Antioxidant Activity Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils of Calamintha officinalis and Abies numidica

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils of Calamintha officinalis and Abies numidica

Characteristic of aroma components and antioxidant activity of essential oil from Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves

AbstractOcimum tenuiflorum has a characteristic spicy, sweet and green aroma and has been used as a medicinal herb for various diseases in Ayurveda systems. This study aimed to investigate the aroma‐impact components and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from O. tenuiflorum leaves, grown in Sri Lanka, which was obtained by hydrodistillation. The volatile compounds in the essential oil were measured by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. The major components were caryophyllene oxide (23.8%), β‐caryophyllene (18.2%), germacrene D (14.6%), α‐copaene (14.4%) and eugenol (10.0%). The characteristics of aroma components of the essential oil were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis. Eleven compounds, including eugenol, rotundone, β‐damascenone, linalool and geraniol, were identified as aroma‐impact components of the essential oil. Among them, the dominant components were identified as eugenol, rotundone, 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone, coumarin and vanillin, which were quite different from the results of chemical analysis. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity and β‐carotene bleaching assays. All results showed that the essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity, and antioxidant‐active components were proved to be eugenol by column chromatography. Furthermore, the presence of new antioxidant compounds other than eugenol, which had previously been reported, was also revealed. Therefore, the essential oil from O. tenuiflorum leaves has great potential as a resource in the cosmetics and food industries.

Phytochemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from the Flowers of Paeonia delavayi Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid.

Essential oils were extracted from dark-purple, red and yellow petals of Paeonia delavayi using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide method. The compositions of essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity assays were carried out using DPPH, ABTS- and FRAP methods. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids were measured to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity in addition to the volatile compounds contained in the essential oils extracted from the flower petals of P. delavayi with the three flower colors. A total of 194 compounds were detected from essential oils of P. delavayi flowers, including 83 in dark-purple petals, 90 in red petals and 80 in yellow petals. These compounds mainly include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, alkanes, esters and polyphenols. The results showed that the volatile compounds accumulated differentially among the essential oils from the different colors of flower petals. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that essential oils derived from dark-purple and red petals were more closely clustered while the yellow petal essential oil was very different with both the purple-red and red. Antioxidant assays suggested that the radical scavenging activity and the iron reduction antioxidant activity in the essential oils were highly correlated with the flower petal colors. These results suggest P. delavayi flower petals are potentially good resources for high quality essential oils and natural antioxidants.

The Role of Thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) Essential Oil as Natural Antioxidant on the Lipid Oxidation in Mayonnaise

Nowadays, essential oils are considered substitutes for synthetic additives in food products. Since lipid oxidation is the main chemical process affecting mayonnaise deterioration, in this research, the antioxidant activity of essential oil of thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) was determined for oxidative stability of treated mayonnaise (homogenized) during 6 months of storage. The antioxidant activities of the essential oil of thyme (0–150 μg/g) were investigated by the DPPH method. Then, the efficiency of this essential oil (144.4 μg/g) as a natural antioxidant in mayonnaise was studied by following analysis: peroxide, anisidine, Totox, and thiobarbituric acid. GC analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of forty compounds. The essential oil is characterized by a high number of monoterpenes such as thymol and carvacrol. Regarding antioxidation, the investigated essential oil strongly reduced the DPPH radical (IC50 = 144.4 μg/ml). This study confirms that the essential oil of thyme possessed antioxidant properties in vitro. The results showed that the treatments containing essential oil and TBHQ significantly reduced the oxidation ( p < 0.05 ), while the control sample was oxidized faster. The essential oil had a significant effect on taste, odor, and overall acceptance, but no significant difference was observed in color and texture. The results of the present experiments suggest that essential oil of thyme (Z. multiflora) can be used as a source of natural antioxidant for the application in food industries to prevent lipid oxidation particularly lipid-containing foods such as mayonnaise. Therefore, it can used as a natural antioxidant and flavoring compound in foods such as mayonnaise.

