Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern Research Articles

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli at University of Abuja Teaching Hospital: A Retrospective Study

Escherichia coli (E. coli), a normal gastro-intestinal microflora of humans and animals can be pathogenic causing a wide range of diseases. Rational use of antibiotics is one way of reducing antimicrobial resistance. This study retrospectively assessed the antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli from clinical samples at University of Abuja Teaching Hospital. Records of test results of microbial, culture and sensitivity from clinical samples from January 2016 to December 2019 were studied. A proforma was used to collect data from the record on antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of E. coli. Discrete and categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Requirements for the study were met in 91.7% of the data collected. Female clients 81.8% were more than their male counterparts. Urine samples have the highest number of E. coli 62%. This was followed by samples from palate swab 14%. Eye swab, vaginal swab, ascitic fluid and pleural fluid had one each (0.03%). The penicillin were mostly resisted by the isolates, while most were sensitive to the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. Summary of the resistance patterns from 2016 to 2019 showed most isolates were sensitive to the effect of antimicrobials used in 2016 and 2018, while most were resistant in 2017 and 2019. The urinary tract was the most common site of E. coli infection. The pattern of resistance was inconsistent across all antibiotic classes studied

Bacteriological pattern of urinary tract infection in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Introduction/Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by narrowing of the prostatic urethra with resultant difficulty in passing urine, stasis, and a predisposition to urinary tract infection. The objective of this study is to identify the prevalence of urinary tract infections, common organisms isolated, their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, and the relationship of co-morbidities with urinary tract infection in this population. Materials and methods: All patients who presented to our urology team with bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia between January 2020 and January 2021 were included. Information on age, occupation, co-morbid conditions, urine microscopy, culture, and sensitivity patterns were obtained and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Midstream urine samples were collected from 172 BPH patients. Microscopy, culture, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out. Results: From our study, the prevalence of bacteriuria was 67.9% with the 65-74 and 45-54 age groups having the highest and the least prevalence of bacteriuria (88.9% and 33.3% respectively). The most common organisms cultured from their urine were Pseudomonas (17.9%), E. coli (14.3%), Coliforms (10.7%), and Klebsiella (10.7%). Sensitivity patterns of these microorganisms revealed the highest sensitivity to the fluoroquinolones (25.9%) followed by Nitrofurantoin (14.8%) and Ceftriaxone and Cefoxitin (7.4%). The least sensitivity was to Augmentin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Bacteriuria is common in patients with BPH. Pseudomonas spp was the commonest isolated organism in our study and most isolated organisms were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones.

Bacteriological Survey of Fresh Minced Beef on Sale at Retail Outlets in Scotland in 2019: Three Foodborne Pathogens, Hygiene Process Indicators, and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance

The health and economic burden of foodborne illness is high, with approximately 2.4 million cases occurring annually in the United Kingdom. A survey to understand the baseline microbial quality and prevalence of food-related hazards of fresh beef mince on retail sale could inform risk assessment, management, and communication to ensure the safety of this commodity. In such a survey, a two-stage sampling design was used to reflect variations in population density and the market share of five categories of retail outlets in Scotland. From January to December 2019, 1,009 fresh minced beef samples were collected from 15 geographic areas. The microbial quality of each sample was assessed using aerobic colony count and Escherichia coli count. Samples were cultured for Campylobacter and Salmonella, and PCR was used to detect target genes (stx1 all variants, stx2 a to g, and rfbO157) for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The presence of viable E. coli O157 and STEC in samples with a positive PCR signal was confirmed via culture and isolation. Phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of cultured pathogens and 100 E. coli isolates were determined, mostly via disk diffusion. The median aerobic colony count and E. coli counts were 6.4 × 105 (interquartile range, 6.9 × 104 to 9.6 × 106) and <10 CFU/g (interquartile range, <10 to 10) of minced beef, respectively. The prevalence was 0.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0 to 0.7%) for Campylobacter, 0.3% (95% CI, 0 to 1%) for Salmonella, 22% (95% CI, 20 to 25%) for PCR-positive STEC, and 4% (95% CI, 2 to 5%) for culture-positive STEC. The evidence for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance detected did not give cause for concern, mainly occurring in a few E. coli isolates as single nonsusceptibilities to first-line active substances. The low prevalence of pathogens and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance is encouraging, but ongoing consumer food safety education is necessary to mitigate the residual public health risk.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern from Hospitalized Pneumonia Patients in National Referral Infectious Disease Hospital in Indonesia.

