Antioxidant Activity Of Leaves Research Articles

Variations of Carotenoids, Total Bioactive Contents, and Antioxidant Activity in Leaves of Medicago polymorpha

Medicago polymorpha L. (MP) is a herbaceous plant commonly known as “bur clover.” It is aboriginal to Central and Western Asia and extensively distributed around the world. This study determines the changes in carotenoids and antioxidant potential of different MP of different origins. The sample leaves were analyzed for identification and quantification of carotenoids using a reversed-phase HPLC system. The result showed nine carotenoids and pigments in each sample. The major carotenoid compounds were phytoene, phytofluene, neoxanthin and its isomer (9-Z-neoxanthin), violaxanthin, lutein along with their isomers (9-Z-lutein, 9′-Z-lutein), and all-E-β-carotene. The major pigments were 15-hydroxy-lactone chlorophyll a, pheophytin a, pheophytin a′, pyropheophytin a, divinyl chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b′, chlorophyll b, 13′-hydroxy-lactone chlorophyll b, and hydroxy pheophytin a′. The carotenoids were detected in considerable amounts in the samples from Lower Dir (213 μg/g), Swat (171 μg/g), and Buner (157 μg/g). Chlorophylls were higher in Lower Dir (203.4 μg/g), Swat (184.0 μg/g), and Buner (152.2 μg/g) and significantly lower amounts in Malakand samples (141.7 μg/g). The total carotenoids in Lower Dir (51.2%) were higher than in Swat (48.2%), Buner (50.8%), and Malakand samples (44.6%). The amounts of violaxanthin and lutein were significantly higher in Lower Dir (73.6%) samples, followed by Malakand (51.7%), whereas Buner and Swat samples showed the lowest levels. In conclusion, MP leaves are a good source of important carotenoids having potential antioxidant properties, which are highly correlated to the violaxanthin and lutein contents.

Antioxidant Activity According to the Planting Interval and Collecting Time of Rosa davurica

This study aimed to assess functional substances and antioxidant effects with respect to planting intervals and collection timing, with the goal of developing efficient planting methods for the mass harvesting of Rosa davurica and enhancing the availability of the plant’s edible parts in Korea. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the ethyl gallate content, a recognized functional component present in R. davurica, while the antioxidant effect was verified using DPPH, ABTS, and SOD assays. The findings revealed an increased yield of buds and leaves in R. davurica when the planting interval was reduced to 120 × 50 cm compared to the conventional 120 × 100 cm spacing. Specifically, the content of ethyl gallate remained consistent across different collection periods, and this result was associated with the varying planting intervals. While there were no significant changes in total polyphenol and flavonoid content, the collection from September demonstrated higher levels. Furthermore, the study established that leaf antioxidant activity, determined through IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS, surpassed that of the buds, with no significant difference in SOD activity being observed. Overall, no substantial differences were observed in the content of functional components between the buds and leaves of R. davurica, regardless of planting interval and collection timing. These results contribute valuable insights for optimizing planting methods for the large-scale collection of R. davurica leaves.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant activity of Leaf and Fruit from Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas is often used as a medicinal plant by traditional ethnic to treat skin and dental diseases. This study aims to reveal the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of leaves and fruit. The antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well method with Streptococcus sobrinus and the antioxidant activity of DPPH free radical scavengers. Inhibition of bacteria S. sobrinus did not appear to be significant with concentrations of 10, 20, 40 µg/ml, on the other hand antioxidant activity with the highest inhibition was found in methanol leaves with a value of 53.5% and 51.9% methanol in fruit with concentration 100 ppm. IC50 value on the leaves and fruit of J. curcas with a value of 50%. J. curcas leaf and fruit have good activity in transferring protons in DPPH activity. There needs to be further research in isolate the compounds that play a role in balancing these free radicals.

Evaluating the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves of Different Rose Varieties

Rose is a commercially significant floricultural crop that has been used for various industrial as well as decoration purposes. Along with the beautification of rose flowers, their leaves are enriched with different biologically active compounds having various therapeutic uses. The current study was performed on the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of rose leaves. In our study, we found there are consequential variations observed in all the parameters, viz., total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, among all the varieties. Among the ten varieties, Thelma Barlow revealed the maximum phenolic content (35.19 mg/g FW), flavonoids content (15.97 mg/g FW), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of IC50 value (206.86 ± 0.49 µg/mL), and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) (301.62 ± 2.31 µg/mL). The variety Grand Amore presented the highest values for total chlorophyll (1.41 mg/g FW) and carotenoids (36.29 mg/g FW) content compared to other varieties. Also, a comparative correlation was studied amongst the phytochemicals such as anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Amongst the different rose varieties, Grand Amore and Thelma Barlow contain higher antioxidant potential, owing to their greater phytochemical activity. From our findings, we collectively concluded that fresh rose leaves contain potentially higher phenolic and flavonoid content, i.e., are responsible for higher antioxidant activity, which can be utilized for various pharmacological as well as food industries.

