Antimicrobial Residues Research Articles

2021 Quantitative Risk Assessment of Antimicrobial Residues in Pork Samples from Slaughterhouses in Laguna Using Monte Carlo Simulation.

A quantitative risk assessment of antimicrobial residues in pork liver samples from slaughterhouses in Laguna, Philippines was performed to determine the probability of occurrence of adverse effects on the population upon consumption of antimicrobial residues in pork products. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data regarding the daily pork consumption of the population study. Meanwhile, secondary data on antimicrobial residues of quinolone, ceftiofur, florfenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and tylosin found in pork liver samples were obtained from a previous study by Datuin (2018). Monte Carlo simulation using @RISK software was then used to calculate the estimated daily intake of the population and the risk associated with exposure to the antimicrobial residues. Results showed that the population of Laguna had a mean daily intake of 155 grams of raw pork and 92 grams of processed pork in the year 2021. Also, the calculated mean and maximum estimated daily intakes for each antimicrobial residue were within the acceptable daily intake and no hazard quotient exceeded the value of one during risk characterization. Therefore, the study concludes that antibiotic residues in pork products from slaughterhouses in Laguna pose low risk to the health of pork consumers. Nonetheless, precaution on the use of antimicrobials is still warranted, especially with the administration of tetracycline which had the highest hazard quotient out of the six antimicrobial residues.

Screening Of Oxytetracycline And Tetracycline Residues In Pork Marketed In Guwahati City And Its Adjoining Areas And Confirmation By Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography-UV/Vis

The antimicrobial residues in the animal-based food products that exceeds the maximum residue limits (MRLs) beyond permissible daily consumption attracted considerable attention due to their public health significance. The present study aimed to detect Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline residues in pork marketed in and around Guwahati City (Kamrup Metropolitan) and its adjoining areas. The preliminary screening of 261 pork samples by microbial inhibition assay using endospores of Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 as test organism revealed that none of the samples were positive for antimicrobial residues except 3 (three) which were doubtful to have traces of antimicrobial residues. A total of 80 pork samples including the doubtful samples were further screened by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography system (Model: Shimadzu Prominence LC-20AD, Detector- SPD-20A-UV/Vis; RP C18 Column: BDS Premium, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) to detect Oxytetracycline and Tetracycline residues. Oxytetracycline residues were detected in 2.5% of the samples, while none of the samples detected Tetracycline residue. The concentrations of the residues were 0.471 µg/g and 0.610 µg/g, respectively, which is well above the MRL value recommended by Codex Alimentarius. However, considering the detection of 2.5% Oxytetracycline residues and the absence of Tetracycline residue indicates that these antimicrobial compounds are not frequently misused in pig husbandry practices in these areas under study.

Treatment and disposal practices of pharmaceutical effluent containing potential antibiotic residues in two states in India and perceptions of various stakeholders on contribution of pharmaceutical effluent to antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a looming pandemic, demanding prompt actions to avert catastrophic consequences. Effluents from pharmaceutical industries containing antimicrobial residues could serve as one of the entry points of these drugs to the environment. This qualitative study explores the treatment and disposal practices of pharmaceutical effluent (PE) containing potential antibiotic residues (ARs) by interviewing major stakeholders. In addition, we assessed their knowledge and perception on contribution of PE to AMR.MethodsThe study was conducted in the two Indian states, Haryana and Telangana and at the federal level. Data was collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews of 29 participants from 17 stakeholders/organizations viz. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) of Telangana and Haryana, civic body, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical associations and civil society. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe effluent treatment and disposal practices varied with the multinational companies (MNCs) having advanced technologies whereas the small and medium-scale pharmaceutical companies (SMPCs) having effluent treatment plants as per the regulations but often under-utilized. The presence of ARs in the PE was considered inconsequential by SPCBs and SMPCs and majority of stakeholders imputed other causes as major contributors to AMR. However, the MNCs were well aware of the contribution of PE to AMR and CPCB also considered ARs as direct source of AMR. The central regulators as well as MNCs expressed concerns regarding the current regulations lacking maximum ARs in the PE.ConclusionSetting up regulatory standards for maximum ARs in PE, their implementation and monitoring is an urgent need to curb environmental contribution of ARs to AMR. The findings of our study will help in systematic approach in policy making, awareness programs and capacity-building in dealing with the ARs in PE to combat AMR.

