Antimicrobial Activity Test Research Articles

Iodine-doped TiO2 nanotube coatings: a technique for enhancing the antimicrobial properties of titanium surfaces against Staphylococcus aureus

BackgroundImplant-related infections are a challenging complication of orthopedic surgery, primarily due to the formation of bacterial biofilms on the implant surface. An antibacterial coating for titanium implants was developed to provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of implant-related infections.MethodsTitanium plates were coated with TiO2 nanotubes by anodization, and iodine was doped onto the coating via electrophoretic deposition. The obtained plates were characterized using a range of analytical techniques. Subsequently, Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated onto the surfaces of untreated titanium plates (control group), TiO2-nanocoated titanium plates (TiO2 group), and iodine-doped TiO2-nanocoated titanium plates (I-TiO2 group) to compare their antibacterial properties.ResultsTwenty-four hour in vitro antimicrobial activity test of the I-TiO2 group against Staphylococcus aureus was superior to those of the other groups, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis coating technology provides a new theoretical basis for the development of anti-infective implants against Staphylococcus aureus in orthopedics.

Antimicrobial Potency and E. coli β-Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Efficacy of Phenazone-Based Molecules.

In this investigation, 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyde was reacted with methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate to afford the carbodithioate derivative 3. The as-prepared carbodithioate derivative 3 is considered to be a key molecule for the preparation of new antipyrine-1,3,4-thiadiazole-based molecules (4-9) through its reaction with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides. Furthermore, a typical Biginelli three-component cyclocondensation reaction involving ethyl acetoacetate, 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyde, and thiourea under the standard conditions is carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid to afford the corresponding antipyrine-pyrimidine hybrid molecule (10). The latter was submitted to react with hydrazine monohydrate to provide the corresponding hydrazide derivative (11) which, under reaction with ethyl acetoacetate in refluxing ethanol containing catalytic amount of acetic acid, afforded the corresponding derivative (12). The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was affirmed by their spectral and microanalytical data. We also screened for their antimicrobial potential (ZOI and MIC) and conducted a kinetic study. Additionally, the mechanism of biological action was assessed by a membrane leakage assay and SEM imaging technique. Moreover, the biological activities and the binding modes of these compounds were further supplemented by an in silico docking study against E. coli β-carbonic anhydrase. The amount of cellular protein released by E. coli is directly correlated to the concentration of compound 9, which was found to be 177.99 µg/mL following treatment with 1.0 mg/mL of compound 9. This finding supports compound 9's antibacterial properties and explains how the formation of holes in the E. coli cell membrane results in the release of proteins from the cytoplasm. The newly synthesized compounds represent acceptable antimicrobial activities with potential action against E. coli β-carbonic anhydrase. The docking studies and antimicrobial activity test proved that compound (9) declared a greater activity than the other synthesized compounds.

Spectroscopic investigations and electronic transitions, topology studies, and biological assay of a potent antimicrobial compound: 2-amino-pyrimidine benzoic acid

The derivatives of benzoic acid, a claimed anti-fungal agent, are physiologically active components of vitamin B-complex. Signals in a heavily deshielded area is found using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In optimized geometry, the result reveals that nitrogen and oxygen are responsible for transfer of charge within the ring system wherein increases the bond length. Broadening and red shifting, which result from vibrational assignments, show the strength of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Topological analysis like atoms in molecules, reduced density gradient graph that demonstrates favorable findings The electron localized function and localized orbital locator analysis are helpful when a site displays a strong distribution of electrons as a result of having the presence of a covalent bond, a lone pair of electrons, or a nuclear shell there. Findings of in vitro tests for antimicrobial activity clearly show that all two strains’ activity and inhibition both rise as compound concentrations climb. The title chemical may be verified to block antimicrobial activity and be a pesticide using molecular docking, in vitro antimicrobial activity, and qualities of a drug’s resemblance.

