Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing Research Articles

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile in Psittacine Birds at an Avian Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Study, 2015-2022.

Veterinary hospitals house patient populations with diverse infectious statuses, microbiota, and histories of prior antibiotic therapy. Choanal swabs are commonly used for assessing the upper respiratory tract of birds for bacterial disease, with the samples submitted for cytologic testing and/or culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify and quantify bacteria isolated from choanal swabs collected from psittacine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Data regarding bacterial isolates from choanal swabs were obtained from the medical records of companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory bacterial disease that presented between November 2015 and December 2022. A total of 47.8% (175 of 366) of the bacterial isolates were from specimens obtained from red-lored Amazons (Amazona autumnalis). Gram-negative bacteria predominated, with 27 different genera identified. Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia were the most frequently isolated genera. A total of 90.4% (331 of 366) of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic tested in the sensitivity panel, and a single Klebsiella isolate was resistant to 13 different antibiotics. Gentamicin had a high percentage of efficacy (79.5%; 182 of 229) against the bacterial isolates, whereas isolates tested against sulfonamide-trimethoprim (46.7%, 98 of 210), streptomycin (43.8%; 88 of 201), and clindamycin (12.9%; 15 of 116) had susceptibilities <50%. This is the first study to report common bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from choanal swab samples collected from companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory disease in Mexico. Clinicians can use the information presented in this study as a guide for therapeutic decision-making when managing upper respiratory bacterial infections in companion psittacine patients.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile in Psittacine Birds at an Avian Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Study, 2015-2022.

Veterinary hospitals house patient populations with diverse infectious statuses, microbiota, and histories of prior antibiotic therapy. Choanal swabs are commonly used for assessing the upper respiratory tract of birds for bacterial disease, with the samples submitted for cytologic testing and/or culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify and quantify bacteria isolated from choanal swabs collected from psittacine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Data regarding bacterial isolates from choanal swabs were obtained from the medical records of companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory bacterial disease that presented between November 2015 and December 2022. A total of 47.8% (175 of 366) of the bacterial isolates were from specimens obtained from red-lored Amazons (Amazona autumnalis). Gram-negative bacteria predominated, with 27 different genera identified. Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia were the most frequently isolated genera. A total of 90.4% (331 of 366) of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic tested in the sensitivity panel, and a single Klebsiella isolate was resistant to 13 different antibiotics. Gentamicin had a high percentage of efficacy (79.5%; 182 of 229) against the bacterial isolates, whereas isolates tested against sulfonamide-trimethoprim (46.7%, 98 of 210), streptomycin (43.8%; 88 of 201), and clindamycin (12.9%; 15 of 116) had susceptibilities <50%. This is the first study to report common bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from choanal swab samples collected from companion psittacines suspected of upper respiratory disease in Mexico. Clinicians can use the information presented in this study as a guide for therapeutic decision-making when managing upper respiratory bacterial infections in companion psittacine patients.

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae amongst residents of Obong Ntak in Etim Ekpo Local Government of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Streptococcus pneumonia is among the major causative agents of respiratory tract infections and colonizes the nasopharyngeal cells of asymptomatically healthy individuals. Prevalence and antibiotics sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumonia amongst residents in a rural setting was evaluated. A total of 250 nasal swab samples (125 males and 125 females) were collected using sterile swab sticks. Administration of open-ended questionnaires, culture of the samples, identification of isolates, antimicrobial sensitivity test and determination of prevalence rate were all done using standard protocols. Out of the 250 samples collected, 35 were positive for S. pneumonia giving an overall prevalence of 14%. Based on sex, the prevalence rates were 15% and 20% for males and females, respectively. Prevalence rates of 12.5%, 13.7%, 12.7% and 25% were recorded for age groups of 10-20, 21-40, 41-60 and &gt;60 years, respectively. The presence of S. pneumoniae based on the health status of the participants showed that the prevalence rates were 20% and 11.70% for clinically ill and clinically healthy individuals, respectively. The resistance profile to the test antibiotics were 22.9%, 22.9%, 11.4%, 100%, 100%, 34.3%, 34.3%, 100%, 54.3% and 77.1% respectively to perfloxacin, septrin, ciprofloxacin, amoxacilin, zinacef, gentamicin, erythromycin, ampliclox, streptomycin and rocephin. Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic followed by perfloxacin and septrin. Our isolates showed 100% multi-drug resistance and is a cause for concern.