Phytochemical Screening, Evaluation and Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Stem Bark Extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus: A Plant Used in Traditional Medicine in Northern Ivory Coast

Anogeissus leiocarpus is a medicinal plant from Ivory Coast. It would be traditionally used to treat several pathologies. The aim of this study was to confirm or refute the use of both leaves and stem bark in the prevention or treatment of diseases linked to oxidative stress. Phytochemical sorting in these two organs of Anogeissus leiocarpus showed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, phenolic acids, sterols and terpenes. The radical DPPH scavenging activity was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively by thin layer chromatographic (TLC) and spectroscopic methods, respectively. Quantitative analysis by spectrophotometry showed that the antioxidant power of the stem bark is slightly higher than leaves. These organs could therefore be used as good antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of diseases linked to oxidative stress. However, works on safeness should contribute to the valorisation of these materials for giving in use as herbal drug accessible to all social classes.

Argania spinosa Leaves and Branches: Antiaggregant, Anticoagulant, Antioxidant Activities and Bioactive Compounds Quantification

Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are crucial in maintaining the balance between blood clotting. Platelet hyperactivity and oxidative stress are the primary factors contributing to cardiovascular complications. Antithrombotic therapy remains one of the most effective treatments, but various potential side effects hinder its effectiveness, including the risk of haemorrhage. Intense research has been conducted on medicinal plants to discover the natural antithrombotic compounds. Argania spinosa, commonly known as the argan tree or argan oil tree, is a native species of southwestern Morocco. This study evaluated the primary and secondary hemostasis and antioxidant activity of leaf and branch aqueous extracts of A. spinosa and also assessed the phytochemical composition of these extracts. Platelet aggregation assay was performed using washed platelets stimulated with thrombin. For plasmatic coagulation, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were measured using the poor plasma method. Bleeding time was evaluated by inducing bleeding at the tip of a mouse tail. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined through the DPPH, β-carotene, and FRAP methods. The presence or absence of the secondary metabolites was carried out with the help of specific reagents, and the quantitative analysis was carried out using spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods. The study results revealed the presence of phenols, total flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, and coumarins type of secondary metabolites in both types of aqueous extracts and a higher concentration of these was recorded in the leaves extracts. Both aqueous extracts significantly reduced in vitro thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, extended tail bleeding time, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time and exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity. The leaf extract of A. spinosa exerts significant effects against thrombotic manifestations and could be a promising source of new antithrombotic compounds.

Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Seeds Extracts of Eucalyptus robusta Sm. and Ageratina adenophora Spreng

The present study aimed at the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content and biological activities of Eucalyptus robusta (Sm.) and Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) growing in Kathmandu Nepal. People have been using these medicinal plants for many years against infectious diseases and to control diabetes. The extraction of plant secondary metabolites was done by the cold percolation method. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity was performed to evaluate the antidiabetic property of plant extracts. The antioxidant potential of plant extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The methanol extract of Ageratina adenophora Spreng leaves is found rich in plant secondary metabolites of a yield percentage 36.83% whereas Eucalyptus robusta Sm. leaves and seeds have a yield percentage of 30.75% and 27.12% respectively. The extract of E. robusta leaves showed the highest phenolic content (200.89±6.67 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract) and A. adenophora Spreng. leaves extract showed the flavonoid content (0.49±0.02 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract) among the three samples studied, respectively. The extract of E. robusta Sm. seeds showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of 110.8±1.73 μg/mL. The extract of A. adenophora Spreng. was found potent towards α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity of IC50 16.05±0.24 μg/mL whereas E. robusta Sm. leaves and seeds extracts showed IC50 21.93±1.24 mg/mL and 21.82±0.09 mg/mL respectively. This study showed the leaves and seeds extracts of these two medicinal plants are found rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These medicinal plants could be used to isolate the natural antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds that may be potential drug candidates in the future drug discovery process. This study supports providing scientific validation for using these medicinal plants against diabetes.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Bark Extract of Adenanthera pavonina L.