Enhancing antimicrobial and photocatalyst properties of Mg-doped ZnO nanotubes via novel laser-assisted chemical bath synthesis

Laser-Assisted Chemical Bath Synthesis (LACBS) was used to fabricate pure and magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Analysis of these nanoparticles' structural, morphological, optical, and antimicrobial characteristics was conducted. This analysis spanned across varying concentrations of magnesium-doped zinc oxide from 1 % to 3 %. XRD confirmed the nanoparticles' crystalline nature, revealing the hexagonal wurtzite phase. SEM analysis showcased their nanometric domain existence and hexagonal crystalline morphology, transforming from nanorods to nanotubes. Optical analysis showed band gap energy decrease from 3.27 to 2.85 eV correlating with the magnesium doping concentration increase. Optical absorption displayed a distinctive redshift for the nanoparticles as magnesium concentration increased from 1 % to 3 %. Photocatalytic assessments highlighted the superior degradation ability of 3 % Mg-doped nanoparticles, showing a 98.04 % degradation rate against methylene orange dye under blue light exposure. Antimicrobial activity tests against various pathogens showed that Mg ions' incorporation significantly enhanced antimicrobial performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of the LACBS method.

Extraction of Ferulic acid from beetroot and tea leaves and its optimization

Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound widely distributed in various plant sources, has shown promising antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this work, we extracted ferulic acid from beetroot and tea leaves by alkaline hydrolysis method, in which the ferulic acid from beetroot is more prominent than ferulic acid from tea leaves. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity tests were performed to check the activity of ferulic acid. It was observed that beetroot has high antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory activity than tea leaves. Additionally, we focused on the optimization of ferulic acid extraction from beetroot using three different methods: one factor at a time, Plackett-Burman design and Response surface methodology. Initially, one factor at a time approach was utilized to evaluate the effects of individual factors such as substrate concentration, pH, temperature, agitation speed and incubation period on ferulic acid yield. Subsequently, Plackett-Burman design was employed to screen the significant factors influencing ferulic acid extraction and it was found that substrate concentration, agitation speed and temperature efficiency influence the yield of ferulic acid. Finally, Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to further optimize the extraction process and determine the optimal conditions for maximum ferulic acid yield. The results obtained from the optimization studies indicated that 2g substrate concentration, 100 agitation speed and 30 ◦C to 37 ◦C temperature significantly influenced the yield of ferulic acid from beetroot. The RSM analysis provided an optimized set of extraction parameters that maximized the ferulic acid yield.

Kemijski sastav i antimikrobno djelovanje eteričnih ulja dobivenih iz dijelova biljke Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical content, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of essential oil obtained from the parts of the plant called Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. In this study, essential oils of cone, needle, and twig of J. excelsa plant, which is a naturally grown plant in G&amp;uuml;m&amp;uuml;şhane province, were obtained by hydrodistillation method in a Clevenger type device. Chemical composition of essential oils was determined thanks to the analysis conducted with GC-MS/FID device. Besides, antimicrobial activity tests of essential oils were decided in contrast to 23 different microorganisms with the disc diffusion method. As a result of the essential oil analysis of J. excelsa, the percentage of essential oil yield in cones, needles, and twigs was found as 5.88 %, 2.00 %, and 0.62 %, respectively. &amp;alpha;-pinene was confirmed to be the most abundant main compound found in the essential oils of cones, needles, and twigs. As a result of the essential oil analysis of the cone, needle, and twig of J. excelsa species, it was revealed that monoterpenes were the most abundant chemical class in terms of percentage. In the antimicrobial activity test performed on the essential oils of J. excelsa plant parts, it was found that cones, needles, and twigs have a strong antimicrobial effect against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Penicillum expansum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae bacteria, yeast, and molds.

The Potential of a Sumbawa Herbal Oil-Based Oleogel as Burn Wound Dressing

This study aimed to innovate the current Sumbawa oil preparation which is still in the form of liquid into an oleogel so that it is easier to apply and more practical for distribution and storage. Phytochemical analysis of Sumbawa oil showed the contents of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. By adding hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a gelling agent and glycerin as a humectant, Sumbawa oil can be served in the form of an oleogel. The pH measurement of the Sumbawa oil oleogel at levels of 90%, 95%, and 100% ranged from 7.0–7.3 which is the ideal acidity level for the wound healing process. In the antimicrobial activity test with S. aureus and E. coli, the zone of inhibition ranged from 12.1–14.7 mm which is considered strong. Meanwhile, in in vitro testing of the anti-inflammatory activity using the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method, the stability level of each was obtained to be 78% for 100% Sumbawa oil, 74% for oleogel with 95% Sumbawa oil, and 73% for oleogel with 90% Sumbawa oil. The oleogel morphology observation using a scanning electron microscope showed a good gelation process at 5% and 10% HEC levels.