Physiochemical properties, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of essential oils from orange (Citrus nobilis) peel

The continuous fresh consumption or juice production of orange fruits (citrus nobilis) has discarded a vast number of orange peels, which has caused significant impacts on environmental issues. This study attempted to utilize discarded orange peels to extract essential oils (EOs) and evaluated their physiochemical properties, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. EOs were extracted via a distillation system using a Clevenger apparatus and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis was employed to characterize their chemical components. The antibacterial and antifungal test were evaluated using a well diffusion method, and antioxidant activity was determined based on DPPH radicals scavenging effect and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The obtained EOs with the yield of 3.29 ± 0.24% in which limonene was found to be the most abundant compound in the EOs (90.42%) followed by β-myrcene (4.7%) and α-pinene (1.22%). The result showed that Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus cereus) was susceptible to the 50% EOs than Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) with respect to inhibitory zone diameter of 15.00 ± 0.58 mm and 11.33 ± 0.58 mm. The 50% EOs also inhibited nearly 70% of the mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus as well as exhibiting antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 18.29 ± 0.13 mg/mL for DPPH and FRAP assay, respectively. The orange peel EOs could be a promising alternative to synthetic preservatives in food industry due to their antimicrobial and antifungal activity as well as their antioxidant activity.

GC-MS analysis of chemical composition, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Senecio glaucus under drastic conditions

This study was designed to analyze essential oils by GC-MS and to evaluate the chemical composition, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of aerial part of plant Seniso glaucus using two methods hydro distillation and organic solvent extraction. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS revealed the presence of 32 compounds most of them are sesquiterpene, the main component of essential oil were, Isolongifolene, 9-one (14.4%) Longiverbenone (13.5%), (+) 4-Carene (8.39 %), O-cymene, 4.64%, and thujone were 3.54%. Cytotoxic activity of essential oil was tested against four carcinoma cell lines (A549, McF7, HepG, and HCT-16) by using (3- (4, 5- dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT), the results indicate promising cytotoxic activity at the concentration (100, and50μg/ml) essential oil exhibit high cytotoxic activities against Hepg2 cell lines (83. 33 and 59.14 %) and good cytotoxicity against A549, McF-7 and HCT116 cell lines by (62.1 %, 74.40 %, and 76.60%respectively). The essential oil showed antioxidant activity with IC50 = 69.59±0.24μg/ml, using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay the present study concluded the importance of plant Seniso glaucus as a natural antioxidant.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Lippia adoensis Hochst ex. Walp and Ocimum sanctum Linn

ABSTRACT. Essential oils of Lippia adoensis Hochst ex. Walp leaf, Ocimum sanctum Linn leaf and stem and mixture of two plants from Bishoftu and Debre Berhan (Ethiopia) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oil of O. sanctum from Bishoftu showed 12 compounds with major components being b-bisabolene (31.38%), 4-[(1Z)-1,5-dimethyl-1,4-hexadien-1-yl]-1-methylcyclo-hexen (25.56%), eucalyptol (17.12%). While that from Debre Berhan contained 20 compounds with major components being b-bisabolene (24.45%), 4-[(1Z)-1,5-dimethyl-1,4-hexadien-1-yl]-1-methylcyclohexen (19.61%) and eucalyptol (13.42%). The essential oil of the leaves of Lippia adoensis from Bishoftu showed 15 compounds with major components as linalool (66.60%), caryophyllene (4.28%) and that from Debre Berhan showed 12 compounds with linalool (86.11%) as major compound. The essential oil of the mixture of L. adoensis and O. sanctum from Bishoftu showed 18 compounds with major compound being linalool (62.54%) and that from Debre Berhan showed 21 compounds with major compounds being linalool (48.47%) and eicosane (9.42%), octadecane (5.47%). The essential oils of O. sanctum and L. adoensis and their mixture from the two places exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity of 96.48% and 96.17%, 92.58% and 93.37%, and 95.25% and 96.42% at 100 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activities of essential oils were comparable to that of ascorbic acid which exhibited 98.08% at the same concentration (100 µg/mL).
 
 KEY WORDS: Ocimum sanctum, Lippia adoensis, Essential oil, Antioxidant activity, DPPH assay
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(1), 95-108. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.9

Chemical composition and evaluation of biological effects of essential oil and aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia L.