Adenanthera pavonina L. is an important medicinal plant for Indonesian traditional medicine (“Jamu”). The present study is to determine the phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of leaves and bark of A. pavonina. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent methods, and the antioxidant activity was performed by phosphomolybdate assay, through ECSUB50/SUB values. The highest phenolic content (81.379 mg GAE/g) was found in the hydro-ethanolic extract of the leaves and (80.630 mg GAE/g) in the bark. The antioxidant activity of the two samples was 42.270µg/mL (leaves) and 45.261µg/mL (bark). Plants have the potential as drugs with good antioxidant potential and phenolic compound content. Further scientific studies of this plant are supported to evaluate the antioxidant activity using other methods to validate these preliminary experiments properly.

Spatial memory-enhancing effects and antioxidant activities of leaf and stem bark methanol extracts of Prunus africana in scopolamine-treated mice

Introduction: Conventional medicines for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have little efficacy and are linked to several severe effects, necessitating alternative therapy. The current study investigated the memory-enhancing effects and antioxidant activities of stem bark and leaf MeOH extracts of Prunus africana in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. Several inclusions build up in brain tissue during AD progression and the brain clears them oxidatively. This makes the antioxidant activity a vital requirement for plant extracts that are used with great success to manage AD. Methods: In this study, for each plant extract, thirty Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned to six groups; extract-treated, reference drug control, normal control, and negative control groups. The mice were then subjected to the Morris water maze task for four consecutive days, euthanized and their whole brains were assessed for antioxidant activities. Results: The studied extracts significantly (P < 0.01) reduced escape latencies of experimental mice in a dose-related manner, depicting their considerable memory-enhancing effects. The extracts also displayed significant (P < 0.01) enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The leaf and stem bark MeOH extracts of P. africana possess phytocompounds with spatial memory-enhancing effects and antioxidant activities.

Antioxidant Potential of Chloranthus erectus (Chloranthaceae) from various solvents extract

Chloranthus erectus is a herbaceous plant that has been used as a medicinal plant in several regions such as China and Southeast Asia. Although it possesses valuable medicinal properties, till now there is not much research has been carried out on the medicinal properties of this plant and the knowledge of this plant is limited among the research fertility. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the phytochemicals, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of leaf and twig of C. erectus in various solvents extract (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, quinones, glycosides, and steroids. The highest phenolic content for leaf and twig samples was determined from the methanolic (9.64 ± 0.15 µg GAE/g) and hexanoic extract (7.39 ± 0.27 µg GAE/g), respectively. Meanwhile, the highest antioxidant activity was reported from the methanolic extract of both leaf (88.36 ± 0.24%) and twig (91.25 ± 0.10%) samples. Hence, the results of the study can be concluded that C. erectus has the potential to become a good natural antioxidant and the information from this study can be utilized by the communities as well as other researchers.

Exploring the Medicinal Potential of Achillea grandifolia in Greek Wild-Growing Populations: Characterization of Volatile Compounds, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Inflorescences.

Various species of the genus Achillea L. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used worldwide for wound healing against diarrhea, flatulence, and abdominal pains, as diuretic and emmenagogue agents. In the present study, the essential oils (EOs) obtained separately from the leaves and inflorescences of wild-growing Achillea grandifolia Friv. from Mt. Menoikio and Mt. Pelion (Greece) were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The major compounds found in EOs of A. grandifolia inflorescences from Mt. Menoikio were as follows: cis-thujone (36.9%), 1,8-cineole (11.9%), camphor (10.0%), ascaridole (7.3%), α-terpinene (6.4%), sabinene (4.1%), trans-thujone (3.6%), and cis-jasmone (3.4%). In leaves from Mt. Menoikio, they were as follows: cis-thujone (50.8%), 1,8-cineole (20.0%), trans-thujone (5.5%), camphor (5.5%), borneol (3.6%), and α-terpineol (3.1%). In inflorescences from Mt. Pelion, they were as follows: camphor (70.5%), camphene (5.9%), cis-jasmone (3.2%), bornyl acetate (3.2%). In leaves from Mt. Pelion, they were as follows: camphor (83.2%), camphene (3.9%), and borneol (3.7%). Subsequently, the samples were first time tested for their antioxidant activities with the interaction of EOs with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and their inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as well as for their anti-inflammatory activity through the soybean LOX (lipoxygenase) inhibition. All of the examined samples were found effective. A. grandifolia leaves presented the highest antioxidant potential according to the DPPH method, and the highest percentage of LOX inhibition. The study herein investigated for the first time the leaves and the inflorescences of A. grandifolia separately, and the results generally align with similar studies from neighboring countries (Turkey and Serbia) in terms of the yields and categorization of main EO compounds (oxygenated monoterpenes). However, the findings were not in agreement with previously studied Greek material, as a higher amount of cis-thujone and lower antioxidant activity are reported herein. Both the EOs of inflorescences and the leaves of the wild-growing population collected from Mt. Menoikio were characterized by a high quantity of cis-thujone (36.9% and 50.8%, respectively).