Comparative analysis of wild and cultivated rosehip from Bulgaria

The aim of this study was to compare the composition of wild Rosa canina (Kiustendil region, 2022) and cultivated rosehips Plovdiv-1 (Gotse Delchev region, 2022). The results demonstrated that the cultivated rosehips possessed more fibers and minerals, and were more abundant in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Plovdiv-1 rosehips were characterized by lower fat content and more pronounced antioxidant properties. The wild type had higher vitamin C content. The morphological characterization indicated that the fruits of cultivated rosehips were longer, with less seeds and hairs. The results of the antimicrobial activity tests demonstrated that both methanol extracts possessed significant inhibitory activity against Micrococcus luteus 2YC-YT, moderate inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Listeria monocytogenes NBIMCC 8632, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and low inhibitory activity against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 4BCL-YT, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella typhimurium NBIMCC 1672 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883. The extracts did not show antifungal activity, except against Rhizopus sp. and Fusarium moniliforme ATCC 38932, in which the inhibitory activity was low. The obtained results showed that cultivated rosehips are promising for supplementing various types of food products.

Development of a gel spray formulation based on banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) as an approach to support environmental sustainability

Barangan banana’s peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) is one of the most common by-products that are usually disposed in small and large quantities which can cause a serious environmental problem. Spray gel is a type of pharmaceutical preparation that is practical in use. This study aimed to formulate a spray gel preparation from the extract of barangan banana’s peel as an antibacterial agent. Barangan banana’s peel extract was formulated into a spray gel preparation with varying concentrations of F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%). Organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and centrifuge test were carried out. In the antimicrobial activity test, the barangan banana’s peel extract had inhibition zone diameters of 12.0 and 12.3 mm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. All formulas have stable organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and centrifugation. Additionally, the formulation showed no sign of skin irritation at 24, 48, or 72 hours after the test material of the rabbits. Therefore, it was concluded that spray gel containing banana peel extract could be a very viable option for developing a novel antibacterial agent that is environmentally friendly and may help reducing waste problem.

Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract is Effective against Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Interferes on the Activity of Antimicrobial Drugs

Background: Given the lack of options for treating infectious diseases, it is urgent to explore new antimicrobials. Plant food historically represents relevant sources of antimicrobial molecules. Objective: Here, we show that green tea can eradicate biofilms and planktonic cells of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: We conducted in vitro antimicrobial activity tests (MIC, MBC, MBEC). Cytotoxicity tests were conducted using BGM cells. We used UPLC and GC-MS to detect flavonoids and other relevant phytomolecules. The antioxidant potential was assessed using the β-carotene bleaching test. The extract was combined to clinically relevant antimicrobial drugs in vitro to investigate possible synergism or antagonism. Results: To the best of our knowledge, MIC values are among the lowest ever described for the alcoholic extract (8 μg/mL). The extract presented elevated antioxidant potential and was not toxic to BGM cells. When the extract was combined to clinically relevant antimicrobial drugs, statistically significant antagonism was frequent for the drugs used against S. aureus isolates, whilst significant synergism was observed for some drugs used against P. aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: Our data open doors for exploring isolated molecules from green tea extract against bacterial biofilms, and for developing formulations for clinical treatments.

Synthesis of S-(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) O-alkyl carbonothioate and alkyl 2-((5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio) acetate, and their antimicrobial properties

The S-(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) O-alkyl carbonothioate (4-9) and the alkyl 2-((5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio) acetate (10-15) were synthesized by interaction of 5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones with alkyl esters of chloroformic acid and chloroacetic acid. The yields of target compounds (7-9) obtained with isobutyl chloroformate were 69-73%, compounds (4-6) with propyl chloroformate - 74-79% and compounds (10-15) with alkyl esters of chloroacetic acid - 86-92%, respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, UV, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these compounds were investigated. The results of in vitro antimicrobial activity tests showed that S-(5-phenyl(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) O-propyl carbonothioate (4-5) and S-(5-phenyl(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) O-isobutyl carbonothioate (7-8) exhibited weak, but selective antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus). At the same time, no activity was shown by compounds with two chlorine atoms in the aromatic ring (13-15) and alkyl 2-((5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) thio) acetate (10-15).