Farm to table: colistin resistance hitchhiking through food.

Colistin is a high priority, last-resort antibiotic recklessly used in livestock and poultry farms. It is used as an antibiotic for treating multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections as well as a growth promoter in poultry and animal farms. The sub-therapeutic doses of colistin exert a selection pressure on bacteria leading to the emergence of colistin resistance in the environment. Colistin resistance gene, mcr are mostly plasmid-mediated, amplifying the horizontal gene transfer. Food products such as chicken, meat, pork etc. disseminate colistin resistance to humans through zoonotic transfer. The antimicrobial residues used in livestock and poultry often leaches to soil and water through faeces. This review highlights the recent status of colistin use in food-producing animals, its association with colistin resistance adversely affecting public health. The underlying mechanism of colistin resistance has been explored. The prohibition of over-the-counter colistin sales and as growth promoters for animals and broilers has exhibited effective stewardship of colistin resistance in several countries.

Estimates of on-farm antimicrobial usage in egg production in the United States, 2016-2021.

Very few data exist globally regarding the use of antimicrobials in the table egg industry. Antimicrobial use data from broiler chickens and turkeys cannot be used as a surrogate of layer chickens because of the fact that table eggs for human consumption are produced daily by laying hens. To avoid the possibility of antimicrobial residues in the eggs, there are very few antimicrobials approved for use in layers in the U.S. The objective of this study was to collect on-farm antimicrobial use data from the U.S. table egg industry and to have it be representative of the national layer flock. Participation was voluntary. Data were collected for the period 2016 through 2021 and are reported on a calendar year basis. Using production statistics from USDA:NASS as a denominator, the data supplied by participating companies accounted for 3,016,183,140 dozen eggs (~40% of national egg production) in 2016 and 3,556,743,270 dozen eggs (~45% of national egg production) in 2021. All of the replacement chicks placed on pullet farms during the study period were estimated to have received 0.2 mg/chick gentamicin at the hatchery. Most of the antimicrobial administration in U.S. egg production is via the feed. The ionophores monensin and salinomycin were used in the pullets, bacitracin was used in both pullets and layers (primarily for control of necrotic enteritis), and chlortetracycline was used primarily in layers for the treatment of E. coli-related disease. In the layers, between 0.10 and 0.19% of total hen-days were exposed to chlortetracycline. Only two water-soluble administrations were recorded during the entire study period, both involving lincomycin to pullet flocks for the treatment of necrotic enteritis. Overall, antimicrobial use in the U.S. layer industry was focused mainly on controlling necrotic enteritis in the pullets and treating E. coli-related disease in the laying hens.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination and Antimicrobial Drugs Residue in Broiler Edible Tissues in Bangladesh.

