Antioxidant Activity Of Fractions Research Articles

Comparison of in vitro antioxidant capacities of Phragmites communis Trin. and Phragmites japonica Steud.

The rhizome of Phragmites communis Trin. is used for vomiting and belching by clearing stomach and the sprout is used as tea. Phragmites japonica is similar with P. communis except the color of sheath is purple. This study is aimed to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity, total polyphenol and flavonoids contents of P. communis and P. japonica. The antioxidant activities of fractions from the two Phragmites plants were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant activity varied with plant parts and extract solvents. The fractions of leaf extract from the two Phragmites plants (4.06± 1.32-16.47±1.28%) showed higher antioxidant activity by DPPH assay compared with rhizome fractions of two Phragmites plants (0.00±0.00-14.15±0.07%), these are lower compared with ascorbic acid and butylhydroxyanisole (BHA). The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity was found for rhizome ether fraction, namely 74.95±0.56% and 73.04±1.85% for P. communis and P. japonica, these are higher than BHA. The total polyphenol and flavonoids contents were different with plant parts and extract solvents, likewise antioxidant activity. A significant correlation was shown between DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Considering the results of this study, the leaves and stems of P. communis and P. japonica are expected to be used as natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant Activity Test of Tegari Plant (Dianella Nemorosa Lam.) Root

Tegari plants (Dianella nemorosa Lam) from the Liliaceae family are used in several areas as a medicine traditional at the Tepin community in Sorong and Tablanusu in the Depapre Jayapura District, Papua. This plant is used by the community to cure various diseases such as pneumonia, cancer, internal and external wound healing, also antiseptic to asthma. This objective of this work is to estimate the antioxidant potential and IC50 level of the root extract and fraction. Sampling was carried out in the Dormena Village, Depapre District, Jayapura Regency. A yield of 16.28 percent was achieved from the extraction utilizing the maceration process and a solvent of 96 percent ethanol. Additionally, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were used as solvents for fractionation, and the extracts and fractions were then subjected to preliminary phytochemical. Using the DPPH assay (1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil), test concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm were used to determine each fraction's antioxidant activity. Vitamin C was the positive control that was employed. The Tegari root included flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids according to the results of the phytochemical screening. The Tegari plant exhibited a very high potential for antioxidant properties, according the findings of the antioxidant activity test.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Isolated Phenolics Derivatives from Mandevilla moricandiana Identified by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn with Pharmacological Potential for the Improvement of Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction.

Endothelial dysfunction in obesity plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, and it is characterized by increased vascular tonus and oxidative stress. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the vasodilatory and antioxidant activities of Mandevilla moricandiana ethyl acetate fraction and subfractions. Vascular effects were investigated on aorta isolated from control and monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced-obese Wistar rats, and antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. The ethyl acetate fraction (MMEAF) induced a concentration-dependent vasodilation on aortic rings through the NO pathway, with the involvement of histamine H1 and estrogen ERα receptors and showed potent antioxidant activity. In aorta of MSG obese rats, maximal relaxation to acetylcholine was increased in the presence of MMEAF (3 µg/mL), indicating that MMEAF ameliorated obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction. Quercetin and kaempferol aglycones and their correspondent glycosides, as well as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, A-type procyanidin trimer, ursolic and oleanolic triterpenoid acids were identified in subfractions from MMEAF and seem to be the metabolites responsible for the vascular and antioxidant activities of this fraction.

Antioxidant activity of the fractions from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) extract

Free radicals including reactive oxygen species are continuously increasing in the human body. This condition causes the unbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the human body. An antioxidant is a compound with the ability to reduce the harmfulness of the free radical. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of fractions and analyzed the functional groups of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) methanol extract. The separation process was performed by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography. The separated fractions were measured for their antioxidant activity by using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. The functional groups of each fraction were determined by using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The separation of water lettuce extract by using column chromatography produced seven fractions with different colors and confirmed by using TLC. The antioxidant activity showed the highest activity in the third fraction with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 131.66 ppm. The fifth fraction with the IC50 was about 184.62 ppm. Whereas, the first, second, fourth, sixth, and seventh fractions were relatively weak with the IC50 more than 200 ppm. The FT-IR spectrum also showed that the intensity hydroxyl group in the third fraction higher than the seventh fraction.

Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometeric analysis of ethyl acetate fraction from saudiLavandula coronopifoliaPoir and evaluation of its cytotoxic and antioxidant activities

Introduction:The ethyl acetate fraction of the Saudi Lavandula coronopifolia Poir has been previously reported to have hepatoprotective activity against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxic effect, and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of SaudiL. coronopifoliaPoir.Methods:Air dried aerial parts ofL. coronopifoliawere extracted using 90% ethyl alcohol. The dried extract was suspended in water, defatted with light petroleum and then fractionated with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometeric (UPLC-ESI/MS/MS) analysis in a negative ionization mode. The antioxidant activity of the fraction was determined using free radical 2,2-diphyenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and its cytotoxic effect against HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast carcinoma) cells were determined using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium (MTT) cell viability assay.Results:The major components of the ethyl acetate fraction included carvacrol-O-diglucoside, (34.98%) and trihydroxy ursolic acid (12.07%). Moreover, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate fraction was measured. The ethyl acetate fraction revealed an antioxidant potential with EC5017.8 ± 1.3 µg/mL. Additionally, he ethyl acetate fraction showed cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells with IC50=29.3 ± 0.9 µg/mL and 14.6 ± 0.3 µg/mL, respectively.Conclusion:The ethyl acetate fraction of the SaudiL. coronopifoliahas antioxidant activity and also cytotoxic activity against breast and liver cancer cells.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST OF FRACTIONS FROM STAR FRUIT LEAVES (AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L.) FROM THREE REGIONS IN WEST JAVA

Objectives: Previous in vitro research showed that ethyl acetate fractions of star fruit leaves exhibit strong antioxidant activities toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (IC50 = 90 μg/ml). This study’s aim was to evaluate antioxidant activity of fractions from leaf extracts from star fruitsourced from three different regions in Indonesia (Depok, Sukabumi, and Subang) and, for the most active fraction (that with the highest antioxidantactivity), determine whether there was any correlation with phenolic and flavonoid content.Methods: Liquid–liquid partitioning, fractions were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducingability of plasma (FRAP) assay.Results: The ethyl acetate fraction from the Subang region exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity with both the DPPH assay (IC50 = 96 μg/ml)and the FRAP assay (FeEAC value = 1405 μmol/g).Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fractions from star fruit leaves could be used as natural antioxidants. No correlation was found between antioxidant activityand phenolic or flavonoid content.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Elastase Inhibitory Activities ofGeum urbanumAerial Parts, Chemical Characterization of Extracts Guided by Chemical and Biological Assays

This study presents the bioguided chemical investigation of the 80% aqueous methanol extract of Geum urbanum aerial parts. Liquid–liquid partitioning of this extract in solvents of increasing polarity combined with biological screening showed that the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction was the most active part of the extract. This fraction was chemically profiled by a13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based dereplication method, resulting in the identification of 14 compounds. The dereplication process was followed by the purification of unknown and minor compounds of the EtOAc fraction. A new glycosylated phenol, namely, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propyl-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, together with 6 known compounds were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated by 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging, and by cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assays. In parallel, their enzyme inhibitory property against human neutrophil elastase was assessed. Four subfractions, essentially containing polyphenols and triterpenes, exhibited a significant elastase inhibitory activity and an ellagitannin showed a very high radical scavenging activity.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Lactobacillus Hilgardii Strain AG12a.

