Antimicrobial Activity Of Methanol Extracts Research Articles

Microscopic investigation and pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of Anemone rupicola Camb.

There is almost no scientific literature available on the phytochemistry and pharmacognosy of this plant so the basic aim of the study is to analyze pharmacognostic features of dried leaves of Anemone rupicola Camb. Morphology was studied by using the features like margins, shape, length, width, surface and so forth. For anatomical examination leaves were preserved in formalin acetic alcohol (FAA) and cutting the thin section of leaves and petiole with razor blade. Macroscopic characters of powdered drug were evaluated through organoleptic method. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Anemone rupicola Camb. was performed by Agar well diffusion method. The powder microscopic study showed epidermal cells, trichomes, various type of tracheids, pitted vessels, and sclerenchymatous fibers. Transverse cutting of leaves and petiole revealed the presence of different cells such as epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma cells, aerenchyma, collenchyma, trichomes, and vascular bundles. The investigation of phytochemicals in distilled water, methanol and in ethanol solvent indicated the presence of various secondary compounds such as phenols, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins, and flavonoids. The methanolic extract of Anemone rupicola Camb. has potential as an antimicrobial agent. However, further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety. This study can be used as powerful tool for the identification and authentication of this plant. For the purity and quality control these results will be helpful tool. This will also shed light into new areas where researchers can intervene in developing new drugs for future use. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Morphological Features of the Anemone rupicola Anatomical examination of leaves of Anemeone rupicola Microscopic features of powdered drug of leaves of Anemone rupicola Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Anemone rupicola.

Investigate the Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Cladophora glomerata

Investigate the Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Cladophora glomerata

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Some Plant Species Growing in Turkiye: Verbascum lydium Boiss. var. lydium Boiss., Euphorbia anacampseros Boiss. var. tmolea M.S. Khan., Rosa pisiformis subsp. pisiformis (Christ) D. Sosn., Stachys tmolea Boiss. subsp. tmolea and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott

Abstract
 The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emerged as a critical global public health issue, necessitating the exploration of alternative measures to combat infectious diseases. Traditional medicinal plants have been long recognized for their potential in providing natural compounds with antimicrobial properties for various therapeutic purposes. The diverse plant biodiversity in Turkey offers a promising potential for the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts from several endemic and non-endemic plant species against various microorganisms. The endemic species included Verbascum lydium Boiss. var. lydium (stem), Euphorbia anacampseros var. tmolea Boiss. (root), Stachys tmolea subsp. tmolea Boiss. (leaves and stem), Rosa pisiformis subsp. pisiformis (fruit, petiole, root, leaves), while non-endemic species were represented by cultivated Aronia melanocarpa (fruit). In this research, the effectiveness of V. lydium, E. anacampseras, R. pisiformis (all tested parts) and A. melanocarpa (fruits) were demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methanolic extracts of the roots and leaves of R. pisiformis showed the most promising bioactivity with a MIC value of 62.5 µg mL-1 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa among all tested extracts. In addition, the results showed that antimicrobial bioactivities were observed for Candida parapsilosis, C. glabrata and Klebsiella pneumoniae for V. lydium; S. tmolea and R. pisiformis with MIC values of 31.5 µg mL-1 per each. The findings of this study could provide valuable information for future research into the use of Turkish plants for pharmacological purposes, public health and traditional medicine applications.

Comparative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of Hairy roots and wild roots from Aerva javanica (Burm.f) Juss. ex Schult against selected pathogenic microorganisms

Transformed root culture in Aerva javanica was investigated for amassing of alkaloids. Leaves of A. javanica were used as establishing material for induction of hairy roots via the Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 strain. Three hairy root lines from leaf explants upon growth kinetics were attained. Maceration method was used for preparation of different extracts viz. chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The extracts were examined against human bacterial pathogens by agar well diffusion method. According to our results, methanol extracts of hairy roots showed a significant antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens particularly Pseudomonas aerogenes (19.29 ± 0.23mm) followed by Bacillus subtilis (18.49 ± 0.43mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (18.49 ± 0.68mm) rather than wild root extract. Methanol extracts of hairy root sample inhibited pathogen development better than other extracts and also than wild root extracts. Phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, sugars and glycosides found only in methanol extract of A. javanica hairy roots. The results revealed that methanol extract of A. javanica hairy roots has potential activity than the other extracts as well as standard drugs (Spreptomycin). Further studies are needed related to pharmacological activities.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Methanolic fraction of Shea nut on selected Skin Pathogens and Characterization of the Bioactive Compounds

