Antimicrobial Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicity activities of lichens from high altitude regions of Nepal

BackgroundSeveral lichen species are reported to be used tradiationally in many theraupatic practices. Many lichen species are reported as sources of several bioactive natural compounds. Several lichen species of Nepal are so far chemically unexplored.MethodsThe morphological, anatomical and phytochemical characteristics of lichens were compared for the taxonomic identification of the species. Methanol- water extract of lichens were sub fractionated into hexane, dichloromethane and methanol fractions for bioactivity assays. Antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated agaisnt pathogenic bacteria and fungal species. DPPH test was used for antioxidant potential evaluation. Brineshrimp test was perfermed to evaluate toxicity of the extracts.ResultsA total of 84 lichen specimens were collected and identified from Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) Nepal. The specimens were identified as belonging to 19 genera and 47 species. Methanol fractions of 16 specimens and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions of 21 lichens specimens showed antioxidant activities comparable with commercial standards (BHA, Butylated hydroxyanisole, IC50=4.9±0.9 μg/mL) even at crude extract level. Similarly, the DCM fraction of 17 lichens showed potential antimicrobial activity against a Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus KCTC3881) and DCM fractions of 45 lichens showed antimicrobial activity against a Gram-negative bacterium (Klebsiella pneumoniae KCTC2242). DCM fractions of three lichens showed antifungal activity against the yeast, Candida albicans KCTC 7965. Likewise, methanol fractions of 39 lichens and DCM fractions of 74 lichens showed strong toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with more than 80% mortality.ConclusionSuch biological activity-rich lichen specimens warrant further research on exploration of natural products with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti cancer (toxic) potential.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Oyster Mushroom

Four species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus populinus) were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant activity). The total antioxidant activity differed significantly. Mean total antioxidant activities were (P.ostreatus = 35.36±0.01mm, P.sajor-caju = 32.26±0.02mm, P.pulmonarius = 28.86±0.01mm, P.populinus = 26.65±0.01mm). Antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Agrobacterium vitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were investigated. Antimicrobial activities of the oyster mushroom extracts against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were examined by agar well diffusion method and zones of inhibition varied for different organisms but zones of inhibition were highest in P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju for all tested organisms except in E.coli and S.dysentriae where P.pulmonarius and P.populinus had higher zones. P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju were not significantly different against all tested microorganisms but were found to be significantly different (p ≥ 0.05) from P.pulmonarius and P.populinus against B.cereus, E.coli and S.dysenteriae. P.pulmonarius and P.populinus were not significantly different in their inhibition against all tested microorganisms.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract and its fractions of bark and leaves of Terminalia arjuna from north-western Himalayas, India

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract and its different solvent fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fraction) of bark and leaves of Terminalia arjuna. The antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against six bacterial stains. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH, FRAP and Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay. The total phenolics and flavonoid content were found to be higher in n-butanolic fraction of bark (294.6 ± 8.1 mg/g GAE and 168.6 ± 12.3 mg/g RE, respectively) and leaves (203.7 ± 7.0 mg/g GAE and 144.8 ± 11.1 mg/g RE, respectively). The maximum antimicrobial activity was shown by n-butanolic fraction of bark and leaves. The zone of inhibition of 15.0 ± 0.7 mm, 15.5 ± 0.7 mm, 15.0 ± 1.5 mm, 15.5 ± 0.7 mm, 15.0 ± 0.7 mm, 15.0 ± 0.7 mm was observed against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi respectively. In case of leaves extract, zone of inhibition of 13.5 ± 0.7 mm, 16.5 ± 0.7 mm, 14.0 ± 0.5 mm, 15.0 ± 0.5 mm, 13.5 ± 0.7 mm, 14.0 ± 0.7 mm was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, respectively. The n-butanol fraction of bark [IC50-4.1 μg/ml (DPPH), 21.0 μM (FRAP), 3.3 μg/ml (NO)] and leaves [IC50-4.8 μg/ml (DPPH), 28.9 μM (FRAP), 3.2 μg/ml (NO)] showed more antioxidant potential as compared to that of crude ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, chloroform fraction, aqueous fraction and even ascorbic acid. These results clearly indicated comparative antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity in extracts of bark and leaves of T. arjuna.