Óleo de semente de uva no tratamento de ferida grave em cão - relato de caso

The aim of this study is to describe, for the first time, the use of grape seed oil in the treatment of a severe wound in a dog. A 10-year-old Dalmatian female dog presented with an abscess in the cervical region that progressed to cutaneous necrosis, resulting in a large wound. Samples were collected for culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing (TSA). Staphylococcus pseudointermedius and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli were isolated from the wound. The lesion was surgically debrided, and topical treatment with grape seed oil was initiated. The patient was followed until complete healing, which occurred in 28 days. The wound area was measured at seven-day intervals until complete healing (D0, D7, D14, D21, and D28), with the respective measurements being 11204.8 mm2, 4348.0 mm2, 2414.9 mm2, 120.2 mm2, and 0.00 mm2. The wound contraction potential was calculated for the intervals of 0 to 7, 7 to 14, 14 to 21, and 21 to 28 days, and it was -61.19%, -44.45%, -95.02%, and -100.00%, respectively. The complete healing of the wound at 28 days post-debridement indicates that grape seed oil is an alternative for wound treatment in dogs.

Investigating Drug Interactions And Antibacterial Activity Of Vitamin C On Pathogenic Factors Of Escherichia Coli Clinical Isolates

Today, the phenomenon of multi-drug resistance has become a major cause of concern, and insufficient achievements have been made in the development of new antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new auxiliary search. Vitamin C is one such promising supplement. The current study was conducted with the aim of explaining the antibacterial interaction effect of vitamin C in different concentrations (5-20 mg/ml) and drugs effective on Escherichia coli bacteria. In order to collect clinical samples during the months of September to November 2022, clinical samples were collected from 100 patients suspected of urinary tract infection who referred to medical centers. For identification, biochemical tests and gram staining and culture in IMViC and EMB environments were used to see metallic green polish. Then antimicrobial sensitivity test And the effect of antibiotic on biofilm formation, the effect of antibiotic and ascorbic acid on biofilm formation, biofilm inhibition rate was done for the single and combined effects of both antimicrobial substances. Finally, in order to investigate and identify the virulence gene of the isolated strains, DNA extraction was performed by PCR method. 45 samples of urinary infection culture were identified from the total of 100 samples collected, in 45 (45%) of them colonies with metallic polish were observed. 45% were men and 55% were women, and of these, a total of 45 positive E. coli cases were found in women and 17 positive cases were seen in men. Less than one year, teenagers, young and old were divided. 2 cases (2%) were in the age group of less than one year, 3 cases (3%) were teenagers, 63 cases (63%) were young and 32 cases (32%) were in the age group of middle-aged people. In a situation where the ability to form biofilm under vitamin C (ascorbic acid) treatment was not very effective and did not differ much from normal conditions, antibiotic treatment (under MBC gentamicin treatment) was somewhat successful in inhibiting biofilm formation, finally with the combination of antibiotic and Ascorbic acid was completely isolated in many resistant strains, the inability to form biofilm was evident, and this indicated the synergistic effects in the investigated composition. As the results showed, the ability to produce biofilm in the samples that had the target genes in this study was not much different from the other samples. Considering the increasing resistance to some antibiotics and wide changes in the effective spectrum of drugs and preventing the increase of drug-resistant cases, the necessity of conducting drug sensitivity tests seems very necessary. The high prevalence of E. coli antibiotic resistance and the high percentage of resistance genes in patients suffering from infections caused by this bacterium can indicate the excessive use of antibiotics. Finally, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a useful marker for investigating resistance genes and can be useful in ecological investigations. Also, with clear inhibitory effects, the selected antibiotic in this study along with ascorbic acid, this vitamin can be used as a supplement in some infections caused by E. coli bacteria.