Potential for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy toward Predicting Phytochemicals with Potent Antioxidant Activity in Leaves of Annona squamosa Linn

Ultrasonic assisted extraction using green solvents such as ethanol, water and hydro-ethanol (50/50) have been used to evaluate the separation of bioactive compounds from Annona squamosa (Custard apple) leaves. The investigation of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is being used to characterize bioactive substances. The hydro-ethanolic extract is rich in carboxylic acids, phytosterols and sugars such as arabinose, xylose and galactose, according to the bioactive substances screening results. When compared to other solvents such as water and ethanol, the binary mixture of hydro-ethanolic extract of leaves yielded a higher amount of extraction. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 2, 2-Diphenyl -1- picrylhydrazyl radical assay. The hydro-ethanolic (50/50) extract of leaves exceeded other solvent extracts in terms of antioxidant activity.

Dynamic changes in flavonoid, phenolic, and polysaccharide contents in leaves and fruits of sea buckthorn during the growing season in southeastern Tibet plateau

• Tibet sea buckthorn is a valuable source of natural functional ingredients. • Antioxidant activity of leaf extracts was higher than that of fruit extracts. • Contents of flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides varied monthly. • Meteorological factors affected polysaccharide and flavonoid contents. • The best harvest month differed for different target components. Sea buckthorn, a medicinal and edible plant, is rich in flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides. We detected monthly variations in the contents of three types of active compounds and the antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit extracts, and explored the effects of meteorological factors on active component contents. The highest flavonoid content in leaves and fruits was in July, and this did not coincide with the maximum contents of phenolics and polysaccharides. Compared with fruit extracts, leaf extracts showed higher antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay, and the total radical trapping antioxidant parameter assay. We detected significant correlations between some meteorological factors and the contents of bioactive components. The results reveal variations in the contents of bioactive components in sea buckthorn throughout the growing season in southeastern Tibet, and reveal the best time to harvest materials for optimum resource use.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of leaf, stem and callus extracts of Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd.: An endemic medicinal plant of Western Ghats

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of leaf, stem and callus extracts of Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd.: An endemic medicinal plant of Western Ghats

Effect of Extraction Techniques on Yield, Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content and its Antioxidant Activity of Leaves, Stems and Roots from Cassia alata Linn

Cassia alata Linn. (Senna alata) or commonly known as “gelenggang” in Malaysia, has been reported to have therapeutic properties and introduced as a resource for traditional remedies for thousand years. Its therapeutic properties were including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antilipogenic, antidiabetic, dermatophytic, and anti-hyperlipidemic [1].
 
 In this study, the use of soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction for different parts of C. alata were investigated. For each extraction techniques, the amount of sample, volume of solvent extraction and extraction period were different. Hexane was used as the extraction solvent. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and its antioxidant activities were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu’s method, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. 
 
 The experimental results showed the highest yield of extract in leaves (4.86±0.24%), stems (0.75±0.09%) and roots (0.59±0.01%) were achieved by using soxhlet extraction technique. The results of TPC and TFC were varied from 0.049±0.004 mg GAE/g DW to 0.185±0.004 mg GAE/g DW and 0.023±0.001 mg QE/g DW to 0.203±0.007 mg QE/g DW, respectively. The highest were recorded from the soxhlet extraction for both of TPC and TFC results. Meanwhile, the radical scavenging activity was the highest from the roots of C. alata, by soxhlet extraction at 21.663±2.097% (60 µg/ml), with the IC50 value at 9.96 µg/ml (Table 1).
 These findings suggest that the selection of soxhlet extraction as a technique to extract C. alata using hexane was more effective in comparison to ultrasonic assisted extraction. For the further references on the potential of this technique, it is suggested that this study is further analyzed for the identification of its bio-active compounds.

Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Leaves and Flowers of Faba bean

Today, medicinal plants used in folk medicine are increasingly being researched and used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical fields, and food. Despite its nutritional and medicinal properties, Vicia faba is a legume whose value is not fully understood. More research is needed on its multiple biological effects, such as antioxidant activity and other aspects. The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from faba bean leaves and flowers. For this purpose, leaf and flower samples, which were dried in the open air and ground into fine powder, were extracted by steeping in boiling water for ten minutes. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were analyzed using spectrophotometric techniques. In addition, organic acid and phenolic compound contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography technique. It was determined that the total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant contents of faba bean flowers were higher than the leaves. The main phenolic compound in flowers and leaves is ellagic acid. In addition, cytotoxic effects of leaf and flower extracts were investigated by colorimetric test using CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) kit. The cytotoxic effects of leaf and flower extracts of faba bean were investigated by colorimetric test using CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) kit. No cytotoxic effect of faba bean extracts was observed. Faba bean is a good source of natural antioxidants and can be used to prevent harmful effects caused by free radicals. Therefore, this study shows that tea prepared from the leaves and flowers of faba bean may be a good choice for people with Parkinson's and those seeking health-promoting beverages.