Background Pneumonia is still a major global problem with high morbidity and mortality. The increasing number of pneumonia cases caused by bacteria, especially multidrug-resistant pathogens, increasing age of the population, patients with chronic disease (comorbid), and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy at initial administration make the treatment become less effective. These issues finally contribute to higher morbidity and mortality in cases of hospitalized pneumonia patients. Therefore, it is crucial to know the microbial pattern and select the therapy according to local antimicrobial sensitivity patterns. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted for hospitalized pneumonia patients between January 2015 and December 2016 in Indonesia National Referral Infectious Disease Hospital. Data were collected from medical records to show patient characteristics, antimicrobial treatment data, culture examination, and bacterial sensitivity. Results A total of 99 pneumonia patients required hospitalization and underwent sputum culture examination. The patients were mostly above 65 years old (32.3%) and male (57.6%). The most common comorbidities were pulmonary tuberculosis (21%), and the others were heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and HIV/AIDS. Based on the sputum culture, fungi were identified in most specimens (56%), while the bacteria identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), Acinetobacter sp. (12%), and Pseudomonas sp. (8%). Third-generation cephalosporin, such as ceftriaxone (50%), was commonly used as an antibiotic for pneumonia treatment. Conclusion Most common bacteria isolated from sputum culture were Klebsiella pneumoniae which were more sensitive to the beta-lactam and aminoglycoside groups. The higher risk factors were age above 65 years old, being male, and having tuberculosis.

Susceptibility Antibiotics of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women Infected with COVID-19

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant issue in women of all ages, but they are especially common during pregnancy. Co-infection of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with UTIs in pregnant females is a hot topic today, as it may be linked to various conditions. Furthermore, understanding the types of bacteria that cause UTIs and related antimicrobial resistance may aid the clinician in selecting the appropriate empirical treatment. This study aimed to isolate and characterize causative agents of UTIs and determine antimicrobial treatment sensitivity patterns among pregnant women diagnosed with the COVID-19 admitted to Teaching Hospital X in Iraq. Antimicrobial drug resistance testing was performed on 42 mid-stream urine samples that had been prepared for culture. Escherichia coli (18/42.85%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9/21.45%), Streptococcus galactica (7/16.66%), and Proteus mirabilis (4/9.52%) were the bacteria isolated and diagnosed from pregnant women. The infections Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the least common (2/4.7). In conclusion, the isolated uro-pathogens showed high resistance to Gentamicin, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone and sensitive to Ampicillin and Nitrofurantoin. The common cause of UTIs among pregnant women infected with the COVID-19 was discovered to be E. coli. Before recommending therapy, culture and sensitivity testing of isolates from urine tests should be conducted on a regular basis.

Non-fermenting gram negative bacilli isolated from blood and their in vitro sensitivity pattern in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Bacteremia caused by non-fermenting gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) is a serious infection which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Identification of NFGNB and monitoring their susceptibility pattern are important for proper management of these infections. Aim: Scope of the present study is to characterize the NFGNB along with their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern among the patients coming to our hospital, a tertiary care center. Materials &amp; Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to determine the NFGNB isolated from blood during the one-year study period. A total of 8223 Blood cultures were received in the laboratory which was processed by semi-automated technique in Bac-T Alert. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by VITEK and Kirby Bauer methods and interpreted by CLSI guidelines. 102 isolates of NFGNB were obtained from the Blood culture. Results: Most commonly isolated organism is Acinetobacter species (47%) followed by Pseudomonas spp (27%) and Burkholderia spp(15.6%). Maximum isolates of Acinetobacter spp were sensitive to colistin (91.9%), cefoperazone-sulbactum (88.4%), Tigecycline (62.5%). Pseudomonas spp was sensitive to colistin (100%), ciprofloxacin (59%). Conclusion: Identification of NFGNB and monitoring their susceptibility patterns will help in proper management of infections caused by them.