The present work was carried out to evaluate the phenolic compounds, the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of essential oil (EO) and aqueous extract (AE) of Lavandula angustifolia L. The extracts were obtained by hydrodistillation, and by decoction method using water, then, total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu, Aluminium chloride, and Bate-Smith reaction methods, respectively. Afterward, the antibacterial activity was evaluated using the borth microdilution and, the antifungal activity was discussed using dilution technique in solid medium. To estimate the antioxidant effect of these extracts, the Total Antioxidant Capacity and DPPH scavenging methods were performed. Results of phytochemical analysis of AE showed that total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins were 67.967 ± 0.139 mg GAE/g DW, 53.578 ± 0.418 mg QE/g DW and 9.194 ± 0.323 mg/g DW, respectively. In addition, spectral analysis by Gas Chromatography of EO showed the presence of four main components in oil lavender: Linalool (29.95%), Linalyl acetate (18.86%), ρ-cymene (14.68%), and α-Campholenal (10.26%). Furthermore, the antibacterial test showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most resistant compared to the other tested strains. Also, it appears that EO had greater antifungal activity compared to AE, and the both showed significant antioxidant potential. These eminent results showed that the use of L. angustifolia L. as an anti-infective in traditional environments is justified and that it should be studied more widely in order to explore its potential.

Variations in Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) Essential Oils at Different Growth Stages

The current study is aimed to investigate the essential oil (EO) yields, chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Artemisia vulgaris L. EOs were isolated before flowering, initial flowering and post-flowering growth stages. Before the flowering stage, major constituents of the EO were α-thujone (30.68%) and β-caryophyllene (22.05%). Parallel to plant development, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (mainly β-caryophyllene) decreased and an increase was recorded in oxygenated monoterpenes, especially in α-thujone. These significant changes in the EO compositions caused various alterations in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Antioxidant activities of EOs were drastically decreased as the amount of β-caryophyllene dropped off from 22.05 to 7.92% and α-thujone increased from 30.68 to 47.41%. Spearman's correlation coefficients exhibited that α-thujone was quite weak against oxidative stress. In contrast to antioxidant activities, correlation analysis revealed that antimicrobial activities of EOs were enhanced with the increase of α-thujone.

Comparative analysis of chemical profiles and antioxidant activities of essential oils obtained from species of Lippia L. by chemometrics

Due to the importance of diseases associated with oxidative stress, the search for natural antioxidants proves to be essential. This work aimed to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of essential oils from the genus Lippia L. through chemometric analysis. The essential oils were characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antioxidant potentials were determined by DPPH, ABTS, Deoxyribose and β-carotene protection, Iron chelation and reduction methods. All data were related by multivariate analyzes. Essential oils showed low similar chemical compositions and no statistically significant relationship. These showed relevant antioxidant activity, especially for L. sidoides that obtained IC50 of 5.22 ± 0.08 µg/mL in ABTS capture. Multivariate analyzes showed the effectiveness of L. alba compounds to DPPH scavenging, Fe3+ reduction and β-carotene protection, and L. gracilis components to deoxyribose protect. Thus, studies proving the antioxidant potential of Lippia compounds against oxidative stress and their use in food conservation are fundamental.

Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils, and Their Combinations, Obtained from Flavedo By-Product of Seven Cultivars of Sicilian Citrus aurantium L.