Cervicovaginal Bacillus velezensis Isolate: A Potential Probiotic and an Antagonist Against Candida and Staphylococcus.

The cervicovaginal microbiota is an essential aspect of women's reproductive and overall health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties of a cervicovaginal isolate, obtained from a gynecologically healthy woman and assess its antagonistic effect against various microorganisms isolated from the vagina. Cytological examination was performed using Papanicolaou staining, and the isolated microorganism was identified via 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequence Analysis. Probiotic characteristics were evaluated by determining the tolerance of the isolate to low pH, different NaCl concentrations, and bile salts. Bacterial adherence to stainless steel sheets, antibiotic susceptibility, and antimicrobial activity tests were also conducted and analyzed. Antimicrobial tests and antagonistic activities were assessed through disc diffusion assays. The cervicovaginal isolate was identified as B. velezensis ON116948 and was found to be tolerant to low pH, high NaCl and 0.3% bile salts. Additionally, it exhibited adherence. With the exception of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC) (30μg) and oxacillin (OX) (1μg), this isolate was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. Candida species did not grow on B. velezensis spread media, while B. velezensis was able to grow on C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, S. condimenti and S. epidermidis spread media with growth zones of 13.7 ± 0.6, 13.3 ± 0.6, 14.2 ± 4.4, 10.5 ± 0.5 and 16.0 ± 1.0 (around discs), respectively. Our findings suggest that the cervicovaginal B. velezensis ON116948 isolate exhibits probiotic properties and antagonistic activity. These results provide important insights into the potential use of this isolate as a probiotic for the prevention of vaginal infections.

Isolation and molecular characterization of probiotic from Sidamanik green tea (Camellia sinensis) fermentation

Abstract. Fahmi A, Syukur S, Chaidir Z, Melia S. 2023. Isolation and molecular characterization of probiotic from Sidamanik green tea (Camellia sinensis) fermentation. Biodiversitas 24: 4277-4288. The bioavailability of green tea catechins is reduced in the gastrointestinal tract because of its instability. Probiotics are expected to increase their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract.There is no any information about Sidamanik fermented green tea, either probiotics, antimicrobial activity, or probiotic species that are beneficial to health. This research aims to isolate and test the characterization of probiotics from fermented green tea. Green tea from Sidamanik Sub-district was fermented with palm sugar and forest honey with 24, 48, and 72 h variation times. The fermented green tea was tested for morphological characterization,Gram staining, catalase test, and fermentation test. Then the resistance test to bile acids and salts and the antimicrobial activitytest against three pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli Q157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, and Listeria monocytogenes CFSAN004330. Two strains were selected from this series of tests, which were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from different green tea fermented at the same fermentation time. The results indicated a positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) morphological test. The characteristics of LAB can be described as a single colony being seen with a round, smooth, yellowish-white color, and a clear zone was formed around the colony, positive Gram, negative catalase, and homofermentative. LAB strains 1.1., and 4.1 were chosen to test their antimicrobial activity because they had the best acid and salt resistance viability. Then the results of molecular identification of 16S rRNA gene found that the probiotics contained in LAB strain 1.1. was Lactobacillus plantarum Y-1 and in LAB strain 4.1 was Lacticaseibacillus paracasei HBUAS62903. This study aims to find a new product of fermented green tea that has benefits in digestive health because it contains naturally processed lactic acid bacteria, is cheaper, simpler, stable at room temperature, durable in storage, and easy to serve.

Phytochemical fingerprint and biological activity of raw and heat-treated Ornithogalum umbellatum