There are substantial public health consequences when hazardous heavy metal contaminants and antimicrobial drug residues are present in broiler edible tissues. This study aimed to assess the concentration of antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residues in broiler meat, bones and edible composites (combinations of liver, kidney and gizzard). Samples were collected from different types of broiler farms, broiler wet meat markets and supermarkets, covering all five divisions of Bangladesh. The antimicrobial drug and heavy metal residues were analyzed by uHPLC and ICP-MS, respectively. In addition, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among broiler meat consumers in the study areas to evaluate their attitude towards the consumption of broiler meat. The survey clearly stated that broiler meat consumers in Bangladesh have a negative attitude toward the consumption of broiler meat, although all respondents reported to eat broiler meat regularly. The antibiotic with the highest prevalence of residues in broiler edible tissues was oxytetracycline, followed by doxycycline, sulphadiazine and chloramphenicol. On the other hand, all collected broiler edible tissues contained chromium and lead, followed by arsenic. The fact of the matter is that the antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residues were found to be below the maximum residue limit (MRL), except for the lead content. In addition, the broiler meat samples from supermarkets had lower levels of antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residue compared to the broiler meat collected from various types of farms and broiler wet meat markets. Irrespective of the source, broiler meat was found to contain antimicrobial drugs and heavy metals residues below the MRL, except for lead, suggesting that broiler meat is safe for human consumption. Therefore, raising public awareness regarding misconceptions about broiler meat consumption among consumers would be warranted.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM OF HONEY SAFETY CONTROL ON THE EXAMPLE OF ANALYZING OF RESIDUES OF TETRACYCLINE GROUP ANTIBIOTICS

The National Reference Laboratory of Drug Residues Control has implemented a system of "classical" honey safety control based on the parameters of antimicrobial drug residues: samples testing by the screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and, in the case of positive or possibly positive samples occurring, – retesting by confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS multi-method developed in the laboratory. The article presents the results of ELISA screening method validation for the determination of residual amounts of tetracycline group antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline) in honey samples using Tetracyclin® RIDASCREEN test kits by R-Biopharm (Germany) and Oxytetracycline ELISA by EuroProxima (the Netherlands) and its verification by means of the confirmatory method.
 In accordance with the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808, the validation of test kits proposed by the manufacturers was carried out taking into account the minimum required limit of detection. The fitness-for-purpose of the methods was confirmed based on the establishment of main validation parameters for screening methods (technical threshold and cut-off factor) using control (blank) and fortified honey samples with standard solutions of tetracycline at the level of ½ of the minimum required limit of detection, according to the "added-received" criterion. The proposed methods are the simple in carrying out, time- and cost-effective, which are their main advantages.
 The reliability of the results obtained by the proposed methods was verified using the developed confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS multi-method. The results of comparative studies of control (blank) honey samples and fortified with a standard solution of tetracycline antibiotics at the level of 2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg, as well as the results of the interlaboratory testing with the accredited laboratory (Germany) are presented.

Comprehensive Analysis of Antimicrobial, Heavy Metal, and Pesticide Residues in Commercial Organic Fertilizers and Their Correlation with Tigecycline-Resistant tet(X)-Variant Genes.

With the issue of the antimicrobial additive ban in feed in Chinese animal husbandry, it is important to determine the potential drivers of the spread of the newly discovered tigecycline-resistant tet(X)-variant genes. Here, we investigated the correlations between residues of heavy metals, antimicrobials, and pesticides and the relative abundance of tet(X)-variant genes in 94 commercial organic-fertilizer samples collected from 9 Chinese provinces. A total of 5 heavy metals (mercury, lead, arsenic, chromium, and cadmium), 10 antimicrobials, and 18 pesticides were detected. The tet(X)-variant genes, including tet(X)/(X2), tet(X3), tet(X4), tet(X5), and tet(X6) were detected in 39 (41.5%) samples. Although tet(X)-variant-carrying bacteria were not isolated from these samples, the tet(X4)-carrying plasmids could be captured by exogenous Escherichia coli. Correlation analysis revealed that heavy metals, other than antimicrobials, showed a significant positive association with the relative abundance of the tet(X)-variant genes, especially tet(X3) and tet(X4) (R = 0.346 to 0.389, P < 0.001). The correlation was attributed to the coselection of the tet(X3)/tet(X4) gene on the same plasmid and the conjugation-promoting effect of tet(X3)/tet(X4)-carrying plasmids by subinhibitory concentrations of heavy metals. The heavy metals increased the permeability of the bacterial outer membrane and upregulated the transcription of type IV secretion system (T4SS)-encoding genes on tet(X)-variant-carrying plasmids, therefore enhancing the bacterial conjugation rates. Taken together, our findings have indicated that heavy metals may play an important role in spreading tet(X)-variant genes within the animal manure-related environment. IMPORTANCE An antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) is considered a novel contaminant for the environment. Most animal feces are usually made into commercial organic fertilizers in China and will pose a threat to the farmland soil and agricultural product if fertilizers harboring clinically significant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) genes are applied on farmland. This study has indicated that heavy metals may play an important role in the transmission of transferable tigecycline resistance genes [tet(X3) and tet(X4)]. The mechanism was that heavy metals posed a coselection effect of the tet(X3)/tet(X4) gene on the same plasmid and could increase the conjugation ability of tet(X3)/tet(X4)-carrying plasmids. The conjugation-promoting concentrations of heavy metals are lower than the maximal limits defined in the national standard for fertilizers, indicating a high transmission risk of tet(X3)/tet(X4) genes within the animal manure-related environment. The findings in this study will provide scientific evidence for the future development of effective measures to reduce AMR dissemination.

Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Assessment of the benefits of essential fatty acids and risks associated with antimicrobial residues in aquatic products: A case study of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Much attention has been given to the safety and quality of aquatic products, including consuming Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), which offers both nutritional benefits and toxicological risks. Eighteen sulfonamides, 9 quinolones and 37 fatty acids were analyzed in 92 crab samples from primary aquaculture provinces in China. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin have been mentioned as typical antimicrobials occurring at the greatest concentrations (>100 μg/kg, wm). By use of an in vitro method, the proportions of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and essential fatty acids (EFAs, DHA and EPA) in ingested nutrients were determined to be 12 %, none and 95 %, respectively. The risk-benefit quotient (HQ) between the adverse effects of antimicrobials and nutritional benefits of EFAs in crabs found that HQs based on data after digestion were significantly less (HQ = 0.0086) than that of the control group where no digestion occurred (HQ = 0.055). This result suggested that (1) there was less risk posed by antimicrobials due to the consumption of crab, and (2) ignoring the bioaccessible fraction of antimicrobials in crabs might overestimate risks to the health of humans due to dietary exposure. Meaning bioaccessibility can improve the accuracy of the risk assessment process. Realistic risk evaluation should be recommended to achieve a quantified assessment of the dietary risks and benefits of aquatic products.

EPI-Net One Health reporting guideline for antimicrobial consumption and resistance surveillance data: a Delphi approach.

Strategic and standardised approaches to analysis and reporting of surveillance data are essential to inform antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mitigation measures, including antibiotic policies. Targeted guidance on linking full-scale AMR and antimicrobial consumption (AMC)/antimicrobial residues (AR) surveillance data from the human, animal, and environmental sectors is currently needed. This paper describes the initiative whereby a multidisciplinary panel of experts (56 from 20 countries-52 high income, 4 upper middle or lower income), representing all three sectors, elaborated proposals for structuring and reporting full-scale AMR and AMC/AR surveillance data across the three sectors. An evidence-supported, modified Delphi approach was adopted to reach consensus among the experts for dissemination frequency, language, and overall structure of reporting; core elements and metrics for AMC/AR data; core elements and metrics for AMR data. The recommendations can support multisectoral national and regional plans on antimicrobials policy to reduce resistance rates applying a One Health approach.

Secondary Validation of a Liquid Scintillation Counter-method for Residues of Tetracyclines, Beta-lactams, and Sulfonamides in Seafood/Aquaculture Products

This study was carried out to validate the liquid scintillation counter method (Charm II) for the detection of tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) in a range of Aquaculture Products. This method of validation followed primary validation performed in Belgium and was therefore transferred to Nigeria but further validation was required, and this was performed according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Method performance was based on the detection capability (CCβ), specificity (cross-reactivity), robustness, repeatability, and reproducibility for the detection of antimicrobial residues. Seafood and aquaculture samples used for the validation process included tilapia (Oreochromis niloctus), catfish (Siluriformes), African threadfin (Galeoides decadactylus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and shrimps (penaeidae). These were spiked with varying concentrations of tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and sulfonamides standards to determine the validation parameters. Results of the validation showed tetracyclines had detection capabilities of 50 µg/kg, while beta-lactams and sulphonamides had detection capabilities of 25 µg/kg. The relative standard deviation for both repeatability and reproducibility studies ranged between 1.36% and 10.50%. Results of this study are suitable and comparable to the initial validation reports from the primary validation ofCharm II tests forthedetection ofantimicrobial residues inarange ofaquaculture fish conducted in Belgium. The results also prove the specificity, ruggedness, and reliability of the radio receptor assay tests for detection of the various antimicrobials in aquaculture products. This could be used in seafood/aquaculture products monitoring in Nigeria.

Microbial Screening of Antibiotic Residues in Soil and Water of Cultured Fish Farms in Tamil Nadu

Background: Aquaculture is one of the main protein sources in the world. Due to the intensification in aquaculture, the occurrence and the spread of disease is more. To control and treat the disease in aquaculture, farmers started using antibiotics in improper manner. This leads to the deposition of antibiotic residues in water and soil, which later transformed to fish that makes them resistant to that particular antibiotic. It was later transformed to other animals and humans, which makes them resistant to that antibiotic. Henceforth there is a need to screen the presence of antimicrobial residues in soil and water. Methods: In this study, microbiological methods were used for screening antimicrobial residues. For microbial screening, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were used as a marker microorganism. Totally 75 samples of soil and 75 samples of water were screened for antimicrobial residues. Result: The results revealed that 8%, 4% and 13.33% of pond soil samples and 10.66%, 6.66% and 21.33% of pond water samples were contaminated with oxytetracycline hydrochloride, florfenicol, sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim residues. This review clarifies that microbial screening has a unique advantage of economical and a simple method that can be used as a preliminary method for screening antibiotic.

Analysis of Antimicrobials in Muscle and Drinking Water in Terms of Reducing the Need of Antimicrobial Use by Increasing the Health and Welfare of Pig and Broiler.

Antimicrobial residues may pose harmful effects on the health of consumers. At the same time, an adequate quality of drinking water for animals is one of the important element to ensure animal welfare and food without antibacterials. The presented study is aimed at estimating the residue levels of antibacterial compounds, such as penicillins, cephalosporin, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, diaminopirymidines, pleuromutilines and lincosamides in meat and on-farm drinking water samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as a part of a surveillance system on pig and broiler farms within the project Healthy Livestock. A total of 870 samples of muscle from pig and broiler, as well as 229 water samples were analysed for antibiotic residues. Samples were collected from farms in EU countries in two steps, before and after implementation of a tailor-made health plan. In muscle samples, the detected concentrations of doxycycline in the post-intervention step (15.9-70.8 µg/kg) were lower than concentrations in the pre-intervention step (20.6-100 µg/kg). In water samples, doxycycline in an average concentration of 119 µg/L in the pre- and 23.1 µg/L in the post-intervention step, as well as enrofloxacin at concentrations of 170 µg/L in the pre- and 1.72 µg/L in the post-intervention step were quantified. Amoxicillin was only present before intervention. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the intervention actions. The concentrations of antibiotics in muscles and water were lower after implementation of a health plan on the farms.

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, and Antibiotic Residue in Food from Animal Sources: One Health Food Safety Concern.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing foodborne serious illnesses can be found in contaminated food. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the pathogens, genes, and antimicrobial residues present in raw milk and meat. We collected 40 raw milk and 40 beef samples using the aseptic method from various parts of the Faisalabad metropolis, Pakistan. The samples were cultured on blood, MacConkey, and UTI chrome agar. The VITEK 2 compact system was used for microbial identification and determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Antimicrobial resistance genes for extended-spectrum β-lactamases, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, and carbapenem resistance were identified using molecular techniques. ELISA was used to determine the tetracycline residue level in each sample. The beef samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 64 bacterial isolates, with Escherichia coli (29; 45.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11; 17.1%) predominating. The milk samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 73 bacterial isolates, with E. coli (22; 30%), K. pneumoniae (12; 16.4%), and S. aureus (10; 13.6%) forming the majority. Twenty-eight (43.7%) isolates from beef harbored tet genes, nineteen (29.6%) blaCTX-M, and fourteen (21.8%) blaNDM-1, and twenty-six (35.6%) isolates from milk harbored tet genes, nineteen (26%) blaTEM and blaCTX-M, and three (4%) blaNDM-1. Twenty-two (55%) each of the beef and milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limit for tetracycline. Polymicrobial contamination by bacteria possessing blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaNDM-1, blaOXA, mecA, and tet genes was identified in food samples. The high tetracycline residue levels pose a serious health risk to consumers.

Monitoring antimicrobial residues in table eggs in Aswan governorate markets and their impact on egg quality and public health.

Organic egg is among the most common organic foods offered for sale in Egyptian markets in recent years, and consumers buy them at a higher price because they believe organic eggs are safer and have superior nutritional value than conventional eggs. The present work aimed to monitor antimicrobial residues in brown table eggs, whether conventional or organic type, in Aswan governorate markets and assessed their physical and chemical quality and their public health hazards. Brown table egg samples (n = 400 total) were randomly selected in the present study, in which they represented two equal groups (n = 200 each) including conventional eggs and organic eggs. Eggs were collected from different retail stores in the Aswan governorate, Egypt. Egg samples were subjected to thorough physical and chemical quality evaluation as well as an assessment of antimicrobial residues. The results reported that organic eggs were cleaner and had a better odor, less blood, and meat spots, but smaller with more shell cracks than conventional eggs. Chemical analysis of some nutrient contents in the egg yolk revealed significantly higher nutritive values of organic eggs than that of conventional ones as the organic eggs contain significantly higher levels of vitamin A and vitamin D/D3 and significantly lower values of cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, and zinc than those in conventional eggs. Disc diffusion assay has been used for monitoring antimicrobial residues in egg samples. The results have shown that all examined organic eggs were free from antimicrobial residues, while 12% and 8% of conventional egg yolk and white were positive for antimicrobial residues, respectively. The study concludes the higher nutritive value of organic eggs compared with the conventional type because of their significantly higher contents of vitamins A and D and their significantly lower contents of cholesterol. Moreover, organic eggs were free from antimicrobial residues which maximizes their public health benefits..

Assessment of Tetracyclines Residues Contamination in Chicken Meat Samples of Algiers Slaughterhouses Level

Food contamination with antimicrobial residues may occur, entailing assessment and monitoring of the contamination level in edible tissue. In that way, 151 chicken meat samples were randomly collected from Algiers slaughterhouses. Otherwise, two analytical methods are validated for the simultaneous determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline and chlortetracycline residues in edible chicken tissues, by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. Beforehand, an extraction step is performed. Indeed, acetonitrile is used as an extraction solvent for the qualitative method, and then the quantitative method is carried out after a preliminary extraction with an acidified EDTA-McIlvaine buffer, followed by a solid-phase extraction cleanup. Validation qualitative method results were satisfactory in terms of specificity (100%), sensivity, detection capability (CCß) and detection limit (LOD). Furthermore, validation results of the quantitative method was pertinent to the EU commission criteria. Thus, determination coefficient (r2) values were between de 0.91 to 0.98%, where the lowest values were observed for doxycycline. Trueness was between 85.5% and 104.8, expect for tetracycline (76.6% at 150µg/kg) and doxycycline (134.7% at 100µg/kg). As for intraday and interday precision, values respectively ranged between 12.5 and 26% and between 14 and 35%, except doxycycline for which precision values were higher. The methods have been successfully used for the identification, confirmation and quantification of tetracyclines in chicken muscle samples. Consequently, 25 samples were suspects in regard tetracyclines residues. The comparison of these samples with the QC at MRL (100µg/kg) revealed five samples needed a quantification. Thus, oxytetracycline, its epimer and doxycycline identified in samples were quantified. Indeed, all samples contained oxytetracycline and its epimer, doxycycline or both showed levels less than the decision limit (CCα).

Detection of Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Raw Cow Milk samples in Logar and Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan

Background: Nowadays, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in the veterinary sector particularly, for the promotion of growth and treatment of livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through the milk of dairy animals inviolate and exert serious harmful effects on human health. Milk that utilizes by human consumption should also comply with safety criteria regarding antibiotic residues. The objective of this study was to determine the level of antibiotic residues in raw milk conferred by the milk producer’s cooperatives of Logar and Maidan Wardak provinces to Guzargah dairy union for further processing and distribution. Materials and Methods: In this research 110, raw cow milk samples for a one-year period were collected and analyzed (n=110). 55 samples were collected from Logar province and 55 samples were collected from Maidan Wardak province. Milk samples were tested by Betastar Combo Test Kit. All samples considering the laboratory procedures were transported to the laboratory and tested for the presence of Tetracycline and Beta lactams as these antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of bovine mastitis. Finding: Out of 110 milk samples, 12 samples were positive for the presence of Tetracycline residues and 7 samples were positive for the presence of Beta lactams. For further accuracy of the result, all the positive samples were tested by Microbial Inhibition Assay (MIA), and the same result is obtained. Conclusion: The study results show and indicate that antibiotic residues are present in the samples which paves the way for the contamination of human food chains. Considering that milk is mostly consumed by the elderly and kids, hence, it can be the main concern for public health.

Svest potrošača o ostacima antibiotika u vodi za piće

This study was conducted to assess the awareness among water consumers in urban and rural areas. In Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Montenegro, 505 consumers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire and checklist regarding their awareness of water quality and safety issues. A total of 18.4% of the consumers were not aware of the adverse effects of antimicrobial residues in water, while 8.1% of them were buying antibiotics without a medical prescription. The awareness was significantly influenced (P&lt;0.05) by the consumer's educational level and topographical location. The findings revealed that the majority of the respondents are consuming tap water (52.3%), followed by bottled water (43%) and water from natural sources (4.8%), respectively. The results also revealed that the sources of information regarding antibiotics' effects come mostly from medical doctors (43%) and pharmacologists (10.5%), while around 41% of all information regarding antibiotics comes from scientific literature and social media. Around 50% of the respondents have revealed that in their own country it is very easy to get the antibiotics and other drugs without a medical prescription, even if 47.5% of the respondents indicated that during the COVID-19 pandemic a doctor was available to prescribe therapy to a patient.

Antimicrobial detection from antimicrobial residues in raw milk from dairy farms in western Santa Catarina

Milk is a food rich in nutrients, which makes it widely consumed in Brazil. Its quality is vital for the safety of consumers. Antimicrobial residues may be present in milk if proper management is not performed in administering veterinary drugs to treat dairy cattle, thus representing a risk to human health and generating losses in manufacturing dairy products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of antimicrobials in in natura milk samples from rural properties located western Santa Catarina State using Delvotest® T. Milk samples were collected from October to December 2021. Of the 55 samples collected, 9.1% tested positive for antimicrobial residues, pointing to the need for greater control in the process of antimicrobial administration and control of the waiting period and periodic laboratory analysis. The study allowed one to detect antimicrobial contamination in the sampled milk and emphasized the importance of monitoring and controlling the use of these antimicrobials in rural properties to ensure food safety.