Evaluation of the Types and Drug Sensitivity Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Eye Discharge at Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria

This study aimed to evaluate the types and drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from patients with eye discharge at the Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Aba, Nigeria. A total of 100 samples were collected, with the most prevalent bacterial isolates being Staphylococcus aureus (26%) and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (21%), while no bacterial growth was reported in 42% of samples. In terms of patient demographics, a significant proportion of the patients were females (64%) aged between 61-70 years. In relation to contact lens use, a high percentage (97%) of the bacterial isolates were detected in patients who did not use contact lenses. An occupational distribution analysis revealed that bacterial isolates were more frequent in farmers and traders compared to students and retirees. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the bacterial isolates showed varying degrees of resistance, with significant resistance observed against Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Perfloxacin. In contrast, higher sensitivity was noted towards Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin. The findings underscore the importance of regular microbiological evaluation and sensitivity testing in patients presenting with eye discharges to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. These findings could guide the selection of empiric antibiotics for treating ocular infections in this region and suggest the need for routine microbiological surveillance to monitor and guide antibiotic prescription to mitigate against antibiotic resistance.

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Antenatal Cases: A Cross-sectional Study from Southern Rajasthan, India

Introduction: Due to various anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy, women are more prone to develop Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), which may progress to involve the upper urinary tract resulting in acute pyelonephritis, or may involve the lower tract resulting in acute cystitis. Aim: To study Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ASB) in antenatal cases and to isolate, identify, and establish the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the pathogens responsible for ASB. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2020 on 363 antenatal cases attending Obstetrics Outpatient Department (OPD) in RNT Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The samples were processed within one hour of collection and tested (samples were cultured, and Gram’s staining and wet mount were done) for the presence of significant ASB and the sensitivity pattern of the isolates. The statistical analysis of the variables was assessed using the odds ratio and a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 363 samples were evaluated; 44 samples showed significant bacteriuria in culture, with the most commonly isolated organism being Enterococcus faecalis 25 (56.8%), followed by Escherichia coli 14 (31.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 (4.5%), Enterococcus faecium 2 (4.5%), and Pseudomonas species 1 (2.3%). Gram-positive isolates were highly sensitive to amoxyclav, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, linezolid, and imipenem, while showing reduced sensitivity to amoxicillin and nalidixic acid. Gram-negative isolates were highly sensitive to gentamicin, ceftaclav, cefoperazone- sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, linezolid, vancomycin and imipenem and showed the least sensitivity to amoxicillin, cephalexin, and ceftriaxone. Conclusion: To prevent serious complications in both the mother and the foetus, urine culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method in the first and second trimester in antenatal women should be done as a routine procedure for the early diagnosis of ASB.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection and biofilms: Dreaded duo in health settings

Abstract Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) alone account for 30% of hospital infections, 80% of these are catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTI). Microbial film in indwelling medical devices worsens the existing medical condition and leads to multidrug resistance (MDR) and prolonged hospital stay. This cross-sectional study was done to find out the organisms causing CAUTI, their sensitivity pattern, the proportion of biofilm formation, and the sensitivity, specificity of different procedures in the demonstration of biofilm. Materials and Methods: Urine sample was collected from 307 patients with indwelling catheters. Direct Gram stain was performed from well-mixed uncentrifuged urine. Specimens were processed, organisms were isolated by standard microbiological procedures, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed. Various methods such as Congo red agar, tube adherence, and microtiter plate methods were used to identify biofilm formation for all the isolates. Results: Out of 307 catheterized urine samples, a direct Gram stain was positive in 137 (44.62%) samples and culture positive in 148 (48.2%) samples. Out of 134 bacterial isolates, biofilm was observed by Congo red agar in 36 (27%), tube adherence in 59 (44%), and microtiter plate in 80 (60%) isolates. Escherichia coli (50.74%) was the predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella spp (26.11%). MDR was observed in 53 (66%) biofilm-forming isolates. Conclusions: Catheterized patients are prone to develop a microbial biofilm that is multidrug resistant and burdensome. Of the 80 biofilm-producing isolates, MDR was observed in 53 (66%). The effective ways to prevent CAUTI are strict adherence to indications for catheterization and, a bundle care approach with a preinsertion checklist.