In this work, seven Citrus aurantium essential oils (EOs) derived from flavedo of cultivars ‘Canaliculata’, ‘Consolei’, ‘Crispifolia’, ‘Fasciata’, ‘Foetifera’, ‘Listata’, and ‘Bizzaria’ were investigated. EOs were also combined in 1:1 (v/v) ratio to identify possible synergism or antagonism of actions. GC-MS analysis was done to investigate Eos’ phytochemical profiles. The antioxidant activity was studied by using a multi-target approach based on FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and β-carotene bleaching tests. A great difference was observed in EOs’ phytochemical profiles. d-limonene (33.35–89.17%) was the main monoterpene hydrocarbon, and α-Pinene, β-myrcene, and β-linalool were identified in almost all samples. Among EOs, only C3 showed high quantitative and qualitative variability in its chemical composition. The chemical diversity of EOs was also demonstrated by PCA and HCA statistical analysis. Samples C2, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were statistically similar to each other, while C1 and C3 were characterized as having a different amount of other compounds and oxygenated monoterpenes, respectively, with respect to the other EOs mentioned. The global antioxidant score (GAS) revealed that among the tested EOs, C. aurantium ‘Fasciata’ EO had the highest antioxidant potential, with a GAS value of −0.47, whereas among combinations, the EO obtained by mixing ‘Canaliculata’ + ‘Bizzaria’ was the most active. Comparison by theoretical and real data on inhibitory concentration (IC50) and FRAP values did not reveal any significant effect of synergism or antagonism of actions to be valid in all biological applied tests. These findings, considered together, represent an important starting point to understand which compounds are responsible for the activities and their future possible industrial application.

Antioxidant and Toxic Activity of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench and Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don Essential Oils and Extracts.

Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (sandy everlasting) is the only species from genus Helichrysum Mill that grows spontaneously in Lithuania. The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from inflorescences and leaves of H. arenarium wild plants was analysed by GC-MS. Palmitic (≤23.8%), myristic (≤14.9%) and lauric (6.1%) acids, n-nonanal (10.4%), and trans-β-caryophyllene (≤6.5%) were the major constituents in the EOs. For comparison, the main components in EO from flowers (commercial herb material) of H. italicum were γ-curcumene (21.5%), β-selinene (13.6%), α-selinene (8.1%), β-eudesmol (8.3%), and α-pinene (6.5%). Composition of H. arenarium methanolic extracts was investigated by HPLC-DAD-TOF. The main compounds were the following: luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin and its glucoside, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, arenol, and arzanol. Antioxidant activity of EOs and extracts was tested by DPPH● and ABTS●+ assays. Sandy everlasting extracts exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging activities (for leaves 11.18 to 19.13 and for inflorescences 1.96 to 6.13 mmol/L TROLOX equivalent) compared to those of all tested EOs (0.25 to 0.46 mmol/L TROLOX equivalent). Antioxidant activity, assayed electrochemically by cyclic and square wave voltammetry correlated with total polyphenolic content in extracts and radical scavenging properties of EOs and extracts. The toxic activity of EOs of both Helichrysum species was evaluated using a brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay. H. italicum inflorescence EO was found to be toxic (LC50 = 15.99 µg/mL) as well as that of H. arenarium (LC50 ≤ 23.42 µg/mL) oils.

Phenolic contents, composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils obtained from Iranian populations of Apium graveolens, and their canonical correlation with environmental factors

Seed essential oils (EO) yield and composition were studied in twelve populations of Apium graveolens L. collected from Iran. Variations in antioxidant activity were also studied with two bioassay methods including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Clustering was performed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and studied samples classified into three main groups (or chemotypes) with higher limonene, limonene/apiol/myristicin/and apiol/myristicin. Antioxidant activity of EOs varied among studied seeds, that amounts ranging from 6.4 to 34.4 (mg AAE/50 μl EO) for the DPPH method and 1070 to 3315 (μM Fe+2/50 μl EO) for FRAP method. Based on antioxidant assay methods, the highest value of antioxidant activity was found in Urmia (P12) and Sanandaj (P1) EOs. Celery EOs showed strong antioxidant activity. Based on canonical correspondence analysis environmental conditions were highly correlated with the distribution of compounds among the populations. Lower elevation and higher temperature correlated with higher limonene content. Results showed that total phenols ranged from 10.4 to 14.57 mg Gallic acid/g DW and TFC ranged from 2.2 to 8.1 mg QUE/g DW.