Background:It has been proven that probiotic Lactobacillus bacteria have inhibitory effects on human cancer cell lines. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the antioxidant probiotic Lactobacillus and determine the possible anticancer activities of the selected strain.Methods:One of the Lactobacillus strain isolated from camel doogh sample showed the high antioxidant activity by using of different methods such as resistance to hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anions. The antioxidant strain was characterized by sequencing of 16S rRNA V2-V3 regions and the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS). The methanol extract of this strain supernatant was fractionated using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and antioxidant activity of fractions was detected by 0.1% of DPPH through TLC-DPPH bioautography. In vitro anticancer activity of each fraction was investigated by using MTT and flow cytometry methods.Results:According to the phylogenetic results, the antioxidant Lactobacillus strain was closely related to Lactobacillus hilgardii strain E91 (Accession No. EF536365). After fractionation and anti-proliferation assessments of Lactobacillus hilgardii strain AG12a extracellular materials, one of the antioxidant fraction (F4) showed maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 535.27 μg/mL). MTT assay of the F4 fraction demonstrated cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 with the IC50 value of 299.05 μg/mL. The cell death activity of the fraction was confirmed by flow cytometry with 30.925.Conclusions:In this study, the anticancer and apoptotic properties of Lactobacillus hilgardii against Caco-2 cell line was reported for the first time. The isolated bioactive fraction from the extracellular methanol extract needs to be further investigated in human studies of cancer therapy.

Neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of fraction isolated from methanolic extract of Sapindus laurifolia on scopolamine induced dementia

Background: Phytotherapy is considered a complementary approach for preventing and treating many diseases. Plants are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites of a wide variety such as saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Sapindus laurifolia (fam: Sapindaceae), well known as soapnuts, are used medicinally as an expectorant, emetic, contraceptive, and for treatment of excessive salivation, epilepsy, chlorosis, and migraines. Objective: To isolation of fractions, estimation of total flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo neuroprotective activity of S. laurifolia fruit kernel. Materials and Methods: In this study, in vitro antioxidant activity is estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay method. Neuroprotective activity is estimated by scopolamine-induced dementia method. In neuroprotective method, behavioral parameters were checked by escape latency (EL) time (s) by using the Morris water maze, active avoidance testing using elevated plus maze, and neurochemicals such as glutathione, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Cholinesterase were estimated. Results: In scopolamine-induced dementia, increased EL time, active avoidance and neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD and cholinesterase decreased. Whereas standard and Fraction S-treated animals decreased in EL time, active avoidance and increased locomotor activity, neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD, and cholinesterase also increased. Conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrates that methanolic extract of S. laurifolia Fraction A (50 and 100 mg/kg) kernel significantly attenuate scopolamine-induced dementia by improving the learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality, and anti-acetyl cholinesterase activity. Therefore, this Fraction A can be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for controlling neurodegenerative dementia especially Alzheimer's disease. Yet, advance studies are needed to characterize the active compound(s) and expose the possible mechanism of action.

Bio-guided isolation of new phenolic compounds from Hippocrepis emerus flowers and investigation of their antioxidant, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities

This study presents the bio-guided chemical investigation of a 80% methanol extract of Hippocrepis emerus flowers, a perennial non-climbing shrub. Liquid-liquid partitioning in solvents of increasing polarity combined to biological screening enabled to determine the EtOAc and n-BuOH soluble fractions as the most active parts of the extract. These fractions were chemically profiled by using a 13C NMR-based dereplication method, resulting in the identification of twenty-six compounds. The dereplication process was completed by purification of some unknown or minor compounds of the n-BuOH fraction. Three new glycosylated flavonoids, namely kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2) and quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7,4′-O-α-l-dirhamnopyranoside (3), together with twelve known compounds (4 – 15) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including NMR, HR-ESI-MS and UV. The antioxidant activity of fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging and CUPRAC assays. In parallel, their inhibitory properties against mushroom tyrosinase and human neutrophil elastase enzymes were assessed. Three quercetin glycosides exhibited a significant radical-scavenging activity and two flavonoids showed a moderate elastase inhibitory activity.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of fractions and compound from Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.)