The plants that we use as food in our daily diet and as risk preventers against many diseases have many biological and pharmacological activities. The heat treatments applied during the cooking of the plants cause changes in the phytochemical content and bioactivity. In this study, the phytochemical fingerprint and biological activities of raw and heat-treated extracts of Ornithogalum umbellatum L., which is widely consumed in the Black Sea region, were investigated. The bulb and leaf parts of the plant consumed as food were dried in an oven at 35 °C and then ground into powder. For heat treatment, the plant was boiled at 100 °C for 20 min. Differences in phytochemical contents of raw and heat-treated extracts were determined by ICP-MS, LC–MS/MS, and FTIR analysis. Biological activity was investigated with antiradical, antimicrobial, antimutagenic and antiproliferative activity tests. In this way, the effect of heat treatment on both the phytochemical content and biological activity of the O. umbellatum extract was determined. Gallic acid, procateuic acid and caffeic acid were found as the main compounds in the O. umbellatum extract, while the presence of procateuic aldehyde, vanillin and kaempferol in minor proportions was determined. There was a significant decrease in phenolic compound levels after heat treatment and gallic acid content decreased by 92.6%, procateuic acid content by 90% and caffeic acid content by 84.8%. Significant differences were detected in macro and micro element levels after heat treatment in ICP-MS results. While Cd, Ba and Zn levels of the raw extract increased; Na, Mg, K, Fe, U, Co levels decreased significantly. In FTIR spectrum, shifts and disappearances were observed in some of the vibrations and the emergence of new vibrations was also determined after heat treatment. Raw extract exhibited strong scavenging activity against H2O2 and DPPH and had a broad spectrum antimicrobial property. As a result of heat application, regressions were detected in antiradicalic, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Antimutagenic and antiproliferative activities were determined by the Allium test and a significant decrease in both activities and loss of activity against some chromosomal abnormalities were determined after heat treatment. While the antiproliferative activity of the raw extract was 20%, the activity of the heat-treated extract decreased to 7.6%. The raw extract showed the strongest antimutagenic effect with 69.8% against the unequal distribution of chromatin. Similarly, the antimutagenic activity of the extract, which reduced the bridges by 56.1%, decreased to 0.74% after heat treatment and almost lost its antimutagenic activity. The biological activities of raw O. umbellatum are closely related to the major compounds it contains, and the decrease in the levels of these compounds with the effect of heat was reflected in the activity. Studies investigating the phytochemical contents of plants are very important and the studies investigating biological activities related to phytochemical content are more remarkable. In this study, the phytochemical fingerprint of O. umbellatum was determined, its biological activities were related to the compounds it contained, and the biological activity was found to be heat sensitive.

Analysis of Volatile Constituent by Hydrodistillation and Solid-Phase Microextraction Techniques and Antimicrobial and Scolicidal Activities of Essential Oil and Soxhlet Extracts of Ulva rigida grown in Turkey.

In the present study, the volatile composition of Ulva rigida (U. rigida) was elucidated by two different methods. As a result of the identification process of volatile components using the GC/MS-FID instrument, 31 compounds were identified by hydrodistillation (HD) method, and 15 compounds were identified by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method, elucidating the structure of 99.86 % and 92.65 %, respectively. The most abundant compounds in the essential oil of U. rigida were n-hexadecanoic acid and pentadecanal, while the most abundant compound according to the SPME analysis was heptadecyne, a hydrocarbon compound. In the next step, hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol solvent extracts of U. rigida were prepared and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts and the essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation as well as the scolicidal activities of the solvent extracts were determined. The results of the antimicrobial activity test of the essential oil showed a high level of activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and MRSA. The highest activity was found on the microorganism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 in chloroform and methanol extracts of U. rigida. Furthermore, viability detection was performed and the scolicidal effects of the extracts on protoscoleces were assessed. The values of lethal concentration doses (LD50 , LD75 and LD90 ) were calculated using probit analysis.

Identification of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity Test of Methanol Extracts of Leaves and Flowers of Various Tabebuya Species (Tabebuia spp.)

Identification of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity Test of Methanol Extracts of Leaves and Flowers of Various Tabebuya Species (Tabebuia spp.)

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF 96% ETHANOL EXTRACT OF FLOWERS, LEAVES, AND STEM BARK OF TIGARUN (Crateva magna DC.) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur

Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur One of the microbes that can cause folliculitis is the inflammation of the skin in the hair follicles. The use of natural ingredients as antimicrobials must be developed as an alternative to overcome the resistance and side effects of chemical drugs. Tigarun (Crataeva magna DC.) is a typical plant in South Kalimantan that can be developed as a natural antimicrobial agent for the treatment of skin infections. Previous studies have reported that tigarun has antimicrobial activity, but no studies have reported its potential antimicrobial activity against folliculitis-causing microbes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of 96% ethanol extracts of the flowers, leaves, and stem bark of tigarun (Crataeva magna DC.) against microbes that cause folliculitis, including Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur. Extraction was performed by the maceration method using 96% ethanol. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested using the agar diffusion method. Based on the results of the antimicrobial activity test using the agar diffusion method, the tigarun flower extract showed better antimicrobial activity than the leaf and tigarun bark extracts. Flower extract activity at 200 mg/mL concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus (10.65 ± 0.25) and the fungus Malassezia furfur (7.40 ± 0.40) with moderate inhibition zone ketogenic Keywords: Folliculitis, tigarun, antimicrobial, agar diffusion

