Antioxidant Activity Of Different Extracts Research Articles

Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. & Development of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chloroform Extracts.

The aim of the present investigation is to Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. & Development of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chloroform Extracts. The roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. were purchased from the local market. The roots were taxonomically identified by Senior Scientist at KNK college of Horticulture. Accurately weighed quantity of roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. were extracted using petroleum ether (only for removal of fats and lipids), chloroform, methanol, butanol and finally water by soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. Qualitative chemical tests of chloroform, methanol, butanol and water extracts were subjected to various chemical tests to detect various phytoconstituents. β-carotene oxidative bleaching in β-caroten/linoleic acid mixture with and without the addition of different extract of plant. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the test solutions was determined using DPPH photometric method. Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid and vanillin sulphuric acid and heated at 1150 C for 5 minutes. Solvent systems; n-hexane: ethyl acetate, 7:3 were found to be most satisfactory solvent system for chloroform extracts for root respectively. Vitamin E as standard was utilized in this measure and 84% hindrance was viewed as at 30 minutes. Chloroform separate likewise showed 70% restraint at 30 minutes which was decreased to 45% at the hour of 120 minutes. Hydroxyl revolutionary ability to rummage determined as IC50 from the trial information and it uncovers that chloroform, methanol, butanol and water removes have IC50 upsides of 46 μg/mL, 100μg/mL, 200 μg/mL and 150μg/mL, individually. DPPH scavenging capacity determined as IC50 and it shows that chloroform separate has IC50 of 36 μg/mL followed by ascorbic corrosive (3.1μg/mL), gallic corrosive (3.4μg/mL), methanol (41μg/mL), butanolic (46μg/mL) and water (44μg/mL) extricates. The present findings are momentous for the development of alternative, inexpensive and perhaps safer strategies for the handling of diseases.

Phytochemical, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts from Frozen, Freeze-Dried, and Oven-Dried Jostaberries Grown in Moldova.

In this paper, the qualitative and quantitative profile is evaluated of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity (AA), microbiostatic properties, as well as the color parameters of jostaberry extracts, obtained from frozen (FJ), freeze-dried (FDJ), and oven-dried berries (DJ). The optimal extraction conditions by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were selected after determination of the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antocyanin content (TA), AA by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), and the free radical cation 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonates (ABTS). Non-conventional extraction methods are less destructive to anthocyanins, while drying the berries reduced TA, regardless of the extraction method. The oven-drying process reduced the concentration of TA in DJ extracts by 99.4% and of ascorbic acid by 92.42% compared to FJ. AA was influenced by the jostaberry pretreatment methods. The DPPH and ABTS tests recorded values (mg Trolox equivalent/g dry weight) between 17.60 and 35.26 and 35.64 and 109.17 for FJ extracts, between 7.50 and 7.96 and 45.73 and 82.22 for FDJ, as well as between 6.31 and 7.40 and 34.04 and 52.20 for DJ, respectively. The jostaberry pretreatment produced significant changes in all color parameters. Mutual information analysis, applied to determine the influence of ultrasound and microwave durations on TPC, TFC, TA, AA, pH, and color parameters in jostaberry extracts, showed the greatest influence on TA (0.367 bits) and TFC (0.329 bits). The DPPH and ABTS inhibition capacity of all FJ' extracts had higher values and varied more strongly, depending on pH, heat treatment, and storage time, compared to the AA values of FDJ' and DJ' extracts. A significant antimicrobial effect was observed on all bacterial strains studied for FJP. FDJP was more active on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. DJP was more active on Salmonella Abony and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antifungal effect of DJP was stronger compared to FDJP. Jostaberry extracts obtained under different conditions can be used in food production, offering a wide spectrum of red hues.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Aronia melanocarpa L. Fruit

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Aronia melanocarpa L. Fruit

Impact of Geographical Conditions on Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Ajuga iva