Short Communication: Antioxidant activity and metabolite profiles of leaves and stem extracts of Vitex negundo

Abstract. Alfarabi M, Turhadi, Suryowati T, Imaneli NA, Sihombing PO. 2022. Short Communication: Antioxidant activity and metabolite profiles of leaves and stem extracts of Vitex negundo. Biodiversitas 23: 2663-2667. Many plantspecies could be used as natural sources of antioxidants, one of which is Vitex negundo or lagundi which grows widely in Southeast and South Asia. Due to the wide distribution of growth areas, so different habitats could be a factor causing variations in V. negundo bioactivity, especially antioxidant activity. In addition to environmental factors, extract derived from different plant parts could also contribute to variations in the content of metabolites that affect bioactivity. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of leaf and stem extracts of V. negundo and evaluate the metabolites contained in the extracts. Antioxidant activity analysis was performed using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and GC-MS analysis was used to identify bioactive metabolites. Leafand stem extract of V. negundo showed antioxidant activity directly proportional to the increasein extract concentration. A total of 8 metabolites were identified from the three extracts, i.e., acrolein, hydroquinone, sitosterol, naphthalene, pyrogallol, squalene, phytol, and hexadecenoic acid. There were correlations between antioxidant activity and the metabolites contained in the three extracts. It is suggested that the bioactivity of the extract is due to the interaction of these metabolites.

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity analysis of leaf and callus extracts of Allophylus serratus (ROXB) KURZ.

Allophylus serratus is an important medicinal plant whose leaves, fruits, roots and stem have been in use in traditional medicines. The present study is aimed to carry out preliminary phytochemical analysis and to determine antioxidant activity of leaf and callus water, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of A. serratus. The extracts were subject to various qualitative and quantitative tests for phytochemical analysis. An in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was investigated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS++,(2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiozoline)-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAPS(Ferric reducing/ antioxidant power) assays. The qualitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, glycocides, saponins, tannins, and steroids in both leaf and callus extracts. The quantitative analysis result showed higher yields of phenolics (104.73±4.3 mg) followed by flavonoids (69.63±6.35 mg) and soluble tannins (69.59±1.27mg) equivalent gallic acid/g of methanol, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. In case of callus extracts, the highest yield is phenols (54.42±6.59gm) followed by flavonoids (39.17±6.35 gm) equivalent gallic acid/g of methanol extracts. The antioxidant activity assays of both leaf and callus extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity which could be due to high content of phenolics and flavenoids. The methanol extract showed more antioxidant potential than the other extracts of both leaf and callus but leaf extracts show significant antioxidant activity than the callus extracts. Therefore, both leaf and callus extracts of Allophylus serratus contain phytochemicals that are potential source for antioxidant which suggested that the plant could serve as a source of useful drugs.

Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves of Actinidia chinensis

Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves of Actinidia chinensis

PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CLERODENDRUM PANICULATUM (L.) LEAF AND FLOWER EXTRACTS

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the flower and leaf extracts of Clerodendrum paniculatum L., collected from Nelji village of Kodagu district .
 Methods: The healthy leaves and flowers of C. paniculatum were collected and the plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, hexane and distilled water separately. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using standard procedurs for the flower and leaf extracts of C. paniculatum. The antioxidant activity in leaf and flower extracts was determined by three assays, estimation of total phenolic content, reducing power assay and radical scavenging activity (DPPH) using standard procedures.
 Results: Phytochemical screening conducted for the flower and leaf extracts of C. paniculatum showed the presence of three phytochemicals, namely saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Terpenoids were commonly present in all the extracts of flower and leaf that is in both polar (aqueous and ethanol) solvent and in non-polar (hexane) solvents. The extracts tested for the antioxidant activity showed the presence of total phenolics in ethanol, aqueous and hexane extracts. The aqueous extract showed high redox potential followed by ethanol and hexane extracts. The aqueous leaf extract showed high radical scavenging activity when compared to the flower extracts of C. paniculatum.
 Conclusion: The present study showes C. paniculatum to be an important medicinal plant, since the flower and leaves showed good antioxidant activity. Thus it may used in the treatment of diseases and may also used in the preparation of natural or herbal drugs due to the presence of antioxidants.