Isolation, identification and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts from commercial yogurt and homemade non-dairy fermented food “KANJI”

South Asian cuisines encompasses a rich variety of traditional fermented foods, which hold great promise as sources of probiotic bacteria with notable health benefits. This study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic strains from homemade plant-based fermented foods (kanji drink and rice kanji) and commercial dairy-based probiotics (sweetened and probiotic yogurt). The samples were found safe for consumption, devoid of indicator microorganisms and hemolytic activity. They exhibited a diverse microflora with substantial microbial counts (>106 CFU/ml), identified as yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) namely Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroids, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Antimicrobial activity tests against six foodborne pathogens demonstrated significant reductions in their growth, highlighting the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential of the probiotic isolates against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The mixed consortium of samples showed higher growth inhibition compared to individual isolates, emphasizing the importance of microbial diversity in probiotic formulations. The samples' mix consortiums also displayed high auto-aggregative (42.36%–75%) and co-aggregative abilities (up to 93%) with the pathogens over time, with sweetened yogurt showing the highest co-aggregation percentage. The antimicrobial activity of the mix consortiums correlated positively with auto-aggregative capability but negatively with co-aggregative capability, although these correlations were not statistically significant. Consumer acceptance tests, using a nine-point hedonic scaling, favored commercial yogurts over homemade kanji, with sweetened yogurt receiving the highest scores. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the safety, quality, microbial characteristics, antimicrobial activity, aggregative capability, and consumer acceptance of both commercial yogurt and homemade kanji. Considering the limitations of dairy-based probiotics and the growing popularity of vegetarian diets, promoting the consumption of homemade plant-based fermented foods like kanji, which offer wholesome nutrition and potential probiotic benefits, is recommended. Future research should focus on characterizing the in-vivo probiotic potential and standardizing formulations based on consumer demands.

Antimicrobial activity, viability, and physicochemical properties of an MTA-type cement with different concentrations of bismuth trioxide

Abstract In medicine, bismuth is used as an antimicrobial agent. In dentistry, it is used primarily to increase radiopacity in some endodontic materials. The objective is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cell viability, pH, solubility, film thickness, and setting time of a mineral trioxide aggregated (MTA)-types of cement with different concentrations of bismuth trioxide. Three experimental MTA-types of cement with a bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) concentration of 15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt% were used. The antimicrobial activity test was conducted on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis strains. Cell viability was measured by the quantitative colorimetric assay using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Solubility, film thickness, and setting time were performed according to ISO 6876. The lowest Bi2O3 concentrations showed the best antimicrobial activity and cell viability. pH, solubility, setting time, and film thickness did not show statistically significant differences between the different Bi2O3 concentrations tested.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts

G. lucidum is an oriental fungus loaded with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. G. lucidum extracts obtained by using soxhlet and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The antioxidant properties determined by DPPH assay resulting in IC50 value of extract for soxhlet water 372.21 μg/mL followed by soxhlet ethanol 431.00 μg/mL, UAE ethanol 541 μg/mL and UAE water 560.90 μg/mL shown weak antioxidant properties. Well plate diffusion used for antimicrobial activity test against S. aureus and E. coli. UAE water extract shows highest antibacterial properties against S. aureus (20–23) mm followed by soxhlet water extract (6–13) mm. The ethanol extract for both soxhlet and UAE are (5–13) mm and (4–14) mm respectively. G. lucidum extract exhibited zero inhibition zone against E. coli due to presence of barrier membrane. CCK-8 used to test anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. The IC50 values of soxhlet ethanolic extract is 4.797 μg/mL followed by UAE ethanolic extract 5.291 μg/mL, soxhlet water extract 7.196 μg/mL and UAE water extracts 9.455 μg/mL. The lower IC50 value indicated that the extracts inhibited cell viability of MCF-7.