The Characteristics of Urinary Tract Infection and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns in Pregnant Women

Objective: To determine the comparison of uropathogenic patterns and antimicrobial sensitivity tests in pregnant women in Manado.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study on 28 pregnant women with UTI who presented to Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Central Hospital, Pancaran Kasih Hospital, and Manado City Bhayangkara Hospital in Manado from February 2021 to April 2021. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software.&#x0D; Results: Most pregnant women with UTI were within the age range of 20-35 years, namely 16 subjects (57.14%). Most had parity status of multipara, namely 15 subjects (53.57%). For the history of UTI, most subjects had no history of UTI, namely 16 subjects (57.14%), and had no history of contraception uses, namely 20 subjects (71.43%). Most subjects also had no history of vaginal discharge, namely 18 subjects (64.29%). Of 28 pregnant women with UTI, 23 (82.14%) were asymptomatic, while 5 (17.86%) were symptomatic. E.coli was the most commonly found pathogen and was still sensitive to most antibiotics.&#x0D; Conclusion: The description of pregnant women with UTI in Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Central Hospital, Pancaran Kasih Hospital, and Bhayangkara Hospital in Manado City was pregnant women aged 17-34 years, multigravida, in the 3rd trimester, had an education level of Elementary-High school, unemployed, under the minimum wage, had no history of UTI or contraception uses and had a history of vaginal discharge. Most pregnant women with UTI were asymptomatic. The most common bacterial growth was in E.coli, and it was still sensitive to most antibiotics.&#x0D; Keywords: antimicrobial, microorganism, pregnancy, UTI.&#x0D; &#x0D; Abstrak&#x0D; Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbandingan pola uropatogen dan uji kepekaan antimikroba pada perempuan hamil di kota Manado.&#x0D; Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan potong lintang terhadap 28 perempuan hamil dengan ISK yang datang memeriksakan diri di RSUP Prof dr. R. D. Kandou Manado, RS Pancaran Kasih, dan RS Bhayangkara kota Manado dari Februari 2021 hingga April 2021. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel.&#x0D; Hasil: Kelompok usia terbanyak dengan ISK pada ibu hamil adalah 20-35 tahun sebanyak 16 orang (57,14%). Karakteristik graviditas paling banyak adalah pada kelompok multipara yaitu sebanyak 15 orang (53,57%). Hasil karakteristik kelompok tanpa riwayat ISK merupakan yang paling banyak yaitu sebanyak 16 orang (57,14%). Mayoritas peserta penelitian tidak mempunyai riwayat pemakaian KB yaitu sebanyak 20 orang (71,43%). Mayoritas peserta penelitian mempunyai riwayat flour albus yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (64,29%). Hasil sebaran distribusi ibu hamil dengan ISK, didapatkan dari 28 subyek, terdapat 23 orang (82,14%) yang tidak memiliki gejala, sedangkan 5 orang (17,86%) memiliki gejala. Hasil sebaran jenis mikroorganisme yang tumbuh pada kultur paling banyak adalah E. coli dan mikroorganisme ini masih sensitif terhadap mayoritas antibiotik.&#x0D; Kesimpulan: Gambaran sebaran perempuan hamil dengan ISK di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou, RS pancaran Kasih, dan RS Bhayangkara di kota Manado adalah pada perempuan hamil dengan usia 17-34 tahun, multigravida, hamil trimester 3, berpendidikan SD-SMA, tidak bekerja, memiliki penghasilan di bawah UMR, tidak memiliki riwayat ISK, tidak memiliki riwayat KB, dan memiliki riwayat fluor albus. Mayoritas perempuan hamil dengan ISK tidak memiliki gejala Pertumbuhan bakteri terbanyak adalah E.coli dan mikroorganisme tersebut masih sensitif terhadap mayoritas antibiotik.&#x0D; Kata kunci: antimikroba, ISK, kehamilan, mikroorganisme.

Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of the Uropathogens in a Rural Hospital

Urinary tract infections are gaining much importance among community acquired infections. Poor personal hygiene may act as a contributory factor in such frequent infections in developing countries. The condition becomes serious with antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens. Specifically, surge of Extended Spectrum beta Lactamase (ESBL) producers poses much concern in the available treatment options. Present work was aimed to observe the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens with special reference to ESBL producing strains. This study was carried out in the microbiology department, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana. Total 600 samples were processed as per standard bacteriological procedures i.e, microscopy, culture and biochemical reactions followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. ESBL producer strains were spotted by double disc synergy testing (DDST). Out of 600 specimens, 128( 21.3%) showed culture positivity. Females contributed more compared to males. 21-40 years age group showed highest isolation rate. E.coli was predominant organism. Highest resistance towards amikacin was shown by gram negative organisms. Gram positive organisms demonstrated high resistance towards gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. 34.4% ESBL producing E.coli strains were observed. Alarming rate of antibiotic resistance as well as beta lactamase production by strains and increasing urinary tract infections should be considered as potential threat to the community. Routine investigation should be done to see the burden in order to implicate advance treatment policies in order to treat such infections.

Bacteriological profile of Tracheal aspirate and their Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka city

Background: The majority of nosocomial infections are seen in intensive care units and they course with higher rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Objectives: To identify the current microbial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from the tracheal aspirate culture in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city.Materials and Method: This retrospective study was conducted in the department of Microbiology at Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from January 2020 to June 2021 for a period of one and a half years. Written consent was taken from the corresponding authority.A total of 109 samples were collected from tracheal aspirates of the patients who were admitted to the hospital with the critically ill patients in intensive care units.Microsoft Excel software was used for data analysis.Results: A total of 109 samples were analyzed. Of them, the predominant populations were male 73(66.97%) and the remaining were female 36(33.03%). Out of 109 samples, 70 (64.22%)was culture positive. Culture negative was 39 (35.78%). The majority of isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, predominant bacteria wereKlebsiella spp. 43(61.43%) followed by Acinetobacter spp 19(27.15%), Pseudomonas spp. 05(07.14%) &amp; Gram-positive isolates waswereaph. Aureus 03(04.28%). Klebsiella species showed higher sensitivity totigecycline 97.67%, colistin 93.02%, amikacin 65.11% and meropenem 37.20% &amp; gentamicin 30.23%. Other drugs showed wer sensitivity to axicillin/clavulenic acid 18.60%, and ciprofloxacin 18.60% , trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 09.30%, ceftazidime &amp; cefuroxime 04.65% and lowest sensitivity shown in ceftriaxone 02.32%. Acinetobacter speciesshowed higher sensitivityin colistin at 100% and tigecycline at 47.36%. Other drugs like amikacinand trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 15.78% and the lowest sensitivity were shown in meropenem 10.52% and high resistance in gentamycin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin.Pseudomonas spp. showed the highest sensitivity 60.00% to piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, and gentamycin, 40.00% to ciprofloxacin, 20.00% to ceftazidime &amp; cefepime.All the isolate of Staph. aureus was the highest sensitive 100% to vancomycin and linezolid, 66.66% sensitive to amikacin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and gentamicin, 33.33% showed lower sensitivityto amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, cloxacillin and ciprofloxacin.Conclusion:This study aimed to investigate thedistribution of pathogenic microorganisms isolated from tracheal aspirate and their antibiotic sensitivity profile in intensive care units. A periodic review of the bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern is highly essential for the clinician to treat critically ill patients in ICU. Antibiotic policy &amp; infection control programs should be included in every hospital to reduce this drug resistance.

Microbial profile with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in ear discharge of Chronic suppurative otitis media patients at a tertiary care hospital in Durgapur

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent middle ear disease with high risk of irreversible complications in absence of timely management. It is a massive health problem in India having the highest prevalence rate (&gt;4%) requiring urgent attention. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out risk factors, microbiological profile, with their susceptibility pattern, and of ear discharge in CSOM patients to provide guidelines for the empirical treatment. Materials and Methods: Ear discharge samples from 135 clinically diagnosed CSOM patients were collected and processed. Microbial isolates were identified and drug susceptibility testing was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Pseudomonas species (59/135, 43.70%) was the predominant isolate followed by Staphylococcus species (37/135, 27.40%) while Aspergillus species (10/12, 83.33%) was the predominant fungus isolated. No anaerobic bacteria were isolated on culture. Gram-negative bacilli were most susceptible to Meropenem (100%) and Amikacin (100%) while Pseudomonas species was to Imipenem (98.35%). Gram-positive cocci showed 100% susceptibility to Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Doxycycline. Conclusion: A continuous and periodic evaluation of microbiological pattern of CSOM and antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates is necessary for forming the basis of empirical treatment which shall aid in decreasing the potential risk of complications. Further, accurate and timely identification, knowledge of the pathogens, and judicious use of antibiotics are the need of the hour.