In the present investigation, various cultivars of Ajuga iva were collected from different locations in Morocco in 2022. These cultivars were subjected to extraction using different solvents, namely water, ethanol and methanol, to obtain extracts from their aerial parts. The extracts were then analyzed to determine their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total sugar content, hydrolysable tannin content, condensed tannin content and antioxidant activity. The results obtained from the analysis revealed the following quantities for the different parameters: The total phenolic content ranged from 226.04±8.47 to 22.59±2.43 mg GAE/g dw, the total flavonoid content ranged from 22.27±0.11 to 3.35±0.006 mg QE/g dw, the total sugar content ranged from 38.78±2.56 to 2.88±0.18 mg/g dw, the reducing sugar content ranged from 7.17±0.45 to 0.41±0.007 mg/g dw, the hydrolysable tannin content ranged from 12.25±0.017 to 0.75±0.15 mg TAE/g dw, the condensed tannin content ranged from 25.49±0.53 to 3.35±1.85 mg/g dw and the total antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.18±0.012 to 0.010±0.004 mg AAE/g dw. Furthermore, a principal component analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between the different parameters. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and hydrolysable tannin content with the total antioxidant capacity. This suggests that these compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant capacity of Ajuga iva. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that Ajuga iva contains substantial amounts of bioactive compounds and possesses a noteworthy antioxidant capacity. These results contribute to the understanding of the chemical composition and potential health benefits of Ajuga iva.

Phytochemical Analysis and hypoglycemic potential of Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz in alloxan induced diabetic mice.

Plants have profound therapeutic benefits, more economical treatments, fewer side effects, and a relatively cheap cost, making them a source of drugs for protective, preventative, curative, or conducive purposes and creating novel phytomedicines. Plant derived medicines are relatively safe compared to synthetic medicines. Many plants have proved to successfully aid in the treatment of diabetes including Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz. The current investigations were therefore designed to assess the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities of F. hurdwarica. The phytochemical investigations and antioxidant activities of different extracts were carried out using standard chemical tests, DPPH, and H2O2 scavenging assays. F. hurdwarica plant extract in Hydromethanolic solution were prepared by Soxhletation method and stored in refrigerator at 4°C for two days before use. Swiss Albino mice were made diabetic by a single dose of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Hydromethanolic plant extract and fractions of F. hurdwarica were screened for antidiabetic activity and given to the alloxan-induced diabetic mice at a concentration of 150-250 mg/kg of body weight in different groups of 6 diabetic mice each orally once a day for 15 days. Glibenclamide is also given to another group to as a standard drug to support the result at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight orally once a day for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of mice were measured on 0, 4, 7, 11 and 15th days. The study found that the extract was safe up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg and the dose response effect of chloroform extract (150-250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica showed expressive antihyperglycemic effects and also improved other altered biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. The FTIR and XRD spectra demonstrated the occurrence of phenols, alcohols, alkenes, alkyl halides, ketones, and aromatic compounds and confirmed the amorphous nature of the extract. GC-MS spectral analysis showed the tentative presence of 31 phytochemical constituents in the chloroform extract of F. hurdwarica with different retention time. To conclude, the chloroform extract (250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica revealed considerable antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic potential and is safe for treating diabetes and related complications.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of the Lipophilic Extract of Cirsium vulgare.

The aim of this study was to investigate the compounds in the hexane extract of Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten. and to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of different extracts. The Cirsium vulgare (NGBB 7229) plant was collected from Turkey's Trakya region. Crude extracts were obtained using different solvents. The chemical composition of Cirsium vulgare was determined in hexane extract using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), the β-carotene bleaching method, and the determination of superoxide anion scavenging activities. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella typhimurium, whereas the antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus fumigatus by applying microdilution methods. A total of 41 bioactive compounds were identified using the GC-MS library. Terpenoids were found to be dominant (52.89%), and lup-20(29)-en-3-yl-acetate and lupeol were the most abundant terpenoids. The highest total flavonoid content (25.73 mg catechin/g) and antioxidant capacity were found in the methanolic extract. The highest antibacterial activity was detected against Bacillus subtilis in the ethyl acetate extract, and the highest antifungal activity was found against Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus in the hexane extract. The observed antioxidant characteristics of the C. vulgare extracts could be attributed to the presence of flavonoids. The high antifungal activity of the hexane extract against all fungal strains can be attributed to its constituents, i.e., terpenoids. This study discloses the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, including some bioactive components, of Cirsium vulgare and implies that Cirsium vulgare holds possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agent.