Medicinal plants have been documented over the years to play vital role in promoting human health. The study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of different fractions and isolated compound from Ricinodendron heudelotii leaves. The leaves of Ricinodendron heudelotii were extracted with ethanol and further partitioned sequentially using petroleum ether, ethylacetate and butanol. Bioassay–guided fractionation of the ethylacetate fraction was done using repeated column chromatographic technique while the structural elucidation of pure compound was carried out using mass spectra, 13C and 1H NMR analyses. Antioxidant potential of the fractions and isolated compound were evaluated with 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays and anti-inflammatory effect of fractions was measured by their inhibitory potency on nitric oxide (NO).Corilagin, an amorphous tannin was isolated and structurally elucidated. Corilagin showed scavenging effect against ABTS and DPPH radicals which vary in a dose dependent manner. It also showed an antioxidant potential with IC50 value of 0.003 mg/mL comparable to vitamin C 0.001 mg/mL) used as standard. The butanol and ethylacetate fractions exhibited significant (p < 0.05) NO inhibition of 60 and 69% respectively after treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide. These results demonstrated the role of isolated corilagin as a promising potent antioxidant while the ethylacetate and butanol fractions suppressed the expression of an inflammation mediator by inhibiting nitric oxide.

Antioxidant, anticancer and ACE-inhibitory activities of bioactive peptides from wheat germ protein hydrolysates

Hydrolysates of wheat germ protein prepared with Alcalase, pepsin or proteinase K had significant antioxidant activities and the ability to decrease A549 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Hydrolysates were fractionated using RP-HPLC and the antioxidant activity of fractions was evaluated as ABTS radical scavenging activity. Fractions with the highest activities were further analyzed using LC/ESI-MS/MS. Two peptides, KELPPSDADW and SSDEEVREEKELDLSSNE of the pepsin hydrolysates, three peptides, TVGGAPAGRIVME, VGGIDEVIAK and GNPIPREPGQVPAY of the Alcalase hydrolysates, and two peptides SGGSYADELVSTAK and MDATALHYENQK of the proteinase K hydrolysates were identified as the main components. Replicates of these peptides were made using solid phase synthesis and further biological activities, including antioxidant, ACE inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Peptides with the highest activities were KELPPSDADW (antioxidant), SGGSYADELVSTAK (ACE inhibitory) and SSDEEVREEKELDLSSNE (cytotoxic).

Total Phenolics, Flavonoids Contents, Antioxidant Activity and DNA Protective Effect of Lenten Rose (Helleborus orientalis)

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the antioxidant activity and DNA Protective effect of Helleborus orientalis (HO) leaf extract against oxidative damage, and to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant species studied.&#x0D; Methods: The total phenol content (TPC) of H. orientalis (Ranunculaceae) extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. The aluminum chloride colorimetric assay in the determination of The total flavonoid content (TFC) and was used, Analysis of Phenolic Acids was identified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was analyzed by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay. Protective effect of H. orientalis leaf extract against to H2O2 was evaluated by using TAS, TOS methods and Comet assay.&#x0D; Key Findings: H. orientalis ethanol extracts contain high amounts of antioxidants. The HO leaf methanol extract (LME) decreased the DNA damage at all tested concentrations in a dose-dependent manner (r=0.86 p&lt;0.01) against to H2O2.&#x0D; Conclusions: The total phenol content in the extracts of different parts of the plant varied from 4.00 mg GAE/1 gr to 19.42 mg GAE/1 gr. The flowers had the highest phenol content (19.42 mg GAE/1 gr sample) and followed by the leaves (17.20 mg GAE/1 gr sample). The total flavonoid content in the extracts from different parts of the plant varied from 2.57 mg QE/1 gr to 11.88 mg QE/1 gr. The flowers had the highest flavonoid content (11.88 mg QE/1 gr sample) and followed by the leaves (10.21 mg QE/1 gr sample).&#x0D; Antioxidant activity of fractions was explained as a percentage of DPPH radicals’ scavenging and IC50 values (μg/ml). Leaf and flowers of HO are richer in antioxidant than its root and stem. As the concentration of leaf extracts used increased, the DNA protective effect increased and it was statistically significant at overdoses of 2500 μg/mL. Total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were significantly (p &lt;0.05) decreased in the H2O2 group (3.4±0.21) but H. orientalis was significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased TAS levels in this group. When the concentration of leaf extracts used increased, the protective effect has also increased and statistically significant at overdoses of 2500 μg / mL (6.3±0.67). Total oxidant status (TOS) levels were significantly (p &lt;0.05) increased in the H2O2 group (25.3±0.74) and H. orientalis was significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased TOS levels in groups.

Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, anticancer and antioxidant activities of Jatropha zeyheri Sond. roots (Euphorbiaceae)

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of fractions from Jatropha zeyheri roots and to explore the phytochemical profile of the most biologically active fraction. Methods: Fractions from Jatropha zeyheri ethyl acetate extract were investigated for antimicrobial activity against a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms of different origins. The cytotoxicity studies of fractions were evaluated in vitro using tetrazolium-based calorimetric assay against human dermal fibroblast, colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (A547) cell lines. The anti-oxidant activity of fractions was determined in vitro against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and chelation of iron (Fe2+). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was performed to detect phytochemical constituents in fraction with potent biological activity. Results: Fraction 2 of Jatropha zeyheri roots exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 40 μg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae and 80 μg/mL against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycoplasma hominis. The fractions revealed some varying degrees of cytotoxicity against human dermal fibroblasts yielding LC50 values ranging from 28.96 to 166.52 μg/mL. Fraction 3 exhibited the highest selectivity index value of 2.08 against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Moreover, fraction 2 selectively inhibited the growth of Caco-2 with LC50 of 8.83 μg/mL, compared to other cancerous cell lines. Fraction 2 of Jatropha zeyheri further exhibited IC50 of 19.66, 22.63 and 1.82 μg/mL against DPPH, ABTS and Fe2+, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of cyclotetracosane (10.08%), 9-hexacosene (9.40%), hexadecanoic acid (3.90%), (Z)-9-octadecenamide (3.63%), octacosane (2.27%), 11-n-decylheneicosane (2.23%), ethyl vallesiachotamate (2.17%), heneicosanoic acid (2.10%), and octadecanoic acid (2.08%) in fraction 2 of Jatropha zeyheri. Conclusions: These identified compounds, particularly cyclotetracosane (hydrocarbon), may well explain the biological activity of fraction 2 of Jatropha zeyheri, which possesses higher biological activity than other fractions. These compounds can be further investigated for use in treating various bacterial and fungal opportunistic infections associated with HIV-AIDS and related cancers.

HPLC and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of fruit from Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae) at different stages of maturation

Malpighia glabra L. is indicated for the treatment of diseases due presenting several medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was quantify phenolic compounds and carotenoids, additionally, evaluate the antioxidant potential of different methanolic fractions (mature stage, intermediate stage and green maturity stage) of Malpighia glabra. Methanolic fractions of the three stages of maturation were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activity of fractions was evaluated using in vitro assay systems: iron-chelating activity (Fe2+), inhibition of the radical 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and inhibition of production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In quantifying compounds by HPLC-DAD showed that the compounds rutin and quercetin showed the highest peaks in the three samples tested. Regarding carotenoids, the β-carotene stood in the analyze. The methanolic fraction of lyophilized pulp of green fruits showed better results for iron chelation and DPPH tests; TBARS by the methanolic fraction of the ripe fruits showed lower IC50 as the basal. When in the presence of iron as an inducer of peroxidation, the methanolic fraction of the pulp of green fruits showed the lowest IC50. Our research indicates that the o fruits of M. glabra good potential in scavenging free radicals and can be an important source of antioxidant phytochemical.

Purification and analysis of the composition and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Helicteres angustifolia L.

The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides has attracted tremendous research interest in recent years. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of Helicteres angustifolia L. polysaccharides (HALP) that was acquired by water extraction and alcohol precipitation using ultrasound-assisted method with decolorization and protein removal. The polysaccharides were then successively purified using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex S-300 columns with two major fractions: HALPs1-1 and HALPs2-1. The physicochemical properties, structural characterization, and antioxidant activities of these fractions were investigated. The results indicated that HALPs1-1 was a glucan with an average molecular weight of 151.70kDa, and HALPs2-1 was composed of glucuronic acid with an average molecular weight of 114.81kDa. Infrared spectroscopies and iodine potassium iodide tests showed that the HALP were acid α-pyranoses. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharide fractions (HALP, HALPs1-1, and HALPs2-1) were evaluated in vitro. The results suggested that HALPs2-1 had the highest scavenging activities for ABTS, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals than other polysaccharides. Taken together, the results of this study suggested that polysaccharides from Helicteres angustifolia L. could be used as novel potential antioxidants.