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram of Urinary Tract Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kerala, India: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are caused by microbial invasion of the urinary tract, extending from the renal cortex of the kidney to the urethral meatus. Over the past years, resistance levels to the traditional drugs used for the treatment of UTIs have been gradually increasing. Therefore, a therapy based on the individual culture report and antibiotic sensitivity test is highly encouraged. Aim: To determine the age-wise and sex-wise prevalence of UTI, as well as to determine the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of isolated uropathogens. Materials and Methods: This retrospective record-based study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Travancore Medical College in Kollam, Kerala, India. Samples were collected from patients with clinically suspected UTI attending the Outpatient Department (OPD) and Inpatient Department (IPD) of Travancore Medical College, Kollam, Kerela, India over a period of six months from July 2022 to December 2022. Both male and female patients with clinically suspected UTI were included in the study. The clinical diagnostic criteria included dysuria, frequency, urgency, and fever. Data were retrieved from the culture register maintained in the Microbiology laboratory, LIS (ELLIDER), and the WHONET software system. Urine culture was performed using a semiquantative technique. A growth of &gt;105 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/mL was considered indicative of an active UTI with significant bacteriuria. Organisms were identified using Gram stain, motility testing, and biochemical reactions following standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer Disc diffusion method. The data were entered into a Microsoft Excel worksheet, and the results were analysed using simple descriptive statistics involving percentages and proportions using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16.0. Results: Of the total 2,794 samples, 319 (11.4%) samples yielded significant bacteriuria. Among the positive samples, 204 (64%) were from females and 115 (36%) were from males. UTIs were most commonly seen in the age group of 61-80 years. Escherichia coli (E.coli), with 148 isolates (46.4%), was the predominant organism, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with 72 isolates (22.6%). E. coli showed the highest susceptibility to meropenem, with 137 isolates (92.6%), and imipenem, with 136 isolates (91.9%), followed by cefoperazone/sulbactam with 129 isolates (87.2%), and piperacillin/tazobactam with 128 isolates (86.5%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was most susceptible to imipenem, with 42 isolates (60%), followed by meropenem, with 29 isolates (41.4%). Most non fermenters were highly susceptible to carbapenems, cefoperazone/sulbactam, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Among the gram-positive organisms, Enterococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated, showing 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusion: In this study, UTI was found to be more prevalent among elderly females. Gram-negative organisms were the most commonly isolated pathogens in UTI, with E. coli being the most frequent agent. Urinary pathogens exhibited resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, and cotrimoxazole. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the resistance to commonly used antibiotics is very high. Due to the changing trends in the sensitivity patterns of various antibiotics, it is important to understand the antibiogram of common isolates in a specific area or hospital to ensure better empirical treatment.

Isolation and identification of multidrug resistance bacterial agents implicated in duck enteritis with first record of Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae in Egypt.

Bacterial infections causing digestive problems are among the most serious threats to Egypt's duck industry, owing to their effects on feed utilization and body weight gain. As a result, the goal of this study was to identify bacterial pathogens causing enteritis in ducks as well as testing their antimicrobials resistance capabilities. Forty-two duck flocks from different localities at four Egyptian Governorates (El-Sharkia, El-Gharbia, El-Dakahlia, and El-Qaliobia) have been subjected to clinical and postmortem examination as well as bacterial isolation and identification. The liver samples have been collected aseptically from freshly euthanized ducks for bacterial isolation followed by identification using conventional biochemical tests, VITEK 2 system, and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the uid A gene (beta-glucuronidase enzyme) of Escherichia coli. In addition, antimicrobial sensitivity testing for the isolates against different antimicrobials by the VITEK 2 system was used. Forty-six positive bacterial isolates were identified using conventional methods and the VITEK 2 system including Staphylococcus spp. (52.17%), E. coli (41.30%), and 2.17% for each of Enterococcus casseli lavus, Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae, and Enterobacter cloacae. PCR was positive for E. coli uid A gene at 556 bp. The antibiogram patterns of isolated pathogens from naturally infected ducks in our work demonstrated 87% multidrug resistance with varying results against different antimicrobial drugs tested. Such findings supported the fact of the upgrading multidrug resistance of Staphylococci and Enterobacteriacae. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens associated with duck enteritis were Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli with the first report of S. enterica subspecies arizonae causing duck enteritis in Egypt.