Gymnema sylvestre Leaf Hydroalcoholic Extract: Promising Source of Antioxidants with Remarkable Yield and Potent Scavenging Activity

This research study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity and yield of different extracts of leaf of Gymnema sylvestre, including methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted to explore the antioxidant potential of Gymnema sylvestre extracts. However, a comprehensive comparison of these extracts in terms of their yield and antioxidant activity is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the yield and antioxidant activity of different extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, specifically methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts. The percentage yield of each extract was determined, providing valuable insights into the efficiency of the extraction methods. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by measuring their scavenging activity and determining the IC50 values. Methanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre leaf were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method after being finely pulverized. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Gymnema sylvestre exhibited the highest percentage yield, with a recorded value of 10.27 percent. The IC50 values for the Gymnema extract and Ascorbic acid were determined to be 59.09 µg/ml and 44.90 µg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate the potential antioxidant activity of Gymnema sylvestre extracts, with the hydroalcoholic extract showing the most promising results in terms of both yield and scavenging activity. Further investigations are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and assess the potential health benefits of these extracts in various applications.

Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a common worldwide medicinal plant. Due to high medical importance, tamarind seed and pulp fraction and sub fractions were compared. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of different extracts of tamarind by demonstrating different extraction methods and then selection of best and less time taking method. Biological activities including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) showed maximum inhibition for seed (74.09±0.76) as compare to pulp (72.09±0.43) at 300 μg/ml for butanol fraction, 2, 2'-azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) showed maximum inhibition for seed (79.19±0.36) as compare to pulp (75.69±0.23) at 300 μg/ml for butanol. Metal chelation showed maximum inhibition for seed (81.39±0.70) as compare to pulp (77.49±0.93) at 300 μg/ml for butanol fraction, whereas lipid-peroxidation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) inhibition showed maximum value for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to pulp with FeSo4 for butanol fraction and with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), TBARS inhibition showed maximum values for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to pulp for butanol faction. The total antioxidant activity phosphomolybdenum assay was performed, which showed maximum values for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to seed for butanol fraction. Total phenolic contents of seed for butanol fraction were 1.83 ± 0.31 mg/g for seed and 2 .83 ± 0.44 mg/g for pulp. Similarly, high amount of flavonoid content for seed was 1.31 ± 0.09 mg/g was given for dichloromethane and for pulp it was given as 1.91 ± 0.96 mg/g for butanol fraction. The results suggested that the extract of T. indica is potential source of the phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activity and utilized in diseases arising from oxidative stress in near future by using ultra-sonication method which is precise and time-consuming method.

Estimation of phytoconstituents and screening of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different extracts from Moringa oleifera

The present study deals with the preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of various extracts from leaves and flowers of Moringa oleifera. The results revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and steroids in the extracts. All the extracts exhibited antibacterial effect against the tested bacteria with the diameter of inhibition zone ranging from 7 to 22 mm. However, highest antibacterial activity was observed by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The scavenging effect of the n-hexane extracts of leaf and flower on DPPH radicals increased with increasing concentration and highest activity was 70.94% and 73.50%, respectively while ascorbic acid was the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (82.91%) at a concentration of 180 μg/ml. These results indicated that n-hexane extracts of flower and leaf of Moringa oleifera have a noticeable effect on scavenging free radical, however, it can be categorized as a good and potential antioxidant agent and could be one of the areas which attached a great deal of attention is the possible therapeutic potential of antioxidants in controlling degenerative diseases associated with marked oxidative damage. The preliminary studies on Moringa oleifera extracts exhibited their antibacterial and antioxidant potential which could be exploited further as future antimicrobials for pharmaceutical treatment, natural therapies, food preservation and cosmetic applications.