Study on Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sylhet.

Background: UTI is one of the common bacterial infections occurring hospitals and the community of Bangladesh. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of UTIs in male and female patients as well as the effect of gender and age on its prevalence. And evaluate sensitivity to common antibiotics. Materials &amp; methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sylhet Women’s Medical College Hospital for a period from May 2021 to October 2021. Urine samples were collected from all suspected UTI patients attending to OPD/ IPD of various departments of Sylhet women’s Medical College Hospital. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using standard microbiological methods. Results: During the study period, a total number of samples sent to the microbiology laboratory from out and in patients of the various departments were 3139 of which 697 (18.0%) of the sample were tested positive and 2442 (82.0%) of the samples were negative. The overall prevalence of UTI for both male and female patients was found to be 18%. In this study, a high prevalence of UTIs showed in females (75%) than in males (25%).The highest susceptible age group of patients to UTI was the age group more than 60 years for both sex (30.3%). Escherichia coli was found the dominant bacteria among the isolated causative pathogens with a rate of (46.1%), the second highest is Klebsiella spp. (31.7%) followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus 6.3%, Enterococcus faecalis 5.75%, Pseudomonas species 5.5% and Staphylococcus aureus 4.7%. Among them, a good number of isolated pathogens were multidrug resistance. Conclusion: This study reveals a significant prevalence of bacterial isolates in urine with multi drug resistance. Routine bacterial surveillance of causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility to prevent further emergence and spread of resistant bacterial pathogens.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Gram Negative Rods in Blood Cultures: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study

Aim: Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of gram negative rods in blood cultures. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed in Pathology section, Pak Red Crescent Teaching hospital, Lahore for one year i.e. 01-11-2019 to 31-12-2020. After approval from ethical committee, 1100 blood samples were taken for C/S from various sections of the Hospital. The antimicrobial sensitivity was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as approved by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Results: Out of 1100 Blood samples, 65 samples of blood cultures were positive for Gram –ve Rods. The prevalence of Gram negative Rods in blood specimens was only 6%. Out of 6% gram –ve rods, 12% were E.coli, 9% Klebsiella, 3% Enterobacter cloacae, 45% Salmonella, 2% Proteus, 17% Pseudomonas, 10% Acinetobacter and 2% were serretia. Conclusion: The prevalence of Gram negative rods in blood specimens was only 6%. Keywords: Gram negative rods, blood cultures, Antibiotic sensitivity pattern

PB2255: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MICROORGANISMS IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES; A NEED TO REVIEW INSTITUTIONAL PROTOCOLS

Background: Febrile neutropenia is a medical emergency in patients with hematological malignancies. The severity of neutropenia and the duration of infection have an important implication on primary treatment outcome. Previously assessed institutional review revealed gram negative bacteria to be the most common microorganisms, and leading cause of febrile neutropenia. However, the predominance of gram positive bacteria had also increased in later past years. In high risk patients, infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria worsen treatment complications and thus at times empirical use of antibiotics like colomycin is required; otherwise the prognosis may be jeopardized. Regular surveillance of local flora and susceptibility pattern of antimicrobial is must to elude the antimicrobial resistance. Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of microorganisms and to observe the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials as an institutional protocol to establish antimicrobial policies. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at National Institute of blood diseases and bone marrow transplantation, PECHS campus from August 2021 - January 2022. Febrile neutropenia was defined as a single reading of oral temperature of ≥38 °C on two or more occasions in 12 h in the presence of absolute neutrophil count of less than 1000cells/mm. Blood cultures were performed using the BACTEC blood culture system. Organisms were identified according to routine bacteriological procedures and disc diffusion method was used for interpreting antibiotic susceptibility. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23.0. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variable and mean (standard deviation) was computed for quantitative variables. Association between categorical variables was observed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 310 cultures were observed in 305 patients. The cultures were taken from blood, peripheral line, hickman line, red line, pus, and urine. Out of total, 213 (69%) were found to be gram negative and 97 (31%) were gram positive. The most prevalent gram negative microorganism were Ecoli in 87 (41%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonae 36 (17%), Pseudomonas species 25 (12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 24(11%) cultures. However, in gram positive; Staphylococcus epidermidis 49 (51%) was more prevalent. Moreover, in gram negative organisms, Acinetobacter species, Burkholderia cepacia, Citrobacter species and Moraxella Species were identified substantially which were not previously previously prevalent. However, in gram positive organisms, Micrococcus species was reported for first time. Gram negative were mostly reported in blood cultures 61 (20%) while gram negative was found in urine cultures 80 (26%). The association of sensitivity and resistance with gram negative and positive isolates was found statistically significant with Amikacin, Vancomycin, Fosfomycin and Ciprofloxacin Summary/Conclusion: Gram negative isolates were found prevalent in our study. The sensitivity of Meropenem, Amikacin and Colistin was high than other regimens in gram negative while the sensitivity of Fosfomycin, and Linezolid was found in gram positive isolates. Few emerging isolates were observed in the study as well. The regular review of microbial pattern and susceptibility evaluation is imminent for prevention of microbial resistance and assessment of institutional practices.