Occurrence, Serodiagnosis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Different Types of Meat Products and Milk

Listeriosis is one of the most common bacterial zoonotic illnesses with significant death rate worldwide. The goal of this investigation was to ascertain the incidence and antibiotic resistance patterns of L. monocytogenes in various food items. In addition, an experiment was carried out to look at the anti-listerial properties of boiling and thyme oil. The isolation percentages of L. monocytogenes which confirmed by PCR using 16S rRNA gene were 10%, 3.3%, 6.6%, 13.3% and 3.3%, from the examined raw milk, beef burger, beef sausage, minced meat and chicken fillet meat samples respectively. The pathogenicity test by CAMP (Christie, Atkinson, Munch, Peterson) test indicated that all examined L. monocytogenes isolates were virulent. Serogrouping of isolated L. monocytogenes revealed that isolates belonged to (1/2a, 4b, 3c and 7) serotypes. The in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test showed that a high resistant rate for amoxicillin 9/11(81.8%), erythromycin 9/11 (81.8%), vancomycin 8/11 (72.7%), followed by doxycycline 7/11(63.6%), oxacillin 6/11(54.50%) and chloramphenicol 5/11(45.4%).The least resistance was found to be against gentamicin 4/11 (36.3%),sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 3/11(27.2%) and ciprofloxacin 3/11(27.2%). Molecular characterization of L. monoctogenes virulence genes showed that 63.6% harbored hlyA gene and 81.8% amplified InlA gene. It's interesting to note that L. monocytogenes was completely removed from experimentally contaminated milk after boiling it for three minutes. Additionally, adding 1% thyme oil to samples of contaminated chicken fillets reduces the amount of L. monocytogenes by log 2.13. They might be employed as substitute antibacterial aids in the food business because of their inhibitory activity.

Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from The Water of The Amazon River, State of Amapá

Objective: We investigated the identification of E. coli strains in water samples from the Amazon River in the state of Amapá to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and verify the presence of virulence factors and resistance genes. Reference theoretical: Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, and the presence of resistant bacteria in water samples represents an additional risk for the spread of these microorganisms, with great impact on society in general, especially after the discovery of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Method: The bacterial isolates were submitted to the technique of isolation of colonies in selective medium and identification by biochemical tests. Isolates identified as Escherichia coli were submitted to the antimicrobial sensitivity test and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to search for virulence genes and drug resistance. Results and conclusion: The results showed that the strains of E. coli isolated from the water samples of the Amazon River showed high rates of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, virulence gene markers were detected: eagg, eaeA, stx1, stx2, as well as resistance markers: qnrB and qnrS. Index of resistance to multiple antimicrobials MARI ranged from 0.1 to 0.6. All collection sites of water isolates has the presence of strains with multiresistance. Research implications: This study revealed the importance of monitoring water quality and implementing control measures to prevent the spread of resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Originality/value: The research highlights the importance of implementing policies aimed at conserving Brazil's natural resources.

Comparative analysis of Streptococcus agalactiae S03 and S07 isolated from Schizothorax spp. with different antibiotic resistance and virulence

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is an important Gram-positive pathogen of fish aquaculture worldwide. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of GBS S03 (serotype III) and S07 (serotype Ia) isolated from Schizothorax spp.. We explored the association between phenotypic antibiotic resistance, virulence, and genomic characteristics. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests on 12 common antibiotics using the disc diffusion method revealed that the GBS S03 resisted seven antibiotics, while GBS S07 showed sensitivity to eleven antibiotics. Pathogenicity analysis demonstrated greater virulence of GBS S07 than S03. Then, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were identified using the whole-genome sequence (WGS) of GBS S03 and GBS S07. Besides just GBS S03 had gyrA and parC gene mutations, there were mefE, tetO, lnuB, lsaE, APH3’, and sat-4 resistance genes present only in GBS S03 genome. In addition to 51 virulence genes in both GBS S03 and S07 genomes, GBS S07 carried virulence genes associated with invasion, such as SAN_1519, rfbA and cylE genes. There was complete concordance between genotypic evidence and phenotypic characteristics. Virulence factors and phylogenetic analysis showed that GBS S03 and human sources shared an extremely close evolutionary relationship. Our findings also provide important proof for using WGS as an effective tool for phenotypic predictions of GBS.