Effect of Extraction Type on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves

The objective of this study was to determine the extraction yield, the content of bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of different extracts from Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves, and their potential use as a natural feed additive for ruminant diets. For the preparation of MO extracts, three treatments were used: (1) MO extract in distilled water (MOEW, 0%), (2) ethanol-water (MOEEW, 50%) and (3) absolute ethanol (MOEE, 100%). The extraction yield and the antioxidant activity measured with the DPPH assay in the MO extracts were higher for MOEW and MOEEW. From all treatments, MOEEW had the highest antioxidant activity evaluated with the ABTS assay and showed a higher content of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, the principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components explained 96.5% of the variability of the data. The variables that contributed to the greatest variation were condensed tannins (CT), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), and extraction yield. A high correlation (p ≤ 0.001) was observed between TPC and extraction yield with r2 = 0.989. The content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was higher in the MOEEW extract; therefore, its inclusion in ruminant diets can be suggested to potentially improve their productivity and product quality.

Bioactive Composition Analysis using HPLC-UV Profile and Evaluation of Antioxidant activities of different extracts from Aerial parts of Atractylis aristata batt.

Phytochemical compounds are known to be components of many plants and herbs; they have received great interest from the public and scientists due to their health benefits as antioxidants. The aim of the present study was to reveal the bioactive compounds and evaluation of antioxidant activity of the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual water extracts of Atractylis aristata. The bioactive compounds analysis was investigated using HPLC-UV analysis obtained at 254nm and optimized with 16 standards, ABTS and DPPH methods were used for estimating the antioxidant capacity. Thirteen bioactive compounds were identified in the extracts by comparing the retention time. Major compounds detected in the extracts were Acetylsalicylic acid, Ascorbic acid, Gallic acid, Quercetin and Vanillin. All extracts give an antioxidant capacity varied with polarity of solvents. The residual water extract demonstrated a significant amount of total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins (3.544±0.738mg of GAE/g DW, 3.104±0.6760mg of QE/g DW and 2.692±0.561mg of CE/g DW, respectively). In two methods tested to evaluate the antioxidant activity, ethyl acetate extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 value: 0.097±0.003mg/ml in DPPH assay and IC50 value: 0.077±0.003mg/ml in ABTS assay).

Investigation of antioxidant properties, essential oil, and fatty acid composition of Onobrychis armena Boiss. & Huet

Background and Aims: In this study, Onobrcyhis armena Boiss. & Huet was screened for its antioxidant potential, fatty acids and volatile compounds. Methods: Antioxidant activities of different extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) were measured using the phosphomolybdenum assay, free radical scavenging assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid method, and ferric and cupric reducing power assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also calculated spectrophotometrically. Results: GC analysis revealed that the oil was dominated by palmitic (22.67%) and linoleic (15.09%) acids. Unsaturated acids levels were higher than saturated fatty acids. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS system and twenty-two volatile compounds were identified. The identified major components were n–hexadecanoic acid, 9-12 octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and hexahydro farnesyl acetone. Conclusion: The results of this study show that O. armena can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts from Sideritis scardica

Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts from Sideritis scardica

Correlation Between Antioxidant Property and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Azadirachta indica A Juss Flowers

The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of shade dried neem flower powder extracts by DPPH, phospomolybdenum, and FRAP methods respectively. The antioxidant activity of different extracts of neem flower powder has been investigated. Among them, 80% hydroalcoholic extract displayed the highest scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 18 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay, 29 mg/L in DPPH, 30 mg/L in FRAP assay. Whereas Pet. ether (PE) extract shows lowest antioxidant potential amongst them with the IC50 value of 76 mg/L in FRAP, 37 mg/L DPPH, 28 mg/L in phospomolybdenum assay. On examining the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts, 80% hydroalcoholic extract possesses the greatest phenolic content about 83.88 mg/L followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 62.05, 7.52, 3.56 mg/L respectively. The highest flavonoid content of 57.36 mg/L in 80% hydroalcoholic extract followed by methanol, acetone and PE about 20.56, 11.25, 1.56 mg/L respectively. The order of total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts are found to be: 80% hydroalcoholic > methanol > acetone > pet. ether respectively. The correlation between the antioxidant and total phenolic and flavonoid content was calculated using Prism Pad software and observed at 95% confidence interval level. From the correlation graph, it is observed that there is a good correlation between antioxidant, total phenolic (phospomolybdenum assay, R2 – 0.702), and total flavonoid (DPPH assay, R2 – 0.665) content, and it is possible to suggest that total phenolic and flavonoid content of the plant extracts are the reason for the antioxidant activity.