Characterization of chemical compositions by a GC–MS/MS approach and evaluation of antioxidant activities of essential oils from Cinnamomum reticulatum Hay, Leptospermum petersonii Bailey, and Juniperus formosana Hayata

• GC–MS/MS was used to characterize chemical components of three rare plant essential oils. • Three volatiles were newly identified and bio-functions of four were yet reported previously. • DPPH and ABTS antioxidant capacities of the three rare plant essential oils were evaluated. • CREO had the most moderate antioxidant capacities due to its more esters and less aromatics. Essential oils (EOs) are one type of the most significant plant metabolites. Limited works have been conducted on EOs extracted from Cinnamomum reticulatum Hay (CREO), Leptospermum petersonii Bailey (LPEO), and Juniperus formosana Hayata (JFEO), which belong to the Lauraceae, Cupressaceae, and Myrtaceae families, respectively. The present work aimed to characterize and compare EOs chemical compositions of the three aromatic plant species and simultaneously evaluate their antioxidant activities. Using GC–MS/MS techniques, totally 135 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to nine chemical classes were detected, with 93, 102 and 116 VOCs from and 7, 8 and 16 VOCs unique to CREO, LPEO and JFEO, respecively, and 72 VOCs common to all the three EOs. The main compound identified both in LPEO and JFEO was (−)-bornyl acetate (20.23% and 28.40%, respectively), and the dominated compounds in CREO were L-α-terpineol (16.21%) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene (11.68%), all accounting for more than 20% of their total contents. An in-depth dissection of major chemical compositions of the three EOs found that three VOCs were newly identified and biological functions of four VOCs were not yet reported previously. In addition, higher antioxidant capacities, measured with DPPH and ABTS assays, were exhibited in JFEO (IC50 8.37 ± 2.98 and 0.53 ± 3.80 mg/ml, respectively) and in LPEO (IC50 13.93 ± 2.11 and 1.32 ± 0.97 mg/ml) than in CREO (IC50 250.58 ± 1.48 and 4.81 ± 3.23 mg/ml), which may be due to CREO contained more esters and less aromatics than the other two EOs.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. Essential Oils of Algeria

The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth from middle Algeria obtained from the aerial parts by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant capacity values of T ciliatus extracts were determined using 2 different and complementary assays: free radical scavenging ( 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH]) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Six samples of T ciliatus collected in 2019 were used in the study. GC and GC-MS were used to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils. Twenty-five compounds were identified with a percentage of 89.3%–97.7%. The essential oils of T ciliatus were characterized by the presence of myrcene (9.6%-26.9%), p-cymene (7.6%-17.0%), and borneol (13.4%-30.2%) as principal components.

Chemical Composition and Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil from Juniperus phoenicea L. Cupressaceae

Being multipurpose, relatively safe, and widely favorable for consumption, interest in the essential oils of medicinal plants has been increasing. Essential oil (EO) of Juniperus phoenicea is traditionally used for treatment of several health problems such as diabetes, rheumatism, and cancer that is the second leading cause of death in Jordan. This study aims to collect and chemically analyze EO from Juniperus phoenicea L., from Jordan and to evaluate its cytotoxic and antioxidant activity against human breast cancer cells (T47D), colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (CACO2), and normal human fibroblasts (MRC5). EO was extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed in a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue, neutral red, and MTT assays, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH scavenging activity assay. Chemical composition analysis revealed 23 constituents in the EO, and the amount of α- pinene was the highest (69.71%). The results also revealed that the IC50 values of the viability assays were higher among normal cells compared to the human cancer cell lines, and the viability inhibition was significant at higher concentrations compared to untreated cells. Nevertheless, low antioxidant activity was observed for the oil in the DPPH scavenging activity test. To sum up, this study indicates that Jordanian Juniperus phoenicea EO, albeit unlikely to be an effective antioxidant, is optimistically potential to be utilized in breast and colon cancers treatment due to its preferential cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

Variation in the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Five New Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Clones in Thailand.