Positive Pattern of Antibiotic Sensitivity in Blood Cultures Disease Caused by a Typhoid

Objective: The purpose of this study establish the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blood culture positive typhoid illness. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: Mayo Hospital Lahore. April 2021-Dec 2021 Methods: There were a total of 98 male and female patients. Patients ranged in age from 8 to 60. After obtaining informed written permission, we collected demographic data on each patient, including age, gender, and BMI. All of the patients were suffering from a fever. All patients had their blood tested for the presence of salmonella species. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion technique and interpreted in compliance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) standards. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyse all of the data in the study. Results: Among 98 patients, 61(62.2%) were males and 37 (37.8%) females. Majority of the patients 38 (38.8%) were from age group 21-30 years. Frequency of typhi 69 (70.4%) was greater than that of paratyphi 29 (29.6%). According to our research findings, Azithromycin, chloramphernicol, cotrimoxazole, genramycin, and azithromycin all had better sensitivity than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (10.2%, vs 7.1%) . However, both medications have a significant level of resistance. Salmonella typhi was resistant to 91(92.9 %) of the nalidixic acid tested. Conclusion: We found a wide range of antimicrobial sensitivity patterns, including exceptionally high sensitivity to antibiotics like chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole that have been used in the past. Quinolones, which have been extensively used in the previous two decades, have been shown to have an extremely low sensitivity. Keywords: Resistance, Sensitivity ,Typhoid fever, Antibiotics

Prevalence, determinants, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter infection among under-five children with diarrhea at Governmental Hospitals in Hawassa city, Sidama, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study.

Campylobacteriosis, is a zoonotic bacterial disease observed with a rising worldwide. It is becoming the most commonly recognized cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in under-five mortality in recent years. This study was done to determine the prevalence and determinants of Campylobacter infection among under-fives with acute watery diarrhea. This institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at governmental and private health institutions in Hawassa city. All outpatient under-five children who met the inclusion criteria from April 2021 to August 2021 were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data were obtained using a standardized data collection tool. Stool samples were collected from each participant with a sterile container and inoculated on a campylobacter agar media. The isolates were identified by using biochemical tests and a disc diffusion technique was performed to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the isolates. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive and Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the determinants of Campylobacter infection. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 235 under-five children were enrolled in this study with a 100% response rate. Of these 130 (55.3%) and 105(44.7%) were males and females respectively with the age range of 2 months to 60 months with the mean age of 25 months. The majority of the 150 (63.2%) were rural residents. Of 235 under-fives with acute watery diarrhea, 16 (6.8%) patients were found to have Campylobacter infection with (95% CI, 3.8-10.2%). Consumption of pasteurized milk (AOR: 0.12; 95% CI 0.02-0.75, P<0.05), presence of domestic animals like cats, hens, and cows (AOR: 0.09: 95% CI 0.01-0.67, P<0.05), absence of handwashing practice before food preparation (AOR: 3.63, 95% CI 1.15-11.46, P<0.05) showed significant association with campylobacter infection. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria were 100% sensitivity to Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol, and Gentamicin, however; it was 100% resistant to Cephalothin. The associations of socio-demographic, environmental, and behavioral factors were compared and consumption of unpasteurized milk, the presence of domestic animal like the cat was significantly associated. Campylobacter infection showed a comparatively low prevalence in under-fives with acute watery diarrhea. In this study contact with cats, consumption of unpasteurized milk were associated with Campylobacter infection. The treatment approach of Campylobacter infection must consider the sensitivity profile of antibiotics as indicated in the study. We, therefore, recommend further studies to determine the species responsible for Campylobacter infection with other co-morbidities and the susceptibility pattern for each species to indicate appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Pus Sample Collected from a Private Diagnostic Laboratory in Rangpur District of Bangladesh