The Effectiveness of Cefazolin Prophylaxis on Infection after Transureteral Lithotripsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND: Transureteral lithotripsy (TUL) is one of the most common surgeries in urology, and many TUL procedures have been performed with antibiotics prophylaxis. The present study investigates the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on the rate of urinary infection after TUL. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 158 patients with ureteral stones, with 79 in each group: the prophylaxis cefazolin group (Group A) and the placebo group (Group B). The patients were referred to Imam Hassan Hospital in Bojnurd, Iran. The standard technique of TUL operation was performed using a pneumatic lithoclast and a semirigid 9/8/Fr ureteroscope. The bacterial isolates were identified through growth on EMB agar and blood agar. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) was carried out by disc diffusion technique. Top of Form RESULTS: According to our results, 157 patients were eligible for analysis; 79 patients in Group A and 78 patients in Group B. Flank pain and urinary complaints were the most common symptoms. Our findings indicate that cefazolin prophylaxis did not show any significant differences in preventing postoperative infection between the two groups. E. coli accounted for eight 10.1% (8/79) Group A and 9% (7/78) in Group B, respectively. The results of AST for the 15 E. coli strains revealed a high rate of antibiotic resistance against ampicillin (73.3%). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that prophylactic antibiotic administration does not demonstrate effectiveness in reducing the infection rate following TUL surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended considering the potential adverse effects, cost implications, risk of antibiotic resistance, and lack of efficacy.

A STUDY OF OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE REPORTED AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN HAPUR

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance reported against Staphylococcus aureus in the department of microbiology in a tertiary care hospital in Hapur. Methods: Urine, pus, blood, throat swab, and sputum samples of 15–60-year-old patients were collected and cultured. 100 samples were selected where S. aureus had grown. Bacteria were identified and the antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out. Results: The strain of resistant bacteria originates from an environment where several antibiotics are used. The bacteria were seen to be resistant frequently to 2–5 antibiotics. This indicates earlier exposure of the isolated bacteria to these drugs. Conclusion: The high multiple antibiotic resistance is identified in this study and it is necessary to make changes to national antibiotic policy.

Surgical site infections - A threat to the health-care system: An observational study from a tertiary care hospital of Bihar

Background: A surgical site infection (SSI) is any infection occurring after a medical intervention. It is the most common nosocomial infection in low- and middle-income countries. It has raised both mortality and morbidity. Resistance to antibiotics due to irrational use has further added to the severity of the problem. Aims and Objectives: The current study was designed with the aim of determining the incidence of SSIs among patients operated on a tertiary care hospital, along with their antibiogram. Materials and Methods: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 150 patients with suspected SSI were included in this study over a period of 1 year, from August 2021 to July 2022. An adult patient with pus, serous, or seropurulent discharge from the surgical wound was included in the study. Information was obtained using a pre-designed and pre-tested schedule. Identification of the colony was done by gram staining and inoculation on 5% sheep blood agar and Mac Conkey agar plates. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 152 patients were included in the study. The incidence of SSI was found to be 38.2%. The mean age of the participants was 47.7 ± 21.6 years. The maximum incidence of SSI was noted in the 5th decade of life. Among the 58 patients’ samples, 65 aerobic bacterial colonies were isolated. Out of which Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the commonest organisms. On performing an antibiogram, a higher degree of resistance was observed among Gram-negative organisms. Conclusion: SSI adds to the mortality as well as the morbidity of the patients. Not only this, but it also adds to the expenses. A more stringent surveillance system and reinforcement of the guidelines was the need of the hour to overcome this problem of hospital-acquired infections.

Molecular characterization, antimicrobial sensitivity testing of Salmonella Enteritidis and its immune compromising effect on Newcastle disease vaccinated broilers

Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease of chickens that poses a serious threat to the poultry industry in developing countries, especially in Egypt. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella (S.) from commercial broiler chickens, in addition to serological and molecular evaluation of the immunocompromising effect of S. Enteritidis. Out of 246 samples collected from broiler chicken farms, the prevalence of Salmonella was 4.1% (8/192), 6.4% (2/31), (0/7), (0/7), (0/5), and (0/4) in the cecum, liver, gallbladder, air sacs, spleen, and pericardium samples, respectively. Those ten isolates were obtained from 88 broiler flocks, representing 11.36% (10/88), and all were characterized as S. Enteritidis (1,9,12:g,m). Their in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance (100%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, fosfomycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. All S. Enteritidis isolates carried three virulence genes, i.e., invA, sefA, and fimH, while stn was detected in 7 isolates. Additionally, all isolates harbored Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing (blaTEM ) and sul1 antimicrobial resistance genes. Following experimental infection with an S. Enteritidis isolate in broilers at seven days old and routine vaccinations using an inactivated and live LaSota, Newcastle vaccines, severe immunocompromising effects were observed in terms of antibody response to vaccination, as well as several immune mediators such as nitric oxide, lysozyme, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 as well as phagocytic count. In conclusion, S. Enteritidis carrying several virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes was characterized from cecal and liver samples collected from different broiler flocks. Infection with S. Enteritidis induced a prolonged inflammatory response and negatively affected the broilers’ immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Orange and Lime’s Extracts on Aeromonas sobria and Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas bacteria are often found in aquatic environments and can be isolated from various types of fish. Globally, the incidence of infection by Aeromonas reached 0.6–76 cases per 1 million people. Orange and lime are generally used as cooking spices to get rid of the fishy smell in fish, and also have antibacterial effects. The study compared the antibacterial effectiveness of lime and orange extracts on two Aeromonas species; A. sobria and A. hydrophila. Bacteria Aeromonas may emerge from fresh tuna bought in traditional markets. Lime and orange extracts were prepared using the maceration method using 96% methanol as solvent. The extract concentrations used were 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer method. The bacterial inhibition zone test revealed that the effectiveness of extracts on both oranges and limes was higher for the bacteria A. hydrophila compared to A. sobria. It is known from the average diameter of the inhibition zone, which is larger on A. hydrophila compared to A. sobria, except for the extract with a concentration of 6.25% orange and 50% lime. In a comparison between extracts, lime extract was found to be more effective as an antimicrobial than orange extract, except at a concentration of 6.5% in the bacterial test A. sobria and 50% concentration in the bacterial test A. hydrophila. In general, lime is more effective as an antimicrobial than orange.

1703. Pseudo-Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Implications for Surveillance

Abstract Background We conduct weekly surveillance screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In September 2021, we noted an increase in positive MRSA screening results and identified 2 patients with MRSA wound infection. We conducted an investigation to explore the possibility of in-unit transmission. Methods We launched a multi-pronged investigation that included additional patient screening. Surveillance isolates were assessed for the presence of MRSA using chromogenic agar. Additional antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed on an automated bacterial identification system if chromogenic agar results were inconclusive, fig 1 &amp; 2. We also conducted audits of staff hand hygiene, enhanced cleaning and disinfection of shared patient-care equipment, implemented standardized chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) scrub use for NICU staff upon unit entry, and added new CHG bathing for certain patients. Positive control chromogenic agar plate Ambiguous chromogenic agar results Results Over the course of a 6-week long investigation, 18 neonates were found to be MRSA-positive on surveillance swabs using chromogenic agar. In the first 2 weeks of the investigation, PFGE showed that 9 MRSA isolates were genetically distinct. Over the next weeks, additional MRSA-positive surveillance swabs were collected and ultimately 15 isolates underwent whole genome sequencing at the Mass. State Public Health Laboratory. Only 2 pairs of isolates appeared related. Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified and revealed only 6 of the 15 isolates contained the mecA gene consistent with MRSA. As a result, all 18 positive surveillance swabs obtained during the investigation underwent full identification and sensitivity testing confirming only 6 samples contained MRSA and 12 contained methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Testing discordance with breakthrough MSSA growth was reported to the chromogenic agar manufacturer. Conclusion Our investigation identified that an increase in MRSA-positive surveillance swabs was a pseudo-outbreak due to false-positive MSSA growth on MRSA selective media. At the conclusion of this investigation, the need for ongoing surveillance swabs was re-evaluated and ultimately discontinued. Clinical NICU specimens are now monitored in real-time by Infection Control. Disclosures James Kirby, MD, D(ABMM), Abbott Molecular: Educational Grant

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens referred to Ethiopian Public Health Institute: analysis of 5-year data

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI).Materials and methodsThe retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients’ records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles.ResultsEight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%).ConclusionsThe multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers.