Antimicrobial Agents In Patients Research Articles

Prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes and resistance to antimicrobial agents in patients with meningitis: ten-year analysis

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with meningitis, and to evaluate the implications for vaccine coverage. MethodsPneumococcal strains obtained from normally sterile fluids from patients admitted with meningitis were isolated at the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, and sent to the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, city of São Paulo, São Paulo State, for further identification, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility determination. ResultsFrom April 1999 to April 2009, 338 pneumococcal strains were isolated, and 72 obtained from patients with meningitis, were analyzed. Patients’ ages varied from one month to 82.2 years (mean of 18.4 ± 22.9 years; median of 5.2 years) and 46 (63.9%) patients were male. Strains were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid [66 occasions (91.7%)] and blood [6 occasions (8.3%)]. The most commonly identified serotypes were 14, 19F, 3, 7F, 6A, 6B, 10A, 18C, 23F, 5, and 34. Of the 20 [27.8%] oxacillin-resistant strains, 17 [23.6%] were resistant to penicillin and nine [12.5%] to ceftriaxone, both resistance patterns being more common in children aged two years or less and during the 2005–2009 period. ConclusionsResistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone was detected in 23.6% and 12.5% of the strains, respectively, and predominated in children aged two years or less and during the 2005–2009 period. There were 24 different serotypes of pneumococcus and 79.8% of the serotypes were represented in the 7-valent conjugated vaccine [PVC7].

P514 Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum incidence and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in patients with infertility in the North-East of Romania

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S559-S559 Poster presentations P514 Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum incidence and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in patients with infertility in the North-East of Romania D. Socolov, D. SocolovSearch for more papers by this authorM. Mares, M. MaresSearch for more papers by this authorM. Akad, M. AkadSearch for more papers by this authorN. Miron, N. MironSearch for more papers by this authorR. Socolov, R. SocolovSearch for more papers by this authorI. Ciupilan, I. CiupilanSearch for more papers by this author D. Socolov, D. SocolovSearch for more papers by this authorM. Mares, M. MaresSearch for more papers by this authorM. Akad, M. AkadSearch for more papers by this authorN. Miron, N. MironSearch for more papers by this authorR. Socolov, R. SocolovSearch for more papers by this authorI. Ciupilan, I. CiupilanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)62004-XAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S559-S559 RelatedInformation

New antimicrobial agents for patients with Clostridium difficile infections

Current drug treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) focuses on metronidazole and vancomycin. Early studies showed equivalence, but more recent reports indicate that oral vancomycin is preferred for serious CDI. Recent work has demonstrated a need for new drugs due to challenges with the NAP-1 strain, which appears to cause more refractory disease that is more likely to relapse. These two distinctive facets of treatment are the most challenging. This review discusses new agents in development: antibiotics, probiotics, immune response products, and agents to bind C. difficile toxins. None are likely to be more effective than oral vancomycin for acute infection. However, several may be as effective, without causing relapse or promoting unnecessary antibiotic use for multiple conditions. The greatest promise is with agents used to interrupt relapses. In this category the leading new agents appear to be antibiotics (rifaximin, nitazoxanide, difimicin, ramoplanin), toxin-binding agents (tolevamer), probiotics (Saccharomyces -boulardii and Lactobacillus ramosus), and immune agents (toxoid vaccine and hyperimmune globulin). The drugs that appear most promising based on recent trials are rifaximin, tolevamer, and difimicin, which appear promising for reducing relapses.

The Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Acute Leukaemia with and without Antibacterial Prophylaxis after Induction Therapy

The Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Acute Leukaemia with and without Antibacterial Prophylaxis after Induction Therapy

Antimicrobial agents to prevent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Background: A large proportion (15% to 50%) of the end-stage renal disease population are on peritoneal dialysis (PD). The major limitation is peritonitis, which leads to technique failure, hospitalization, and increased mortality. Oral, nasal, and topical antibiotic prophylaxis; exit-site disinfectants; and other antimicrobial interventions are used to prevent it. This study was conducted to assess what evidence supports these approaches. Methods: The Cochrane CENTRAL Registry, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and reference lists were searched for randomized trials of antimicrobial agents in patients on PD. Two reviewers extracted data on the number of patients with 1 or more episodes and rates of peritonitis and exit-site and tunnel infection, catheter removal and/or replacement, technique failure, antibiotic toxicity, and all-cause mortality. Analysis was by means of a random-effects model, and results are expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Nineteen eligible trials (1,949 patients) were identified. Nasal mupirocin compared with placebo significantly reduced the exit-site and tunnel infection rate (1 trial; 2,716 patient-months; RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.85), but not peritonitis rate (1 trial; 2,716 patient-months; RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.60). Perioperative intravenous antibiotic therapy compared with no treatment significantly reduced the risk for early peritonitis (4 trials; 335 patients; RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.80), but not exit-site and tunnel infection (3 trials; 114 patients; RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.02 to 4.81). Conclusion: Based on 1 study, nasal mupirocin reduces exit-site and tunnel infection, but not peritonitis. Based on 4 studies, preoperative intravenous prophylaxis reduces early peritonitis, but not exit-site and tunnel infection. No other antimicrobial intervention has proven efficacy. Given the large number of patients on PD therapy and the importance of peritonitis, the lack of adequately powered randomized trials to inform decision making about strategies to prevent peritonitis is striking. Background: A large proportion (15% to 50%) of the end-stage renal disease population are on peritoneal dialysis (PD). The major limitation is peritonitis, which leads to technique failure, hospitalization, and increased mortality. Oral, nasal, and topical antibiotic prophylaxis; exit-site disinfectants; and other antimicrobial interventions are used to prevent it. This study was conducted to assess what evidence supports these approaches. Methods: The Cochrane CENTRAL Registry, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and reference lists were searched for randomized trials of antimicrobial agents in patients on PD. Two reviewers extracted data on the number of patients with 1 or more episodes and rates of peritonitis and exit-site and tunnel infection, catheter removal and/or replacement, technique failure, antibiotic toxicity, and all-cause mortality. Analysis was by means of a random-effects model, and results are expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Nineteen eligible trials (1,949 patients) were identified. Nasal mupirocin compared with placebo significantly reduced the exit-site and tunnel infection rate (1 trial; 2,716 patient-months; RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.85), but not peritonitis rate (1 trial; 2,716 patient-months; RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.60). Perioperative intravenous antibiotic therapy compared with no treatment significantly reduced the risk for early peritonitis (4 trials; 335 patients; RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.80), but not exit-site and tunnel infection (3 trials; 114 patients; RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.02 to 4.81). Conclusion: Based on 1 study, nasal mupirocin reduces exit-site and tunnel infection, but not peritonitis. Based on 4 studies, preoperative intravenous prophylaxis reduces early peritonitis, but not exit-site and tunnel infection. No other antimicrobial intervention has proven efficacy. Given the large number of patients on PD therapy and the importance of peritonitis, the lack of adequately powered randomized trials to inform decision making about strategies to prevent peritonitis is striking.

The Infectious Diseases Society of America 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in patients with cancer and neutropenia: salient features and comments.

Infection remains the most common complication of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Bacterial infections predominate initially. Invasive fungal infections occur in patients with prolonged neutropenia. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended only for patients at high risk. Initial empirical therapy is based on local epidemiology and drug-susceptibility patterns. Patients at low risk can be treated as outpatients. Other patients need hospital-based, parenteral therapy. Several options are available, including combination regimens or monotherapy. Initial antimicrobial coverage against Pseudomonas species is necessary. Subsequent management depends on the nature of the febrile episode. If defervescence occurs within 3-5 days and no pathogen has been identified, the initial regimen or a suitable oral regimen can be used to complete a 7- to 10-day course. If the etiology has been established, therapy can be adjusted for optimal coverage (activity against gram-negative organisms must be maintained). If fever persists for longer than 3-5 days, assessment for a fungal infection, a resistant organism, or a new infectious focus should be conducted and empirical antifungal therapy instituted.

Epilepsy and comorbidity: infections and antimicrobials usage in relation to epilepsy management

Infections are probably the most common preventable cause of epilepsy worldwide. There are concerns that endemic infections and infestations, such as malaria and neurocysticercosis, could be responsible for the increased incidence of epilepsy in the developing world. Cases of epilepsy associated with neurocysticercosis are also being seen increasingly in developed countries due to migration from, and travel to, endemic areas. When prescribing antimicrobial agents in patients with epilepsy a number of issues need to be considered, such as potential adverse effects on seizure control and interactions with concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Some antimicrobial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, quinolones and antimalarials, can have proconvulsant activity and may precipitate seizures, even in patients who do not have epilepsy. Moreover, many antimicrobials increase or decrease the plasma levels of AEDs, whereas some AEDs may adversely affect the efficacy of antimicrobials.

Is Listeria monocytogenes an Important Pathogen for Prosthetic Joints?

Listeria monocytogenes usually causes meningitis or bacteremia, often in immunocompromised adults, pregnant women, or infants. We report a case of septic arthritis caused by L. monocytogenes in a patient with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) whose hip replacement was infected. She subsequently died, probably secondary to an adult respiratory distress syndrome, a rare complication of listerial infection. We also reviewed all 18 previously reported cases of septic arthritis caused by L. monocytogenes. The frequency of underlying RA, diabetes, neoplastic disease, and immunosuppressive therapy is prominent, as is the concurrent presence of a previous knee or hip replacement. Thus, the simultaneous presence of immune suppression and certain medical disorders or their treatment and a prosthetic joint should alert the clinician to the possibility that L. monocytogenes is the offending microbial agent. In contrast, in immunocompetent persons the usual Gram-positive cocci such as staphylococci, streptococci, or even pneumococci predominate. Although the outcome of appropriate treatment with penicillin or ampicillin alone (or with an aminoglycoside or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in penicillin-allergic individuals) is usually favorable, complicating medical disorders can lead to death. Cephalosporins are rarely effective antimicrobial agents in patients with listeriosis.

Use of antimicrobial agents in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Antimicrobial agents are widely utilized in the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Knowledge of spectrum of activity, pharmacology, adverse effect and toxicity profile, and emergence of resistant pathogens is critical to the appropriate use of these agents. The following review will emphasize the safe, effective use of antimicrobial drugs in the cardiovascular patient.

Pharmacokinetic Study of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

A pharmacokinetic study was done in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to establish an appropriate treatment for bacterial peritonitis. Twenty-nine CAPD patients were randomized to receive either oral ofloxacin (OFLX) 300mg, followed by 200mg once a day; intraperitoneal vancomycin (VCM) 30mg/kg once a week; or intravenous imipenem/cilastatin (IPM/CS) 1000mg once a day. Pharmacokinetic simulation models were determined according to changes of doses and duration. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (<i>t</i>_max), the maximum plasma concentration (<i>C</i>_max), the plasma elimination half-life (<i>t</i>_1/2), and area under the curve (AUC) were, respectively, 5.2 hours, 4.7 μg/mL, 20.4 hours and 80.5 μg/mL/h (AUC_0–24) for OFLX, 7.0 h, 26.4 μg/mL, 92.0 hours, and 1641 μg/mL/h (AUC_0–120) for VCM, 1.1 hour, 62.3 μg/ml, 3.76 hours, and 229.3 μg/mL/h (AUC₀₋₁) for IPM/CS. Twenty-three of 27 (85%) strains of clinical isolates were gram-positive cocci; 20 strains (74%) consisted of staphylococci or streptococci. The MIC₉₀ of OFLX, VCM, and IPM was 3.13, 1.56, and 0.78 μg/mL, respectively. When the minimum concentration in the dialysate during the initial 5 days was higher than the MIC, all the isolates (7 out of 7) were eradicated, when it was lower, only half of the isolates (3 out of 6) were eradicated. The simulation study suggested a significant drug accumulation in response to shortening the dosing duration. J Infect Chemother 1996;2:167–178

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS IN RENAL FAILURE

This article provides background information on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Tables are provided to allow quick determination of appropriate dosages for varying degrees of renal failure. Specific mention is made of aminoglycoside dosing, dosage adjustment in dialysis, and antibiotic toxicity in renal failure.

Discontinuing Rheumatic Fever Prophylaxis in Selected Adolescents and Young Adults: A Prospective Study

To assess the safety of discontinuing prophylaxis with antimicrobial agents in patients judged to be at relatively low risk for recurrence of acute rheumatic fever. Observational cohort study. Public health clinics in the Southeast Health District of Santiago, Chile. Fifty-nine patients (19 men, 40 women) ranging in age at study entry from 15 to 44 years (mean, 24.5 years). Forty-eight had completed their prescribed period of prophylaxis. Eleven refused or were allergic to intramuscular benzathine penicillin G and were non-compliant with oral sulfadiazine. In patients who did not have carditis during their previous attack(s), prophylaxis was discontinued after 5 years or at age 18, whichever was longer. In those with only mild mitral regurgitation or healed carditis, prophylaxis was stopped after 10 years or at age 25. Symptomatic intercurrent streptococcal throat infections were treated with antibiotics. Patients were seen every 3 months during the study (July 1982 to September 1988). For the first 4.25 years, throat cultures as well as sera samples for antistreptolysin O and anti-DNAse B assays were obtained at each visit. During laboratory surveillance, significant increases in antibody titers were detected in 56 instances (28.1 [95% CI, 21.7 to 36.5] per 100 patient-years), and 29 isolations of group A streptococci occurred (14.5 [CI, 10.1 to 20.8] per 100 patient-years). The patients were followed for a total of 3349 patient-months, during which time two acute rheumatic fever recurrences were observed (0.7 [CI, 0.2 to 2.6] per 100 patient-years). No recurrences occurred during an outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in 52 patients in the study area in 1986. These and other data indicate that acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis can safely be discontinued in young adults judged to be at low risk for recurrence and who are maintained under careful prospective surveillance.

A comparison between Bactec® aerobic resin and hypertonic blood culture media

The presence of antimicrobial agents in patients' blood is thought to represent an important source of false-negative blood cultures. This has led to the incorporation of agents with inhibitory effects on antimicrobial drugs into culture medium. In the present study, Bactec aerobic resin-containing blood culture medium was compared with Bactec hypertonic blood culture medium. 504 patients receiving cytostatic and/or antibiotic treatment were studied. Sensitivity calculations on detection of bacteremia in these patients gave 0.91 for the resin medium and 0.79 for the hypertonic blood culture system and showed a significant difference (p = 0.016). In addition, the resin-containing system more rapidly detected positive cultures than the hypertonic system.

Retrospective review of amphotericin B use in a tertiary-care medical center

A retrospective review of amphotericin B use in a tertiary-care medical center was conducted, and use patterns were evaluated. The pharmacy department audited the medical records of all patients who received amphotericin B during 1983. Of 179 patients who received amphotericin B, the medical records of 140 patients were suitable for review. Amphotericin B use increased almost tenfold over a six-year period. Medical services used approximately two thirds of the total drug, while surgery used one fourth. Amphotericin B was used systemically in 98 patients and as a bladder irrigant in 42 patients. In a third of cases, the drug was used when a fungal infection was not documented. Daily dosages of less than 25 mg and total dosages of 500 mg were commonly administered. Amphotericin B was frequently administered with other antimicrobial agents in patients with serious underlying diseases; therefore, evaluation of its efficacy in all patients was difficult. Clinical nephrotoxicity was detected during treatment in approximately 15% of patients. Amphotericin B is no longer used exclusively for classical deep-seated mycoses; frequently, the drug is used as empiric treatment for candida and aspergillus infections. Amphotericin B use has risen because of the difficulty in diagnosing deep-seated mycoses and because of the frequent isolation of yeasts from seriously ill patients. Prospective studies are needed to guide clinicians in determining indications for amphotericin B use and the proper dosage and length of treatment for the drug.

The Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Hepatic and Renal Dysfunction

Principles of antimicrobial therapy in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction are reviewed and guidelines are suggested for the administration of the more commonly used antibiotics with toxic potential. Also discussed are some of the new antimicrobial agents that may be safer to administer to patients with compromised hepatic or renal function.

A Review of the Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Renal and/or Hepatic Insufficiency II. the Cephalosporins

A Review of the Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Renal and/or Hepatic Insufficiency II. the Cephalosporins

A Review of the Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Renal and Hepatic Insufficiency I. the Penicillins

A Review of the Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Patients with Renal and Hepatic Insufficiency I. the Penicillins

More on antimicrobials in renal failure.

Editorial Notes1 August 1968More on Antimicrobials in Renal FailureCALVIN M. KUNIN, M.D.CALVIN M. KUNIN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-69-2-397 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA table summarizing recommended doses and factors governing serum levels of antimicrobial agents in patients with renal disease was published last year in the ANNALS (1). Since then, more information has been provided on the fate of gentamycin, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, and colistin in the presence of renal disease.Gentamycin is closely related to the aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin and has shown promise for use in patients with serious gram negative infections including those due to Pseudomonas. It also has activity against many gram positive organisms.The most serious adverse effect is severe damage to vestibular function seen most...