Effectiveness of the Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel Extract as the Colorant, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial on Beef Sausage

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel extracts addition on beef sausages. Red dragon fruit peel extracts were obtained by maceration using solvent at pH 5. Phytochemical characteristics, total phenols, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the peel extracts were observed. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts were associated with high phytochemical compounds and total phenols contained in the extracts. Red dragon fruit peel extracts with various percentages (0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were added on beef sausages, and their physicochemical characteristics, nutrients, antioxidant activity, and microbiological profile were analyzed. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. Results showed that the addition of red dragon fruit peel extracts significantly reduced texture values, but increased intensity of luminosity, intensity of red color, and intensity of yellow color (P<0.05) beef sausages. It could be concluded that red dragon fruit peel extract containing phytochemical compounds was effective as an antibacterial agent and natural antioxidant. The addition of red dragon fruit peel extracts was effective in increasing the antioxidant activity and decreasing TBARS values. The addition of red dragon fruit peel extract did not affect the reddish colorization of beef sausages, but it was capable of increasing the yellowish colorization on beef sausage.

The Antimicrobial Properties of Extracts Isolated from Lichen Parmelia vagans.

This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial properties of extracts isolated from lichen Parmelia vagans.Many pharmaceutical products today have derivatives from living organisms. Recently, Lichens have been found to have secondary metabolites which have been found to have various physiological effects including antimicrobial activity. A lichen is a composite organism composed of a photobiont such as an alga or cyanobacterium and a mycobiont, a fungus. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts from a lichen identified as Parmelia vagans was evaluated.Extracts of Parmelia vagans were initially obtained by using various solvents to find the most efficient extraction of antimicrobial compound(s). We found that extracts obtained using ethyl acetate have the highest antimicrobial activity and were further used to study the properties of the extracted compounds. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the Resazurin cell viability assay; the microbes investigated were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. It was observed that extracts had no inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia at the tested concentrations, but inhibition of growth was observed in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.The constituents of the crude extracts were separated using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). After separation, each fraction was tested to identify which contained the antimicrobial activity. From the several fractions, one was found to contain nearly all of the antimicrobial activity and was further evaluated against different strains of bacteria.Our data indicate that purified TLC fractions containing antibacterial activities that inhibit a growth of both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains.Support or Funding InformationTouro University Nevada Intramural Research Grant

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of the bark and leaf extracts of Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul against multidrug resistant strains

Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul., a plant that belongs to Moraceae family, is found throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic bark and leaf extracts of B. gaudichaudii were tested against multiresistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot infections (DFIs). Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated by agar disc diffusion (DD) and broth dilution (BD) methods. By BD method, bark (53.85, 45.83%) and leaf (42.31, 50.00%) extracts contained antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Increased antimicrobial activity was observed when bark and leaf extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (63.64%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66.67%). Statistical analyses of bark and leaf extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive (p = 0.000) and gram-negative bacteria (p = 0.012). Extract of bark (p = 0.075) or leaf (p = 0.005) associated with ACA antibiotic showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Our study suggests that the bark and leaf extracts contain bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant strains.

Антимікробні властивості Tanacetum balsamita L. (Asteraceae) за інтродукції в Поліссі України

&lt;p&gt;The paper studies antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of &lt;em&gt;Tanacetum balsamita&lt;/em&gt; L. from the family Asteraceae, tribus Anthemideae, the plant being medicinally and pharmaceutically promising. Antimicrobial properties of &lt;em&gt;Tanacetum balsamita&lt;/em&gt; were studied on test-cultures, collected from the Ukrainian Collection of Microorganisms (UCM, Institute of microbiology and virology SAS Ukraine), the test-cultures being of &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli &lt;/em&gt;(coliform bacillius) UCM B-906 (ATCC 25922); &lt;em&gt;Staphilococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt; (golden staphylococcus) UCM B-904 (ATCC 25923); &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; (blue pus bacillus) UCM B-900 (ATCC 9027); &lt;em&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt; UCM Y-1918 (ATCC 885-653). The above microorganisms are test strains used to determine antimicrobial properties of medicines. The antimicrobial effect of the investigated substances was studied by the method of successive dilutions which determines minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extract has demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria strains of &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt;. In comparison with the solvent, MIC and MBC values showed an 8-times increase. &lt;em&gt;T.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;balsamita&lt;/em&gt; extract revealed no bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal/fugicidal effect against gram-negative bacteria stains of &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; and fungus &lt;em&gt;C. albicans&lt;/em&gt;. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against &lt;em&gt;S. aureus&lt;/em&gt; may be attributed to the presence of essential oil and phenolic compounds. The major compounds in the essential oil are epoxylynaloolacetate (60.13 %) and b-thujone (29.7 %). The following phenolic compounds have been determined with the high-performance liquid chromatography method: flavonoids – luteolin, apigenin, diosmetin, acacetin, apigenin-7-bioside, acacetin-7-bioside, apigenin-7-glycoside, luteolin-7-glycoside, diosmetin-7-bioside, diosmetin-7-glycoside, diosmetin-7-rhamnoside, and hydroxycinnamic acids – n-coumaric, caffeic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic. The dominant compound is isochlorogenic acid (35 % of the total phenolic compounds detected). The experimental data obtained gives evidence that further research and application of &lt;em&gt;T. balsamita&lt;/em&gt; is promising for creation of new anti-staphylococcus drugs.&lt;/p&gt;

Antimicrobial activity of leaf and root extracts of tough lovegrass

This study aimed to evaluate tough lovegrass leaf and root extracts antimicrobial activity. The extracts (plant material: solvent, 1:10) were prepared by maceration with methanol:water (1:1) during ten days followed by a concentration in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. The extracts were resuspended in water containing 1% of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain a final concentration of 100 mg/mL and then filtered through a sterilizing membrane with 0.22μm. The antibacterial activity of the leaf and root extracts were evaluated against pathogenic and phytopathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion and microdilution broth methods for the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determination. The antifungal activity of tough lovegrass leaf and root extracts were evaluated by micelial growth inhibition and conidial germination inhibition. The extracts presented low antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Xanthomonas translucens, but the leaf extracts presented significant antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Drechslera tritici-repentis. The results support the continuity of the study in improving the effectiveness of the active extract for a possible use in pharmacology and agronomy and in attempting to determine the probable active antimicrobial compound.

Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from in Vitro Mycelia Culture-Derived Sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii

Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from in Vitro Mycelia Culture-Derived Sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anthocyanin activities of mosses (Cinclidotus fontinaloides (Hedw.) P.Beauv. and Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Ochyra) gathered from Turkey

Cinclidotus fontinaloides (Hedw.) P. Beauv. and Palustriella commutata (Hedw.) Ochyra were used in this study. The chemical composition of mosses in the ethanol and water extract was determined using GC-MS and FT-IR. Antioxidant activities of moss extracts were tested by total phenol and ABTS methods. Trolox equivalent value (TEAC) of mosses was calculated as 26 ± 0.32 and 10 ± 0.22 mg/g. The amounts of the flavonoid compounds were calculated as mg gallic acid. Gallic acid equivalent value of mosses was calculated as 587 ± 0.55 and 496 ± 0.22 mg/g. The extracts antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Significant antibacterial effect was observed for C. fontinaloides and P. commutata in ethanol extract. Total anthocyanin activities of C. fontinaloides and P. commutata were determined as 50 ± 0.17 and 144 ± 0.33 mg/L.

Phenolic profiling and bioactivities of fresh fruits and jam of Sorbus species

The purpose of this study was a comprehensive examination of the phenolic profile, the vitamin C content, and the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of extracts and jams of fruits of two edible Sorbus species: well characterized S. aucuparia and two insufficiently explored forms of S. torminalis (torminalis and semitorminalis). Characterisation of 44 phenolics was realized using LC?MS/MS and 15 compounds were confirmed, with chlorogenic acid being the most dominant in S. aucuparia and ferulic acid in both S. torminalis forms. S. aucuparia demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, while that of both S. torminalis forms was moderate. Jam extracts had the highest content of vitamin C. S. aucuparia exhibited some anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, while S. torminalis f. torminalis showed the best antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and both forms (torminalis and semitorminalis) possessed the highest activity against Escherichia. coli. The results obtained herein are a great base for further research of edible Sorbus species with the aim of promoting their better usage as nutraceuticals.

Flavonoid Composition and Biological Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm., a Native Plant from Caatinga Biome.

Caryocar coriaceum fruits, found in Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga, are commonly used as food and in folk medicine, as anti-inflammatory, bactericide, fungicide, leishmanicide, and nematicide. Due to the biological potential of this plant, this study focuses on the evaluation of antifungal and antileishmanial activities, including anticholinesterase and antioxidant tests, correlating with total phenols and flavonoids content. Peel extracts contain higher yield of phenols and flavonoids as analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. HPLC analysis of flavonoids revealed that isoquercitrin is the main flavonoid in both parts of the fruit, and peel extract showed the best antioxidant activity. In the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase assay, both extracts demonstrate action comparable to physostigmine. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated against strains of Malassezia sp. and Microsporum canis, using the broth microdilution technique, in which the extracts showed similar MIC and MFC. The extracts present antileishmanial activity and low toxicity on murine macrophages and erythrocytes. Therefore, these results suggest a potential for the application of C. coriaceum fruit's ethanol extracts in the treatment against dermatophyte fungi and leishmaniasis, probably due to the presence of active flavonoids. Further in vivo studies are recommended aiming at the development of possible new pharmaceutical compounds.

Antimicrobial activity of extracts and phytosterols from the root bark of Lonchocarpus eriocalyx

The root bark of Lonchocarpus eriocalyx was dried, powdered and extracted using chloroform, methanol and hot water. The extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The decoction (100mg/ml) was more active than the chloroform and methanol extracts against the four microorganisms. Chromatographic fractionation of the chloroform extract using normal phase silica yielded the phytosterols lupeol and lupenone. At 100 mg/ml, the compounds were active against all the four microorganisms, with lupeol being more active than lupenone. This is the first report of the isolation of lupenone from Lonchocarpus eriocalyx . Keywords: Lonchocarpus eriocalyx , lupeol, lupenone, antimicrobial activity

Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of “Chemlali” Olive Leaf (&lt;i&gt;Olea europaea &lt;/i&gt;L.) Extracts

In last decade, there is an increasing interest in researches for production of biologically active compounds from natural sources.OleaeuropaeaL. is used in traditional medicine in the Mediterranean areas. The aim of the current study was to investigate the content of phenol compounds and flavonoids extracted from "Chemlali" olive leaf collected from Mascara region (west of Algeria) followed by the assessment ofin vitroantioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the phenolic extracts against a wide spectrum of resistant human pathogens. Extraction was conducted at room temperature using four solvents: deionised water (ddH2O), 80% methanol (MeOH), and petroleum ether. Total phenols and total flavonoids were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant properties have been determined by DPPH test. Results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid contents of the olive leaf extracts ranged from 3.64 in petroleum ether extract to 21.47 ± 0,05 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ g dried matter and from 3.33mg ± 0.07 to 17.64mg ± 0.07mg catechin equivalents (CE)/ g dried matter, respectively. Furthermore, our results revealed that extracting solvents have a significant influence on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The three extracts possessed antibacterial activity against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria particularly petroleum ether extract. The extract antimicrobial activity may be due to the presence of secoiridoid class. In conclusion, the data obtained in this study confirming the traditional use of this plant in treatment of infectious diseases. Phenolic compounds in olive leaves are major contributors to the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of olive leaves. However, further detailed studies are required to determine the active ingredients responsible for these effects and to determine the mechanism of action of these compounds in the anti-microbial activity.

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English

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEUCAS MARRUBIOIDES DESF. ROOT EXTRACTS

Objective: The number of multidrug-resistant microbial strains and the appearance of strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics forced scientists to search for new antimicrobial agents from plants. The present study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of Leucas marrubioides Desf. root extracts.Methods: The roots of L. marrubioides was extracted with solvents of varying polarity, namely pet-ether, chloroform, and methanol. The phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively to identify the major phytoconstituents present in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated against five Gram-positive bacteria, five Gram-negative bacteria and six fungal strains by agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined by Broth dilution method.Results: The results of the study indicated that the pet-ether and chloroform extracts of the plant were highly effective towards most of the Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains. While, the methanol extract was moderately active towards all the tested organisms. The pet ether extract had lowest MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against V. cholerae and Curvularia sp and chloroform extract had lowest MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against only C. neoformans. The methanol extract showed MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against the organisms S. pyogenes, C. neoformans and C. albicans.Conclusion: The potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains may be due to the presence of broad spectrum antibiotic compound in the extracts. The study validates the use of the plant in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.Â

Assessment of Chemical Impact of Invasive Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica on the Environment: Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of P. magnifica Extracts.