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa nut against dermatophytes and characterize its bioactive compounds. Isolates used in this study were Candida albican ATCC14503, Trichophyton rubrum ATCC28188, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC9533 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25925. Antimicrobial assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out using agar plug, agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. Bioactive compounds were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, tanins and saponins as active phytoconstituents of V. paradoxa's antimicrobial activity. Methanolic extract at 200 mg/ml showed mean clear zone of 25.0 mm and 29.0 mm against S. aureus and C. albican respectively. For T. rubrum, no growth observed after 14 days while T. mentagrophyte showed radial growth at day 12 of incubation. Highest activity of standard antibiotics against S. aureus was obtained with Meropenem (25.0 mm). Griseofulvin, itraconazole and fluconazole at 150, 25 and 100 mg/ml respectively inhibited T. rubrum while for T. mentagrophyte, at 350, 25 and 200 mg/ml respectively after 14 days incubation. MIC for S. aureus and C. albican were observed at 150 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. T. rubrum and T. mentagrophyte in comparison to conventional antifungals revealed Itraconazole among other antifungals exhibited lowest MIC value (25 mg/ml) against both fungi. However, MIC for extract was recorded at 150 mg/ml against T. rubrum while T. mentagrophyte did not indicate any MIC effect. Some bioactive compounds present in extract includes, E- 15 Heptadecenal, possess antifungal activity, Methyl palmitate possess anti-inflammatory, Palmitic acid possesses antifungal activities. The species of dermatophytes used in this present study has never been reported. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Dermatophytes, Bioactive, Antibiotics, Antifungal

Antimicrobial and biocompatibility nature of methanol extract of Lannea coromandelica bark and edible coating film preparation for fruit preservation

This research was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Lannea coromandelica bark against fruit damage causing microbes such as fungi: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and Trichoderma sp. The bacteria: such as Chromobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Erwinia sp., Flavobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Xanthomonas sp. was investigated. Furthermore, their biocompatibility nature was determined through animal (rat) model study and their fruit preserving potential was determined by edible coating preparation with chitosan and other substances. Interestingly, the extract showed dose dependent (1000 μg mL−1) activity against these microbes in the following order: Enterobacter sp. (26.4 ± 1.5) > Chromobacter sp. (25.4 ± 1.6) > Pseudomonas sp. (24.5 ± 1.3) > Flavobacterium sp. (24.3 ± 1.4) > Xanthomonas sp. (23.6 ± 1.6) > Erwinia sp. (23.6 ± 1.6) > Lactobacillus sp. (19.6 ± 1.3). Similarly, the antifungal activity was found as Penicillium sp. (32.6 ± 1.3) > Cladosporium sp. (32.6 ± 1.5) > Alternaria sp. (30.3 ± 1.2) > Aspergillus sp. (29.9 ± 1.8) > Botrytis sp. (29.8 ± 1.2) > Fusarium sp. (28.6 ± 1.5) > Trichoderma sp. (19.8 ± 1.4) > Phytophthora sp. (16.2 ± 1.1). The acute toxicity and histopathological study results revealed that the extract possesses biocompatible in nature. The illumination transmittance and active functional groups involved in interaction among test methanol extract and chitosan investigated by UV–vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses and found average light transmittance and few vital functional groups accountable for optimistic interaction to creak edible coating. Approximately four (set I-IV) treatment sets were prepared, and it was discovered that all of the coated Citrus maxima fruit quality characteristics including total soluble solids (TSS), weight loss (%), pH of fruit pulp juice, and decay percentage were significantly (p>0.05) better than uncoated fruit.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of a herbal mixture

Due to adverse effects of using allopathic medicines, the use and search for pharmaceuticals made from plants has increased recently. A mixture of herbal extracts known as “Chukku Kashaya” is widely used as home remedy in Kerala for respiratory disorders. Additionally, it relieves cold and fever symptoms. The present investigation focused on evaluating the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts obtained by soxhlet extraction of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Plectranthus amboinicus and fruits of Piper nigrum and rhizome of Zingiber officinalae and their combination in equal ratios and their activity was determined using agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive), Klebsiella pneumoniae (gram negative), and Pseudomonas aeruginosae (gram negative). Streptomycin was used as positive control. Zingiber officinalae showed maximum zone of inhibition against all the bacteria and herbal mixture showed moderate zone of inhibition. The mixture was more active than Ocimum tenuiflorum , Piper nigrum and Plectranthus amboinicus. Staphylococcus aureus was shown to be the most sensitive to all the extracts and herbal mixtures, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the least activity. Though Z.officinalae has higher antimicrobial activity, there is limited literature support to prove its activity against fever, cold and other symptoms of respiratory tract infections. Z.officinalae is mainly used for GI related disorders. This herbal blend is more efficient because it includes of O.tenuiflorum : having antipyretic, analgesic and voice improving activity ; P.amboinicus: providing relief from cough, asthma, bronchitis and other symptoms of respiratory tract infections; P. nigrum which can improve appetite and digestion .

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Flower Extract of Leucas Indica

İn this study, the antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of flowers of Leucas indica was investigated by using agar well diffusion method against selected ten bacterial species (Pseudomonas (MTCC 424), Corynebacterium (MTCC 1349), Spingomonas (MTCC 6362), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Bacillus licheniformis (MTCC 429), Bacillus coagulans (MTCC 5856), Streptococcus (MTCC 9724), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 452), E. coli (MTCC 443), and Staphyloccus (MTCC 3160). Among the ten bacterial species studied, the flower extract at concentrations of 20µg and 40µg showed antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli, Streptococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Spingomonas, Staphyloccus and Corynebacterium respectively.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antiquorum Sensing Potential of Methanol Extract and Essential Oil from Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae).

The evolution of microbes in response to conventional antimicrobials leads to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR), and it is a global threat to public health. Natural products are possible solutions to this massive challenge. In this study, the potential of Acanthus polystachyus extracts was investigated for phytochemical composition and biological properties as antimicrobials. Gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract (ME) and essential oil (EO) detected 79 and 20 compounds, respectively. The major compounds identified in ME and their abundance were β-sitosterol acetate (16.06%), cholest-5-en-3-yl (9Z)-9-octadecenoate (9.54%), 1-dodecanol (7.57%), (S)-(E)-(-)-4-acetoxy-1-phenyl-2-dodecen-1-one (6.03%), neophytadiene (5.7%), (E)-2-nonadecene (3.9%), hexanol-4-D2 (2.92%), and decane (2.4%). Most compounds have known bioactive functions. In EO, the major compounds were stearyl alcohol (25.38%); cis-9-tetradecenoic acid, isobutyl ester (22.95%); butyl 9-tetradecenoate (10.62%); 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (10.14%); ginsenol (3.48%); and diisooctyl phthalate (2.54%). All compounds are known to be bioactive. The antioxidant activity of ME and EO ranged from 48.3 to 84.2% radical scavenging activity (RSA) and 45.6 to 82% RSA, respectively, with dose dependency. The disc diffusion assay for the antimicrobial activity of ME revealed high inhibition against Acenetobacter baumannii (130.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (100.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (87.7%). The MIC, MBC/MFC, and MBIC values for ME were 0.5-1.0, 2-4, and 0.5-1.0 mg/mL and for EO were 0.31-0.62, 1.25-2.5, and 0.31-0.62 μL/mL, respectively, indicating inhibition potential as well as inhibition of biofilm formation. The tolerance test values indicated bactericidal activity against most strains and bacteriostatic/fungistatic activity against A. baumannii, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. The antiquorum sensing activity of ME achieved by pyocyanin inhibition assay on P. aeruginosa showed a 51.6% inhibition at 500 μg/mL. These results suggest that ME and EO derived from A. polystachyus leaves are potent, valuable, cost-effective antioxidants and antimicrobials. Both extracts may effectively combat pathogenic and resistant microbes.

Phytochemical Composition, In vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanol extract of Cheese Wood (Alstonia boonei) Leaves collected from Benin City, Nigeria

Phytochemical Composition, In vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanol extract of Cheese Wood (Alstonia boonei) Leaves collected from Benin City, Nigeria

Bio-Stimulant for Improving Simmondsia chinensis Secondary Metabolite Production, as Well as Antimicrobial Activity and Wound Healing Abilities.

Simmondsia chinensis is a dioecious, long-lived perennial shrub. Its leaves contain several antioxidant flavonoids that have numerous pharmacological effects. Various strategies have been explored to propagate jojoba with enhanced pharmacological values. This research evaluates the bio-stimulatory impacts of He-Ne laser seed irradiation on seed germination, plantlet growth, and alteration of the composition and bioactivities of phytochemicals in jojoba plants. Jojoba seeds were irradiated for 5, 10, and 15 min before in vitro germination. Germination, growth, and multiplication parameters were recorded during germination, multiple-shoot induction, and rooting stages. The wound healing and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts from plant lines obtained from the non-irradiated (control) and 10 min irradiated seeds were compared by excision wound model in Wistar male rats and zone of inhibition assay. Our study revealed that laser irradiation increased seed germination, with the highest percentage observed in seeds irradiated for 10 min. Plant lines from the 10 min irradiated seeds produced more explants with higher explant heights and numbers of leaves, more roots, and higher photosynthetic pigment contents than those of control and other laser testings. By comparing plant extracts from the control and 10 min treatments, we observed that extracts from the 10 min treatment exhibited higher percentages of wound contraction and shorter epithelialization periods. In addition, these extracts also resulted in higher levels of angiogenesis elements (VEGF, TGF-β1, and HIF-1α) and reduced the inflammation regulators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NFκB) in the experimental rats. In concordance, extracts from the 10 min treatment also explained raised antibacterial activities towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Our findings show that pre-sowing seed treatment with a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) could be a good technique for stimulating S. chinensis plant growth and increasing the impact compound levels and biological activities.

Qualitative Phytochemistry, Antioxidant potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Rungia repens from Akola Region (MS), India

Rungia repens is a common Acanthaceae member growing mostly in agricultural wastelands. This plant is noted to have febrifuge, antitussive, and vermifuge properties. The qualitative phytochemical study of the leaves and stem of R. repens showed that the plant is rich in phytochemical composition. The chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, cardiac glycosides, and steroids in the methanolic extract of this plant. The DPPH and FRAP assay showed that the plant parts have significant antioxidant potential. The disc diffusion of the methanolic extract of this plant reveals its antimicrobial activity. Thus, it is stated that the plant has significant antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

New Evidence for Artemisia absinthium as an Alternative to Classical Antibiotics: Chemical Analysis of Phenolic Compounds, Screening for Antimicrobial Activity.

Artemisia absinthium, an important herb of the Artemisia genus, was evaluated in this study for its potential as an alternative to classical antibiotics. The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of A. absinthium (MEAA) was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, revealing that A. absinthium exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to analyze the chemical profile of the MEAA, with a focus on flavonoids, quinic acids, and glucaric acids. A total of 90 compounds were identified, 69 of which were described for the first time in A. absinthium. Additionally, a new class of caffeoyl methyl glucaric acids was identified. The main active compounds were quantified and screened for antimicrobial activity. A. absinthium was found to be rich in quinic acids and flavonoids. The screening for antimicrobial activity also revealed that salicylic acid, caffeic acid, casticin, and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid had varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. The acute toxicity of MEAA was examined following OECD guidelines. The administration of 5000 mg/kg bw of MEAA did not result in mortality in male and female mice. Furthermore, there were no observed effects on the visceral organs or general behavior of the mice, demonstrating the good safety of MEAA. This study provides new evidence for the use of A. absinthium as an alternative to classical antibiotics in addressing the problem of bacterial resistance.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium guajava (Pomifera and Pyrifera) Aqueous Leaf Extract Varieties’

Aims: Psidium guajava (Pomifera (red) and Pyrifera (white)) is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of P. guajava (Pomifera (Red) and Pyrifera (White) leave varieties were investigated.
 Methodology: The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents and antioxidant capacities in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, were determined, and the correlations among the results were assessed. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through agar disc diffusion assays.
 Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the extracts had alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids in different abundances. The aerial part- (Pomifera (red) and Pyrifera (white)) extract contained 106.502.97 and 122.072.73 mg/g in QAE phenolic content, 2650.6527.48 and 2486.829.10 mg/g in RE of flavonoids, 17.860.19 and 10.160.07 mg/g in TAE of Tannins, 69.500.14 and 10.500.01 alkaloid content, and 7.25.500.11 and 17.750.09 saponin content and displayed significant antioxidant capacity in the DPPH (IC50 = 52.17 ± 7.30 μg/mL) assay. By contrast, the P. guajava Pyrifera (white) extract contained high amounts of TPC (87.72 ± 7.75 mg GAE/g) and TFC (25.60 ± 1.57 mg QE/g). The leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against highest activity was observed against E. Coli, S.E, and S. aureus (14, 15, and 16) respectively. GC-MS revealed presence of Sesquiterpenes, terpenes, and triterpenes. The leaves also contain vitamins of measurable amounts. Generally, the extracts evaluated showed potent antifungal activity against selected bacterial strains.
 Conclusion: The results showed that P. guajava (Pomifera (red) and Pyrifera (white)) possesses different phytochemicals displaying significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, thus lending credence to its use in traditional medicine.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Schinus molle linens

The majority of the world population prepares medicines from plants to cure diseases. Schinus molle linens is a multipurpose plant that has been used for various remedies as constituents of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of methanol extract and solvent fraction extracts of the stem bark of Schinus molle. Powder of Schinus molle was extracted with methanol by using the maceration method and the fractions were obtained by successive fractionation of the methanol extract with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent fraction extract was tested against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and C. albicans at a concentration of 90.0, 180.0, and 900.0 μg/ mL. The crude methanol extract and chloroform fraction exhibited greater activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The n-hexane and n-butanol fractions showed the least activity against most test bacteria and fungi. The study showed that it is possible to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi at different concentrations.

