (39.30 %), acteoside (30.27 %), nevadensin (7.55 %), isoacteoside (3.08 %) and apiin (3.23 %), and hesperidin (2.73 %). The phenolic (TPC=127.70±1.47 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of extract) and flavonoid (TFC=85.48±0.12 mg quercetin equivalents/g of extract) contents of the ME were also assessed. The in vitro antioxidant activities of both the EO and ME were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and ferrous ion chelating effect assays. Compared to the positive control (vit. E and Vit. C), and both extracts exhibited excellent activity.

Anticancer and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Chiliadenus iphionoides from Jordan: in vitro and in vivo study

Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times and may even be considered the origin of modern medicine. Natural products are a potential source for drug discovery and development of cancer treatments. Several pharmacological therapeutic activities were reported for Chiliadenus iphionoides. This research was designed to evaluate the essential oil of Chiliadenus iphionoides antioxidant potential and antiproliferative activity both in vitro and in vivo. The essential oil of Chiliadenus iphionoides was extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition analysis was performed using gas chromatography. The main compounds identified in Chiliadenus iphionoides essential oil were oxygenated monoterpenes, such as eucalyptol (36.08%). A dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was observed after the treatment of various cell lines (A549 (human lung cancer adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer cell line), T47 (human breast cancer cell line), EMT6/P (mouse mammary sarcoma cell line)) with increasing concentrations of the essential oil (0.02–2.5 mg/mL). The essential oil of Chiliadenus iphionoides was more cytotoxic against EMT6 and T47 cells with IC₅₀ values of 0.03±0.03 and 0.08± 0.009 mg/mL, respectively. The essential oil exhibited low cytotoxicity against a normal VERO cell line (IC₅₀ value > 4 mg/ml). Balb/C mice were inoculated with EMT6/p breast cancer cells and then treated with (60 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection) of essential extract for ten days. Interestingly, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction occurred in the tumor size of the treated group compared to the control group. Treatment toxicity was evaluated by measuring liver and kidney parameters. The tumor-bearing mice treated with the Chiliadenus iphionoides extract showed normal serum levels of AST, creatinine, and slight elevation in ALT level. The results indicated that Chiliadenus iphionoides have anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that eucalyptol, a major active component, is a promising candidate for use as an anticancer agent. However, further molecular investigation is required to understand the molecular bearings of Chiliadenus iphionoides activity.

Salvia mirzayanii and Salvia hypoleuca Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Synergistic Effects of Selected Components

Background: Salvia is one of the most important genera belonging to the Lamiaceae family that has been used in various applications in folk medicine and the pharmaceutical and food industries. Objectives: This study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Salvia mirzayanii Rech. f. and Esfand. and Salvia hypoleuca Benth. essential oils (EOs). Additionally, the enzyme inhibitory activity of the mixture of compounds was evaluated to find whether the synergistic effect is responsible for the desired activity or not. Methods: The constituents of S. mirzayanii and S. hypoleuca EOs collected from Fars and Alborz provinces, Iran, were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. They were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by the determination of para-nitrophenol (pNP), derived from the enzymatic degradation of para-nitrophenol-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as the substrate. The activity of the selected components was also tested. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of EOs was evaluated based on the radical scavenging capability (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH]) assay, and their total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method in terms of gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Results: In total, 66 compounds were detected in the S. mirzayanii and S. hypoleuca EOs. The results showed that S. mirzayanii EO had more potent antioxidant activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.77 ± 0.00 mg/mL), higher TPC (78.26 ± 1.26 mg GAE/g EO), and a greater inhibitory effect toward α-glucosidase (IC50 = 55.15 ± 1.60 mg/mL) than S. hypoleuca EO. Furthermore, caryophyllene oxide (IC50 = 19.94 ± 0.26 mg/mL), α-pinene (IC50 = 17.59 ± 0.19 mg/mL), and linalool (IC50 = 38.00 ± 0.22 mg/mL) showed high levels of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among the major constituents. In addition, the combination of linalool: 1,8-cineole: α-terpineol (40: 35: 25) inhibited this enzyme synergistically (combination index [CI] < 1). Conclusions: The findings indicated that S. mirzayanii EO had a high potential for developing efficient anti-type 2 diabetes agents.

Chemical profile and radical scavenging of the Psidium guajava flower’s essential oil: Molecular docking study on the human cytochrome P450 CYP2C9

Psidium guajava L. plant is frequently utilized as therapeutic plant due to its nutritional benefits and bioactive metabolites. The current study intends to identify the chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of essential oil (EO) of freshly harvested P. guajava flowers. The EO was analyzed using GC with flame-ionization detection (FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) along with chemometric analysis. With 98.87% of overall oil mass, 37 volatile constituents were assigned. All identified compounds were categorized into two classes including mono-(30.34%) and sesquiterpenes (68.53%). The d-limonene (26.10%), trans-β-caryophyllene (17.24%), trans-nerolidol (11.01%), and ledol (5.12%) served as predominant compounds. Using three separate methods, DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power, the free radical scavenging activity of P. guajava flower oil was assessed in comparison with ascorbic acid as a reference antioxidant. The net results revealed that EO has considerable activities with respective IC50 values of 224.53, 125.78, and 231.78 mg L−1. All main compounds (> 3.00%) were in silico studied by Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software on human cytochrome P450 CYP2C9. The net findings showed that the tested compounds have good binding affinity ranging from ΔG at −4.43 to −5.65 kcal/mol, while ascorbic acid exhibits binding affinity with ΔG = −4.58 kcal/mol. Cubenol revealed the best binding affinity with ΔG = −5.65 kcal/ mol. The present findings verified the guava flower EO’s powerful functions. For a better knowledge of the action pathways both in vitro and in vivo, more scientific studies on this oil’s antioxidant and/or its main components in pure form were advised.

Chromatographic analysis and antioxidant effect of essential oils from two Algerian Teucrium species: Teucrium flavum L. and Teucrium polium L.

This study aimed to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Teucrium flavum and Teucrium polium, collected from Babor mountains in Algeria. The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty-two components were identified in the essential oil of T. flavum representing 91.40% of the total essential oil. Its major components were germacrene D (18.0%) followed by (Z)-γ-bisabolene (10.3%), β-caryophyllene (7.6%), α-pinene (6.7%), β-pinene (6.2%), α-humulene (5.8%) and limonene (5%) with a prevalence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (59.1%). However, sixty-four components were identified in the essential oil of T. polium (96.80% of total essential oil). Its major components were germacrene D (36.5%), β-pinene (11.8%), epi-α-cadinol (9%) and bicyclogermacrene (7.3%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the most abundant fraction of this essential oil (55.6%). The antioxidant potential was tested using free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl, and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Both the essential oils exhibited moderate to low activity. Overall, the essential oil of T. flavum was more effective than that of T. polium.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L. from the Al-Hoceima province in northern Morocco

Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L. is an industrial plant that has gained importance due to its essential oil (EO), which has commercial, medical, and potential cosmetic applications. Despite its significance, the chemical constituents of the C. sativa EO cultivated in Morocco is not well understood. In this context, the current study aimed to define and analyze the volatile fraction and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the plant C. sativa EO for the first time in the Al-Hoceima province in northern Morocco. To assess its chemical composition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized after hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-style apparatus. The analysis revealed that caryophyllene, α-humulene, and β-myrcene were the major constituents, accounting for 31.77%, 11.21%, and 8.76% of the EO, respectively. Antioxidant activity results indicate that the potency of C. sativa EO is interesting (IC50 = 4.45 mg/mL) for the DPPH● (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test. These findings indicate that the C. sativa EO may serve as a natural source of antioxidants.

Optimization of green microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from lemon (Citrus limon) leaves: Bioactive, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential

This research delves into the analysis of essential oil derived from Citrus limon leaves cultivated in the northern region of Bangladesh, focusing on their potential attributes. The essential oil was extracted employing a microwave-assisted gravity station without using solvent. Optimization was carried out in terms of time, temperature and power as a function of oil yield. The study revealed the highest oil yield of 2.5 % after 50 min at 110 °C, maintaining a microwave power of 300 watt. Twenty-four (24) phyto-components were identified by Gas Chromatogram- Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) where d-Limonene (34.10660 %) was dominant compound. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to assess the antioxidant activity of essential oil. Notably, essential oil displayed superior DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 8.57 ppm) compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 10.63 ppm), a common antioxidant standard. Furthermore, a variety of harmful microorganisms were used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy. The extracted essential oil exhibited the strongest antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI-27.50 mm, MIC-7.8 μL/mL) and the fungi Candida albicans (ZOI-32.83 mm, MIC-1.95 μL/mL). These findings demonstrate the Citrus limon leaves essential oil contains bioactive components with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The extracted essential oil holds significant potential for applications in the foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries.

<em>In-Vitro</em> antioxidant activity of essential oils and oleoresins of cinnamon, clove bud, ginger and their synergistic interactions

Essential oils (EOs) and oleoresins (ORs) are well distinguished for their antioxidant properties and they can be widely used in the food industry as preservatives. The present study was executed for evaluating the synergistic interactions on antioxidant efficacy of EOs and ORs of cinnamon, clove bud and ginger and their combinations. EOs and ORs were obtained by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction. In-vitro antioxidant properties were investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum method (Total Antioxidant Capacity, TAC) and ABTS radical scavenging activity assay. EOs and ORs which consisted with different chemical constituents and different Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavanoid Content (TFC) exhibited a range of variation in the inhibition percentage of DPPH and IC50 values (0.1645-6.5181 mg/mL). The TAC of EOs and ORs was within the range of 0.27-3.94 mg AAE/mg. The ORs showed higher inhibition percentages and TAC compared to EOs of the same spice. This study revealed that clove buds contains higher antioxidant properties than cinnamon and ginger. Significant reductions in IC50 values were shown in EO blends compared to the ORs blends. The combination of cinnamon EO/clove bud EO and combination cinnamon EO/ginger EO showed strong synergy in tested samples. Therefore, both EOs and ORs of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale and their blends are excellent sources for natural and effective natural antioxidant agents in the food industry.

Potential anti-inflammatory activity of the Salvia fruticosa Mill. essential oil

Context: Salvia fruticosa, known as Greek sage, is a perennial shrub indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean. Historically, its leaves have been prized for their medicinal properties, particularly in traditional remedies for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and digestive ailments. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties and possible mechanisms of action of Salvia fruticosa essential oil (EOSF). Methods: The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant using hydrodistillation and then analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil were examined using established inflammation models, specifically carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils, widely recognized inflammation models were employed, specifically carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis. In addition, the essential oil's antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring its ability to scavenge nitric oxide radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Results: The primary constituents of the EOSF were found to be 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol) (45.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.2%), and β-pinene (6.5%). The results of the study demonstrated that EOSF displayed a significant reduction in edema, peritonitis, myeloperoxidase activity, and NOx-peritoneal lavage concentration induced by carrageenan. Moreover, the essential oil exhibited notable inhibition of nitric oxide radical production stimulated by sodium nitroprusside. Additionally, EOSF demonstrated the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation caused by Fe2+ or Fe2+ plus H2O2. Conclusions: The findings indicate that EOSF possesses anti-inflammatory properties, potentially attributed to its antioxidant capacity.

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) seed essential oils: Extraction yield, volatile components, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities based on different solvents using Soxhlet extraction

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., locally known as ‘Mahkota Dewa’, is a fruit commonly found in Malaysia. It demonstrates high potential for various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the effect of essential oil extraction using different solvents on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of this seed's fruit. This study aims to investigate the extraction yield, volatile components, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of essential oil extracted from P. macrocarpa seeds using ethyl acetate, hexane, and petroleum ether as solvents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the volatile components, while the antibacterial activity was assessed against Listeria innocua and Serratia marcescens. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Hexane showed the highest extraction yield (51.87 ± 0.21%), followed by petroleum ether (44.40 ± 0.14%) and ethyl acetate (27.08 ± 0.10%). The essential oils extracted with ethyl acetate, hexane, and petroleum ether contained 24, 26, and 21 volatile components, respectively. The major component, 1-(ethenylthio)-octane was found in concentrations ranging from 42.371 to 54.863 ppm, followed by 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-2-oxiranyl)cyclohexanone, with concentrations between 30.771 and 40.783 ppm. The essential oil exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, as indicated by the zone of inhibition against L. innocua (8.00 ± 1.30 mm to 11.00 ± 1.40 mm) and S. marcescens (9.00 ± 1.00 mm to 14.00 ± 1.20 mm) compared to the positive control. Additionally, the essential oil demonstrated good antioxidant activity, with TPC, TFC, and DPPH values for hexane (65.56 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g, 4.46 ± 0.17 mg RE/g, 223.78 ± 29.69 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (72.99 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g, 19.47 ± 0.41 mg RE/g, 294.02 ± 12.70 μg/mL), and petroleum ether (70.29 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g, 4.83 ± 0.05 mg RE/g, 803.64 ± 27.76 μg/mL), respectively. Nonetheless, correlation analysis revealed a moderate relationship between DPPH and TFC. The essential oils from P. macrocarpa seeds demonstrates strong natural antibacterial and antioxidant potential, with hexane as the most efficient solvent. Exploring compounds like 1-(ethenylthio)-octane and 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-2-oxiranyl)cyclohexanone may reveal medicinal applications and lead to innovative remedies.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Fresh and Dried Leaves of Echinops adenocaulos Boiss. from Jordan

Abstract: This study presents the first detailed analysis of hydrodistilled essential oils from fresh and air-dried Echinops adenocaulos Boiss. from the flora of Jordan. It aims to investigate the chemical composition and the antioxidant potency of the volatile compounds obtained by conventional hydrodistillation from the fresh and air-dried plant; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 46 and 75 compounds of the obtained essential oils, respectively. The study showed that the major constituent classes in the fresh aerial part are oxygenated diterpenes (76.92%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (10.78%), followed by aliphatic compounds (10.12%). However, in the dried aerial part, the main classes are oxygenated diterpene (74.47%) and aliphatic compounds (13.34%). Heyderiol was the most abundant constituent (44.96%), followed by bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (20.12%) and trans-ferruginol (3.14%). Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (52.51%), followed by heyderiol (21.60%) and (Z)-ternine (8.81%) are the major compounds of the fresh aerial part. The antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging and ABTS•+ cation radical scavenging. The oils from fresh and dried E. adenocaulos exhibit significant antioxidant activity, with the oil from the dried plant having higher antioxidant activity than that from the fresh one.

Chemical profile, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of essential oils of an endemic Algerian species: Abies numidica. De Lannoy ex Carrière

ABSTRACT The essential oils (EOs) from needles, twigs and cones of Abies numidica, an endemic tree from Algeria, were analysed by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Fifty, forty-nine, and thirty-eight components from needles, twigs and cones were identified accounting for 86.0%, 93.5% and 93.8% of the total EO, respectively. EOs were mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (46.3%-86.0%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.6%-33.6-%). The antioxidant activity was determined using five tests: ABTS, β-Carotene bleaching, DPPH, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum. Cholinesterase inhibition potential of EOs was also evaluated. EO of cones was found to have the highest antioxidant activity for most of the tests performed. All EOs exhibited better antiacetylcholinesterase (AChE) than antibutyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities at various rates. The most potent AChE inhibition was observed for twigs EO (IC50 = 2.73 g/mL), followed by needles (IC50 = 4.09 µg/mL) while cones’ EO showed least potential (IC50 = 13.64 µg/mL).