Background: The pattern of pathogens isolated from pus culture and their antibiotic sensitivity reports are very crucial for the management of the patients.&#x0D; Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the bacteriological profiles and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from pus cultures.&#x0D; Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in a Private Diagnostic Lab, Rangpur, Bangladesh. The samples were collected from January 2020 to December 2020 for a period of one year. Pus samples were collected from patients in a sterile method and was sent to laboratory section for further procedure. The pus was inoculated on Blood agar media and MacConkey’s agar media for culture and identification was confirmed by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity was done by Disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media.&#x0D; Result: A total of 180 pus culture were analysed. Among 180 samples, culture positive was 140(77.8%). The most common age group was 18 to 40 years which was 80(44.4%) cases. Among the isolated bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was 34(24.3%), Escherichia coli 34(24.3%), Proteus species 32(22.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18(12.9%), Klebsiella pneumonia 10(7.1%), Streptococcus species 6(4.3%).&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the most common isolated bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, with the resistant to majority of the commonly used antibiotics.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases December 2021;8(2):64-70

Urinary tract infection and Diabetes Mellitus-Etio-clinical profile and antibiogram: A North Indian perspective.

ABSTRACTContext:A complex dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an iceberg disease with an ever-rising global (8.5%, 2018) and national prevalence (7.3% - ICMR-INDIAB study, 2017) amidst adults. Besides the micro and macrovascular complications, in virtue of diverse mechanisms that downplay the immune system culminating in an array of infections especially UTIs are commoner in routine diabetic clinics. The spectrum of UTI ranges from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) to serious complications such as emphysematous pyelonephritis, renal abscesses that are encountered frequently among Diabetics than the general population. The risk stratification and varying modalities of presentation of UTIs in diabetics in contrast with non-diabetics are being studied.Methods and Material:A prospective comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 250 adult consenting participants with equal diabetics and non-diabetics with culture-proven UTI, at the Department of Internal Medicine in a tertiary care hospital of National Capital Territory (NCT) of India, after fulfilling appropriate criteria. Alongside socio-demographic details and vitals parameters, glycaemic status assessment and relevant investigations were done in either group.Results:Mean age of the participants was 52.18 ± 9.06 with age and gender being reasonably distributed in both the groups. Fever (P <0.01), dysuria (P <0.01), urgency (P <0.01) and urinary frequency (P <0.01) found frequently among non-diabetics wherein vomiting (P <0.01) and incontinence (P <0.01) relatively commoner among diabetics. E. coli, Klebsiella sp., were the most common organisms in both groups with Proteus sp., and Pseudomonas sp., higher among diabetics. Severe infection and Pyelonephritis were frequent (AOR 2.64, 95% CI- 2.01-3.27, P <0.05) among diabetics. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns were not significantly different among both groups.Conclusions:Primary care physicians are to be acquinted with the possibility that UTI in diabetics could exhibit relatively lesser symptoms or more severe forms of UTI at presentation and less favorable outcomes. Further validation from a larger cohort of diabetics is warranted in terms of symptomatology, diagnostic approach, and sensitivity patterns.

Microorganism Spectrum and Its Sensitivity Pattern at Intensive Care Unit of a Secondary Care Teaching Hospital in Tangerang, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the world’s problems. It occurs due to misuse of antimicrobials in dealing with infectious diseases, making antimicrobial drugs less effective in treating infectious diseases. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is useful for directing clinicians in empirical therapy and preventing antimicrobial abuse so that resistance to antimicrobial drugs does not occur. AIM: This research is conducted to identify the microorganism spectrum and its sensitivity pattern at the intensive care unit (ICU) of a secondary care teaching hospital in Tangerang, Indonesia. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional observational retrospective study done in the ICU of secondary care teaching hospital in Tangerang, Indonesia from January 2019to June 2020. This study used 1,341 isolated extracted from the ICU of a secondary care teaching hospital in the Tangerang database. All the samples would be analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and Statistical Package for the Social Science 25 (SPSS 25) using ANOVA analysis. RESULTS: From 1,341 isolates, the most common microorganism found was Klebsiella pneumoniae 221(16%) and the most common specimen is sputum 905 (67,48%). Gram-negative bacteria had the highest sensitivity to amikacin 62% and imipenem 59%. Gram-positive bacteria had the highest sensitivity to tigecycline 98% and doxycycline 95%. While Candida spp. had the highest sensitivity to micafungin (96%) and voriconazole (97%). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the sensitivity of antimicrobials was no longer effective in treating infection. Therefore, the government and doctors must play an important role in socializing the correct way of using antimicrobial.

Socio-Demographic Distribution of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical Sources and their Comparative Control with White and Red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Calyces

Background: Increasing resistance of bacterial infections to current treatment threatens to derail progress made to reduce the global burden of diseases. However, there is insufficient research on effective ways to target information or provision of alternative method of mitigating multidrug resistance that could increase public knowledge toward improvement of antibiotics stewardship. Identification, antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and antimicrobial activity was determine using standard microbiological method.Results: Among the 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical samples, 38% and 62% were recovered from male and female patients respectively. largest proportions were from age-group 21-30 years (47.5%). Urine had the Highest number of occurrence of S. aureus 16 (32%). The isolates showed high resistance to Cefoxiitin (FOX), Ceftazidime (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Cefolaxime (100%), Cloxacillin (100%), gentamicin (12%) and erythromycin (36.8%). White and red calyces contain the same type of phytochemicals except Tannin which was absent in the red calyces. the Red calyces (73.45) contain higher phenol than White calyces (38.60). White calyces (163.05) contain higher amount of Flavonoids than in Red calyces (98.30). DDPH% Inhibition observed in red calyces (76.50) was higher than white calyces (45.33). NO% Inhibition has higher value in the white calyces (162.13) than red calyces (148.35). Both white and red calyces conatin equal Tbars (0.136). % Iron chelation observed in white calyces (125.49) was higher than in the red calyces (110.43). Red calyces contain higher amount of Vitamin-C than in the white calyces. Red Hibiscus sabdariffa extract shows greater inhibitory property against isolates than the white Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts. Although, they showed less inhibitory potential on the studied isolates in comparison with commercial antibiotics.Conclusions: To prevent further emergence and spread of MDR Staphylococcus aureus, rational use of antibiotics and regular monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns are made easily through social demographic investigation of the affected population.

Spectrum and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bloodstream Bacterial Isolates from Septicemic Neonates

Aim: To evaluate the etiology of neonatal sepsis. We aimed to explore the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns among neonates. Methodology: This observational-based study was conducted in POF hospital Wah Cantt from September 2020 to March 2021. We selected 300 sepsis patients based on the WHO neonatal sepsis screening tool. Blood samples were collected by trained laboratory technicians using the aseptic technique. Laboratory technicians prepared a 5cm (in diameter) patch of skin over the proposed site of venipuncture. We drew one ml sample of blood from a fresh venipuncture site. This blood was added to a bottle containing 5–10 mL of blood Agar culture media. Results: We observed that babies with less than 5 Apgar scores reported a high risk of neonatal sepsis. We observed gram-positive bacteria in 49 (55.7%) cases while 39 (44.3%) were reported gram-negative bacteria. At the time of diagnosis, we observed that 67.3% of cases of gram-positive bacteria were highly reported in the LONS group. Around 23 (63.3%) gram-negative bacterial isolates were from EONS. Regarding bacterial pathogen, we observed 22 (25%) cases of Coagulase-negative staphylococcus aureus and 18 (20%) were of E. coli which results in neonatal sepsis. Conclusion: Our results concluded that third-line antimicrobials can be a beneficial treatment for managing neonatal sepsis. However, failure of irst two antimicrobials was observed due to high utilization before an accurate diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Sensitivity Patterns,. Neonatal sepsis