Supercritical Fluid and Conventional Extractions of High Value-Added Compounds from Pomegranate Peels Waste: Production, Quantification and Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Constituents.

This study is focused on different extractions (Cold Maceration (CM), Ultrasonic Extraction (UE), Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)) of bioactive compounds from pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) fruit peels using methanol, ethanol, and acetone as solvents in conventional extractions and changing operating pressure (10, 15, 20, 25 MPa) in SFE, respectively. The extraction yields, total phenols (TP) and proanthocyanidins (PAC) contents, and antioxidant activity of different extracts are revealed. TP and PAC recovered by extracts ranged from 24.22 to 42.92 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 2.01 to 5.82 mg PAC/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of extracts ranged from 84.70% to 94.35%. The phenolic compound identification and quantification in selective extracts was done using the LC-MS/MS method. The contents of different flavonoids and phenolic acids have been determined. SFE extract, obtained at 20 MPa, contained the highest content (11,561.84 μg/g) of analyzed total polyphenols, with predominant ellagic acid (7492.53 μg/g). For the first time, Microbial Growth Inhibition Rates (MGIRs) were determined at five different concentrations of pomegranate SFE extract against seven microorganisms. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC90) was determined as 2.7 mg/mL of SFE pomegranate peel extract in the case of five different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

In vitro Biological Activities of Different Extracts from Alcea dissecta

Objective: Alcea genus belongs to Malvaceae family and this genus is represented by 85 taxa in the world and 21 taxa in the Flora of Turkey.The flowers of Alcea genus contain plenty of mucilage and are used for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma and cough.Alcea dissecta is known as ‘Govik, Hiro, Hero’ in Turkey, and the flowers and leaves of this species have been used in the treatment of asthma,injury, colds, and gastrointestinal diseases in Turkey. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the effect of extraction methods onthe biological activity of this plant. In addition, although this species is being used as a medical plant, there is no study of the antioxidant, antiurease,esterase, and anticholinesterase activity of the plant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, anti-urease,esterase, anticholinesterase activities of Alcea dissecta using a variety of extracts.Methods: The antioxidant activities of different extracts were examined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. The total phenoliccompounds contained in the extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method. Anti-urease and anticholinesteraseactivities of different extracts were evaluated by indophenol and Ellman methods respectively. In addition, esterase activities of plant extractswere determined.Results: In the present study, ethanol:water (1:1, v/v) and chloroform extracts obtained maceration method showed stronger DPPH and ABTSradical scavenging activity than other extracts. The chloroform extract obtained Soxhlet method was found to have higher FRAP and CUPRACvalues than other extracts. It was also found that the ethanol extract obtained maceration method showed the most potent anti-urease andanticholinesterase activity. According to the results, the strongest inhibitory effect on both hCA I and II isoenzymes was shown by the petroleumether extract obtained Soxhlet method.Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that different plant extracts have antioxidant, anti-urease, esterase, anticholinesterase activities. Inaddition, the data obtained from this study will shed light on future research on the biological activities of this species.

Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts From Bark of Pinus spp. grown in Giresun (Turkey) Province – Phenolic analysis by RP-HPLC-DAD

This study aimed to investigate the phenolic compounds, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of Pinus sylvestris L. var hamata Steven, Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. pinaster, and Pinus pinea L. bark extracts prepared with hot water. The phenolic composition and total phenolic content (TPC) of extracts were determined by Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (RP-HPLC-DAD) and Folin–Ciocâlteu method, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging and ferric ion (III) reducing / antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Besides, the highest total phenolic content was detected in P. pinea bark extract [984.46±4.08 μg mL-1 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 1163.33±4.04 μg mL-1 catechin equivalent (CE)] and the lowest result was detected in P. sylvestris bark extract (361.53±3.52 μg mL-1 GAE and 427.26±4.17 μg mL-1 CE). Among the tested materials, the most abundant phenolic compounds in P. pinea bark extract were catechin (3.586±0.114 mg g-1) and taxifolin (1.866±0.096 mg g-1). According to the antioxidant results, P. pinea bark extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity than standard BHT and Trolox [SC50: 1.64310±0.00003 µg mL-1 for DPPH and 1428.75±5.62 µM Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) for FRAP]. The obtained results indicated that pine bark extracts can be used as an easily obtainable natural source of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Antioxidant activity of different extracts of lotus (Nelumbo nuficera Gaertn) rhizome by gradient solvent extraction