Pectinatella magnifica, an invasive bryozoan, might significantly affect ecosystem balance due to its massive occurrence in many areas in Europe and other parts of the world. Biological and chemical analyses are needed to get complete information about the impact of the animal on the environment. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic effects of five extracts prepared from P. magnifica using LDH assay on THP-1 cell line. Antimicrobial activities of extracts against 22 different bacterial strains were tested by microdilution method. Our study showed that all extracts tested, except aqueous portion, demonstrated LD50 values below 100 μg/mL, which indicates potential toxicity. The water extract of P. magnifica with LD50 value of 250 μg/mL also shows potentially harmful effects. Also, an environmental risk resulting from the presence and increasing biomass of potentially toxic benthic cyanobacteria in old colonies should not be underestimated. Toxicity of Pectinatella extracts could be partially caused by presence of Aeromonas species in material, since we found members of these genera as most abundant bacteria associated with P. magnifica. Furthermore, P. magnifica seems to be a promising source of certain antimicrobial agents. Its methanolic extract, hexane, and chloroform fractions possessed selective inhibitory effect on some potential pathogens and food spoiling bacteria in the range of MIC 0.5–10 mg/mL. Future effort should be made to isolate and characterize the content compounds derived from P. magnifica, which could help to identify the substance(s) responsible for the toxic effects of P. magnifica extracts.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities on Laserpitium carduchorum Hedge & Lamond Essential Oil and Extracts During Various Growing Stages.

Laserpitium carduchorum is frequently used as a spice, and in Bane folk medicine, the aerial parts of this are used to treat urinary infections. Variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil of Iranian L. carduchorum at different developmental growth stages including vegetative, flowering, and seed ripening is reported. In total, 33 compounds were identified and quantified in the oils of vegetative, flowering, and seed ripening stages, representing 97.8%, 98.8%, and 98.7% of the oils, respectively. α-Pinene (45.1, 61.4, and 46.4%), sabinene (16.5, 10.3, and 17.5%), and limonene (6.4, 8.5, and 20.4%) were the main compounds in all samples. The antioxidant activities of different extracts of L. carduchorum at different developmental growth stages were examined by employing various established in vitro experiments including DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC assays. The amounts of total phenolics were also determined spectrophotometerically. Antimicrobial activities of different extracts and essential oils of L. carduchorum at different developmental growth stages were examined against five Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria, as well as two fungi. The results showed that maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts were at the flowering stage of the plant. Maximum antimicrobial activity of essential oils was at seed ripening stage.

IN VITRO HYPOGLYCEMIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CUCUMIS CALLOSUS (ROTTL.) COGN. FRUIT

ABSTRACT Objective: This research investigated in vitro hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activity of methanolic fruit extract of Cucumis callosus (MECC) (Rottl.) cogn. Methods: The in vitro antidiabetic ability of MECC was evaluated by inhibition studies of the digestive enzymes including α-amylase and α-glycosidase. The antimicrobial activity of extract was further evaluated against 21 laboratory strains belongs to 8 bacterial species and 4 fungal species using cupplate agar diffusion assay and agar dilution assay. Results: Our assay result suggested that the MECC exhibited dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity on α-glycosidase (IC 50 405.37 µg/ml) and α-amylase enzymes (IC 721.55 µg/ml). The results of antimicrobial activity also showed that the extract inhibited the growth of 13 strains of 7 bacterial species and all fungal species. 50 Conclusion: The observed inhibitions of α-amylase and α-glycosidase and inhibition of some microbial species suggested that the MECC may be useful in the management of diabetes mellitus and treatment of some infectious diseases. Keywords: Cucumis callosus, Diabetes, α-amylase, α-glycosidase, Antimicrobial. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE HI /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of twelve sponges collected from the Anambas Islands, Indonesia

ObjectiveTo evaluate antimicrobial activities in methanolic extracts of twelve sponges collected from the Anambas Islands, Indonesia. MethodsThe antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts was tested against two Gram-positive bacteria, viz. Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and two Gram-negative bacteria, viz. Eschericia coli (ATCC 25922) and Vibrio anguillarum (ATCC 19264) using the disk diffusion assay. The antifungal activity was similarly tested against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of promising sponges extracts were determined by the microdilution technique. ResultsAll the sponge species in this study showed antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test strains. Antibacterial activities were observed in 66.7% of the sponges extracts, while 30.0% of the extracts exhibited antifungal activities. Among them, the extracts of the sponges Stylissa massa and Axinyssa sp. were the most active against four tested bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans. The sponge Theonella swinhoei and two species of Xestospongia also displayed significant activities against two fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. ConclusionsAntimicrobial activities were demonstrated in extracts from various marine sponges collected from the Anambas Islands, Indonesia. The most promising sponges among them were Stylissa massa and Axinyssa sp. This is the first report of antimicrobial activity in extracts of marine sponges from the Indonesian Anambas Islands.