Antioxidant activity of rosemary essential oil fractions obtained by molecular distillation and their effect on oxidative stability of sunflower oil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of rosemary essential oil fractions obtained by molecular distillation (MD) and investigate their effect on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. MD fractions were prepared in a series of low-pressure stages where rosemary essential oil was the first feed. Subsequently, a distillate (D1) and residue (R1) were obtained and the residue fraction from the previous stage used as the feed for the next. The residue fractions had the largest capacity to capture free radicals, and the lowest peroxide values, conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was due to oxygenated monoterpenes, specifically α-terpineol and cis-sabinene hydrate. Oxidative stability results showed the residues (R1 and R4) and butylated hydroxytoluene had greater antioxidant activity than either the distillate fractions or original rosemary essential oil. The residue fractions obtained by short path MD of rosemary essential oil could be used as a natural antioxidants by the food industry.

OXIDATIVE STRESS REDUCING AND LIVER PROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION ISOLATED FROM PAJANELIA LONGIFOLIA (WILLD) K. SCHUMAN

Objectives: We investigated the liver protective as well as oxidative stress reducing activity of isolated fractions (Pajanelia fraction-1, 2, and 3 [PF1, PF2, and [PF3]) from ethyl acetate extract of Indian medicinal plant Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schuman.Methods: The liver protective activity of fractions was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (0.5 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneal [b.w. i.p.]) induced hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice. Isolated fractions (at dose level of 150 mg/kg b.w. per orally [p.o.]) were administered to mice before 30 minutes of CCl4 administration. Silymarin at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. p.o. was taken as a standard drug. The liver protective activity of fractions was measured on serum biochemical parameters such as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin (total). Further antioxidant activity of fractions was also measured on antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic levels such as reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase.Results: The in vivo study revealed that the PF3 most effectively protected the liver from damage by CCl4. The findings were also confirmed by histopathological observations. High-performance liquid chromatography result was clearly indicated that the fraction was pure.Conclution: Ethyl acetate fraction (Pajanelia fraction 3) from P. longifolia may be considered as a liver protective agent.

Anthocyanins and phenolic compounds of Mahonia aquifolium berries and their contributions to antioxidant activity

Antioxidant activities, total phenolic and total monomeric anthocyanin contents were determined in mahonia berry extracts in different solvents. The methanol:water extract was purified to obtain anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic fractions, one at a time, and antioxidant activities of these fractions were also analyzed. Total phenolic and monomeric anthocyanin contents in mahonia berries were ranged from 1.30 (chloroform extract) to 1049.40 (methanol extract)mgGAE/100gFW, and 40.68 (water extract) to 380.99 (ethanol extract)mg/100gFW, respectively. The main phenolic and anthocyanin in mahonia berries were chlorogenic acid (373.12mg/100gFW), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (253.40mg/100gFW), respectively. The antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin fraction of the berries was approximately twofold higher than that of the phenolic fraction. The contribution of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds to the antioxidant activity of mahonia berries was greater than 83%. Phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, are the major antioxidant compounds found in mahonia berries.

In Vitro Biological Screening of Hartmannia rosea Extracts.

The present study is focused on the assessment of the medicinal therapeutic potential extracts of H. rosea to investigate their pharmacological implications based upon science proofs. The antioxidant activity of fraction of H. rosea, namely, n-hexane (HR-1), ethyl acetate (HR-2), chloroform (HR-3), and n-butanol (HR-4), was performed by using the DPPH radical scavenging method. The cytotoxicity and enzyme inhibition assessment were also performed. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and protein kinase inhibition but none of the extracts exhibited α-amylase inhibition activity. The chloroform extract HR-3 may block a kinase receptor from binding to ATP; the lead molecule will be isolated, which may stop cancerous cell growth and demotion of cell division. It is predicted that ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol extracts of H. rosea contain polyphenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids that are biologically effective candidates exhibiting significant cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. They may control oxidative damage in the body tissues and act as potential antidiabetic and anticancer agents. These studies will also be helpful for future drug designing and drug development research.