In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of lotus rhizome with different solvent by gradient extraction was determined. The extraction yield and total phenolic content of extracts were determined. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and β-carotene-linoleic acid assay were conducted to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results showed that the yield of butanol extract was the highest. The order of total phenolic content in different extracts was as follows: water extract < petroleum ether extract < chloroform extract < butanol extract < ethyl acetate extract, the same with that of the DPPH scavenging activity. The total phenolic content was significantly correlated with DPPH scavenging activity (R2 = 0.9363). All extracts, except water extract with too poor antioxidant activity, showed obvious antioxidant activity against β-carotene-linoleic acid, and the antioxidant activity of butanol extract was significantly lower than others. There was no significant correlation between the antioxidant activity against β-carotene-linoleic acid and the total phenolic content (R2 =0.1995).

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different extracts obtained from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)

Ashwagandha (W. somnifera) is widely known as the queen of Indian Ayurveda. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the different parts of the Ashwagandha. The antioxidant activity of different extracts from different parts of Ashwagandha was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging method. Ashwaghanda root inhabiting bacteria was isolated using pour-plate technique. The agar well method and filter paper method were followed to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts. Ethanol-water extracts (1:1 v/v) gave higher yield of extractable matter than methanol extracts. The antioxidant activity of fresh root extract was significantly higher than other parts of the plant (stem and leaves) as well as the plant material bought from open market. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Ethanol-water extract against MRSA, Candida Sp. and Salmonella Sp. were &gt;256 mg/L. The commensal bacteria (Bacilli Sp.) inhabiting Ashwagandha roots displayed mild antibacterial activity against pathogenic P. aeruginosa.&#x0D; Keywords: Ashwaghanda, commensal bacteria, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant activity, Crude extracts

Variations in phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of Scabiosa maritima (Scabiosa atropurpurea sub. maritima L.) crude extracts and fractions according to growth stage and plant part

This study aimed to assess for the first time how growing stage and plant part affect the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of extracts and fractions of Scabiosa Atropurpurea sub. Maritima L. (S.maritima).An experiment was conducted on the different parts (leaves, stem, roots, inflorescences, and fruits) of plants collected from the Zaghouan region, Tunisia, at different growing stages: vegetative stage (March), early budding stage (April), late flowering stage (May) and late maturing stage (June). The various plant parts were subjected to hydro-methanolic extraction and sequential solvent fractionation (Chloroform and Acetate). For each extract or fraction, content of total phenolics (TPC), flavonol, tannin (CTC) and total flavonoids (TFC) were quantified. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was assessed using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. A Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering were done on the data set obtained from the various measurements. Additionally, the chemical composition of five selected crude extracts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array (HPLC-DAD).Phytochemical compounds (phenolic, flavonoids, flavonol and tannin) and antioxidant activities (TAC, FRAP, ABTS and DPPH) of S.maritima extracts and fractions differ among plant parts and change throughout the growing stages.The highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of plant parts during the different growing stages were mainly recorded in acetate fractions. Leaves generally exhibited higher phytochemical content and antioxidant activity compared to other plant parts. Their highest values were reached during flowering season (plants collected in May). Unlike leaves and stem, roots exhibited their highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in June.The MFA results distinguished leaf samples from the other plant parts and highlighted a strong correlation between phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity.High levels of catechin hydrate (ranging from 1951.86 to 6748.97 mg/100 g of extract) were recorded in all samples. Leaf samples were found to contain high amounts of luteolin-7-O glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside while particularly high contents of resorcinol and catechol (226.00 and 57.71 mg/100 g of extract, respectively) were observed in the stem sample.