Eucalyptus oils are widely used for a variety of purposes. This study investigates the terpenoid compositions and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of eucalypt leaf oils extracted from four E. urophylla clones and one E. urophylla × E. camaldulensis hybrid clone grown in Thailand. According to GC/MS analysis, the E. urophylla oils were mainly composed of 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, and spathulenol, while 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene were mostly identified in the hybrid oil. All eucalypt oils exhibited a significant bacteriostatic effect against Gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. Only the hybrid oil had an effect on all Gram-negative bacteria tested, including Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter aerogenes. These oils have antibacterial properties that vary according to their terpenoid content. Only the hybrid oil had a potent antioxidant effect, with an IC50 value of 4.21 ± 0.35 mg/mL for free radical (DPPH) scavenging. This oil’s antioxidant effect may be a result of the phenolic terpenoids, thymol and carvacrol. As a result, these oils may be a novel source of antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Additionally, the antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities of the E. urophylla × E. camaldulensis hybrid essential oil are reported for the first time.

Comparative study of the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveoiens from the four regions of Morocco

Pelargonium graveoiens (rose-scented pelargonium) is a plant that belongs to the Geraniaceae family native to South Africa. It is recognized for its aroma and essential oil which is widely used in the cosmetic industry, aromatherapy and as a food flavoring agent. It is also known for its antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. For this, it is interesting to study the chemical composition of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens from the four regions of Morocco (Er-Rachidia, Meknes, Rabat, Tetouan) by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and determine the similarities and dissimilarities of the chemical composition of these four essential oils by carrying out an analysis on the one hand in main composition (ACP) and on the other hand, evaluating their antioxidant activities by two methods DPPH and CAT. The results showed that the essential oil of Pelargonium graveoiens (rose-scented pelargonium) from the four regions mainly contains p-Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, epi-y-eudesmol, geranyl tiglate and linalool. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil by the measured DPPH method showed that the IC50 values of the Meknes region are lower than the IC50 values found in the Er-Rachidia, Tetouan and Rabat regions.

Comparative study on eucalyptol and camphor rich essential oils from rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum Sm. and their pharmacological, antioxidant and antifungal activities.

The aim of present study was to evaluate chemical composition and different biological activities viz., pharmacological and antioxidant activities of essential oils. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry while biological activities were evaluated by standard protocols. Essential oils of Hedychium spicatum Sm. from two different ecological niches viz; Nainital (Site-I) and Himachal Pradesh (Site-II) of India revealed the qualitative and quantitative chemo-diversity. Both the oils were dominated by oxygenated terpenoids. Major marker compounds identified were eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, α-eudesmol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and iso-borneol. Both the oils exhibited anti-inflammatory activity suppressing 17.60 % to 33.57 % inflammation at 100mg/kg b. wt. dose levels compared to ibuprofen-treated group (40.06 %). The sub-acute inflammation in oils-treated mice groups (50 and 100 mg/kg b. wt.) increased on day 2 but showed a gradual decrease from day 3 onwards and then recovered to normal by day 10. The antinociception percentage for doses (50 and 100 mg/kg b. wt.) ranged from 33.70-40.46 % in Site-I and 30.34-42.39 % in Site-II compared to standard drug, ibuprofen (43.08 %). The oils also showed a good antipyretic effect by suppressing Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) induced pyrexia after oil dose injection. The oils also exhibited good antioxidant activity.

Identification of antioxidant ingredients by GC-MS from the essential oil of Purple Eleutherococcus simonii leaves

Abstract The main objective of the current study was to investigate the components and antioxidant activity of essential oil extracted from Purple Eleutherococcus leaves (identified as Eleutherococcus simonii) (PEEO) by hydrodistillation (HD) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Fourteen chemical components were identified in PEEO using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), accounting for 41.21% of the total essential oil extracted by SPME, including isopropyl toluene, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexene (3.24%), fumaric-red myrrh alcohol (2.94%), farnesol acetate (2.92%), etc. Forty-three compounds were identified by HD, accounting for 73.28% of the total essential oil extracted by HD, including α-Farnesene (3.4%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (1.28%), (α-Bisabolol (0.87%), etc. The antioxidant activity of PEEO was characterized for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ABTS method and FRAP method, and the IC50 values were 1.125 mg/mL, 0.945 mg/mL and 0.862 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for DPPH, ABTS and FRAP of essential oil were similar to those of ascorbic acid (VC; 0.853, 0.945 and 0.037 mg/mL). The results showed that the essential oil of PEEO has a high radical scavenging activity.