Electrospinning of Nanofibers Incorporated with Essential Oils: Applications in Food.

Nowadays, modern food preservation techniques have emerged in the last decade. Recently, a combination of nanotechnology and active packaging has allowed the incorporation of bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, into nanoscale electrospun fibers. This phenomenon provides a new horizon in food safety and preservation. The incorporation of essential oils into electrospun nanofibers can extend the duration of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oils, which subsequently leads to longer shelf life, better preservation, and superior quality of food. In the current paper, the essential oils incorporated into nanofibers have been reviewed. The fabrication of nanofibers is usually carried out using different substances by applying various manufacturing methods, including needleless and needle-based electrospinning techniques. In this study, an emphasis on the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of electrospun nanofibers loaded with essential oils and their application in food models has been laid. Nevertheless, other challenges associated with using nanofibers incorporated with essential oils, such as their impact on organoleptic properties, cytotoxicity, and durability, have been discussed to achieve a holistic view of applying the electrospinning techniques in the food industry.

GC-MS Characterization of Eupatorium odoratum (L.) Leaves Essential Oil and Evaluation of In vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity

The leaves essential oil of Eupatorium odoratum (L.) obtained by the hydro-distillation method was light yellowish in colour, having pungent aromatic fragrance with the yield of 0.010%. Fifteen secondary metabolites were identified via the GC-MS analysis of the essential oil and tau-Cadinol (20.10%) was found to be the major secondary metabolite in the essential oil followed by α Bisabolol (15.33%), cis-muurola-4 (14) 5- diene (10.79%), Isobornyl acetate (6.40%), and Isocaryophyllene (5.39%). The antimicrobial efficacy was investigated via agar well diffusion technique and essential oil was most effective against P. aeruginosa with inhibition zone 22.00±0.57 mm, which was followed by E. coli (19.00±0.57 mm), S. aureus (18.33±0.33 mm), K. pneumoniae (16.50±0.33 mm), and S. pyogenes (11.00±0.33 mm). MIC and MBC values were observed lowest against P. aeruginosa, i.e. 3.12µl/ml and 6.24µl/ml, respectively. Antioxidant activity of essential oil was investigated by DPPH and H2O2 scavenging assay and IC50 value was found very low, i.e. 10.58µl/ml and 11.76µl/ml, respectively, so the essential oil was considered as a potential antioxidant agent. The results validate scientifically the traditional utilization of leaves essential oil of E. odoratum in traditional medicinal system and confirmed that it can be used as modern phytomedicines as an antimicrobial as well as antioxidant agent.

Insights on Juniperus phoenicea Essential Oil as Potential Anti-Proliferative, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Antioxidant Candidate.

In this study, the anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) of berries and leaves of Juniperus phoenicea grown wild in North of Tunisia were investigated. The EO yields from leaves and berries were 1.69% and 0.45%, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that α-pinene is the predominant component in both EOs (44.17 and 83.56%, respectively). Leaves essential oil presented high levels of β-phellandrene (18%) and camphene (15%). The EOs displayed cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cell, HT-29 colon cancer, and the normal cells H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. Leaves oil strongly inhibited colon cell line proliferation (IC50 of 38 µg/mL), while berries essential oil was more potent against breast cancerous cells MCF-7 (IC50 of 60 µg/mL). Interestingly, berries essential oil exhibited high ability to inhibit melanin synthesis by inhibiting enzyme mono and diphenolase activities. Overall, the results suggested that the two oils are significant sources of healthy natural chemicals.

Chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils that growing in Indonesia

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), javanese ginger (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), and pale turmeric (Curcuma heyneana Val. & v. Zijp) are medicinal plants that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizomes contain essential oils and often consumed as traditional medicines based on empirical experiences and hereditary beliefs. This study aimed to determine the chemical components and antibacterial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric cultivated in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. α-Chamigrene (24.92%), zingiberene (29.53%), and 2-pinene-4-one (12.08%) were the largest components found in turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric, respectively. All the curcumas contain 1,8-cineol with concentrations of 3.32, 1.33, and 7.34% and α-pinene with concentrations of 0.48, 0.61, and 1.31% for turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils, respectively. The inhibition zones of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were 10.16 (strong), 7.98 (moderate), and 11.59 mm (strong), respectively. Only the essential oil from pale turmeric showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with an inhibition zone of 6.74 mm (moderate). The antioxidative activities (IC50) of turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric essential oils were 66.08 ppm (strong), 82.76 ppm (strong), and 50.23 ppm (strong), respectively. In the fields of medicines, cosmetics, and foods, turmeric, javanese ginger, and pale turmeric rhizomes essential oils can be used as natural antioxidants and antibacterials against S. aureus ATCC 25923.

Anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of endemic Stachys buttleri Mill. and Stachys pinardii Boiss. essential oils

There are numerous species in genus Stachys which are known for valuable and bioactive essential oils. For this study, essential oils of Stachys buttleri (SBE) and S. pinardii (SPE) were obtained by hydrodistillation method and the chemical composition of essential oils were determined by GC-MS analysis. Anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils were tested by MTT assay, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and ABTS radical scavenging methods, respectively. Forty-one compounds were determined in SBE (83.5%) which kolavelool (34.9%) was the main compound and diterpenoids (61.2%) were the dominant group of SBE. Thirty-three constituents were identified in SPE (90.6%) and trans-nerolidol (35.7%) and geranyl-α-terpinene (17.2%) were the most abundant compounds. SPE was characterized by its high proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.1%), diterpenoids (21.4%), aromatics (14.8%), and sesquiterpenes (10.8%). Both essential oils showed strong anticancer activity against A549, U87MG, Ishikawa, and MCF-7 cell lines. These results indicated that SBE and SPE had potent anticancer activity. The IC50 values of essential oils were between 21.33-98.3 μg/mL. Both essential oils showed moderate antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. This study is the first report on the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of S. buttleri and S. pinardii.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Cosmos sulphureus

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Cosmos sulphureus

Effect of ages on yield and quality of essential oil of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): Antioxidant activity, GC-MS and SEM analysis

In the present study, essential oil was extracted from the different ages (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) of betel leaves and evaluated their yield and quality of the essential oil. The effect of ages on percentage yield, chemical composition, morphological and physical properties, as well as antioxidant activity of essential oil was assessed and compared. The essential oil yield content of various ages of betel leaves, such as 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, is found to be 0.65%, 0.60%, 0.50% and 0.45%, respectively. Despite this, chemical compositions of extracted essential oil from various ages were analyzed by GC-MS analysis, and it was found that a total number of 55–65 volatile bioactive compounds are present, accounting for 97.78–98.88% of the extracted essential oil composition. The major bioactive compounds found in the all-ages of betel leaf essential oil are indanol (13.51–24.70%), elemene (4.36–10.84%) and eugenol (41.14%). Furthermore, 60 days old betel leaves essential oil exhibited higher antioxidant activity (87.01%) as compared to the 15 days younger betel leaves (84.05%). Moreover, SEM analysis was used to conduct a morphological investigation to examine the extraction mechanism of different stages of betel leaves. Therefore, obtained bioactive compounds from different ages of betel leaf essential oil can be used for various biological activities, food and pharmaceutical industries. In light of the findings, it is recommended that early-stage or younger leaves release higher essential oil while older leaves possess excellent antioxidant activity.

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Fresh, Wilted, and Dried Leaves of Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) Planted in Yogyakarta

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Fresh, Wilted, and Dried Leaves of Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) Planted in Yogyakarta