In vitro Hypoglycemic Effect and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extract of Underutilized Leafy Vegetable (Ipomoea batatas leaf)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by major derangements in glucose metabolism and abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes and infection are among the serious health challenges. This study evaluated the in vitro and hypoglycemic effect and antimicrobial properties of methanol extract of Ipomoea batatas leaf. The antimicrobial activity was done using agar disc diffusion methods and the in vitro hypoglycemic activity was done using Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory activities assay, Lipase activity assay, Glucose absorption Capacity assay, Glucose diffusion retardation Index. The result of the percentage alpha glucosidase inhibition ranged from 35.70 to 56.33%. The percentage alpha amylase inhibition ranged from 40.96 to 65.15%. The extract showed significant (p<0.05) dose dependent inhibition of alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. The extract possess inhibition of lipase activity with percentage inhibition ranging from 72.35 to 81.57%. Though there was non-significant (p<0.05) difference in the various concentrations of the extract on inhibition of lipase activity. The result of the glucose absorption capacity (0.30 to 2.25) was observed to be dose dependent. The glucose diffusion retardation index was time dependent. The antimicrobial susceptibility screening of extracts showed a zone of inhibition that ranged from 2.70 to 15.73mm. The study showed that Ipomoea batatas leaf could be used in the treatment and management of diabetes and infections.

Chemical Characterization and Several Bioactivities of Cladanthus mixtus from Morocco

The purpose of this work was to investigate, for the first time to our knowledge, the chemical composition and bioactivity of methanolic extracts (roots, stems, leaves, and flowers) from Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. that grows wild in northern Morocco (the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region). The phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by spectrophotometer methods, and the composition of derivatized methanolic extracts from C. mixtus using N-O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was carried out by applying the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests. The micro-dilution technique was chosen to investigate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts against two bacterial strains and three fungal species. The results showed that the values of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be higher in flower extracts (30.55 ± 0.85 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dried weight (DW) and 26.00 ±1.34 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/g DW, respectively). Other groups of chemical compounds were revealed by GC-MS, such as carbohydrates (27.25-64.87%), fatty acids (1.58-9.08%), organic acids (11.81-18.82%), and amino acids (1.26-7.10%). Root and flower methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using ABTS (39.49 mg of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DW) and DPPH (36.23 mg TE/g DW), respectively. A positive correlation between antioxidant activity and polyphenol and flavonoid amounts was found. Antibacterial tests showed that the best activity was presented by the leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) = 20 mg/mL) and Escherichia coli (MIC of 30 mg/mL and MBC of 35 mg/mL). S. aureus was more sensitive to the extracts compared to E. coli. All extracts showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum, with the best efficacy reported by the flower and leaf extracts (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) = 2.5 mg/mL). In general, extracts of C. mixtus appeared less effective against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts from Adonis paryadrica (Ranunculaceae) – a critically endangered endemic species growing in the Turkish flora

This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract obtained from flower, leaf and root sections of endemic Adonis paryadrica (Boiss.) Kandemir & Aytaç stat. nova. naturally growing in the Turkish flora. The most efficient total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents were obtained from leaf extract at 21.24 mg GAEs (gallic acid equivalent)/g dw and 54.97 mg REs (rutin equivalent)/g dw, respectively. Among the three different sections of this plant, leaf extracts showed the highest Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Power (CUPRAC) effect with 80.28 µmol TEs (trolox equivalent)/g dw. From the three different sections, the methanol extract of the leaf parts demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with a 16.1 mm zone diameter. These valuable and current findings from these precious plants, which constitute natural resources in terms of biodiversity, contribute innovative information to the literature on endemic plant species.

Do Different Substrates Affect Antioxidant Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus?

Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of growing media on antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of Pleurotus ostreatus(Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. In the study, growing substrates were prepared with five tree sawdust (80%) and waste (20% Tea Waste or Wheat Bran) at different ratios (80% Sawdust + 20% TW, 80% Sawdust + 20% GW). The antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts from 19 P. ostreatus against microorganisms were tested by agar well diffusion technique. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. It was observed that the addition of 20% tea waste in the substrate had a positive effect on antimicrobial activity. It was determined that the methanol extract of mushrooms obtained from the 80QS+20TW substrate was the most effective extract against to all of microorganisms investigated in this study. Significant differences (P

Evaluation of DNA Protective and Antimicrobial Properties of some Cladonia Species

The present study evaluated the DNA protective properties and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts of nine Cladonia species, namely C. pocillum, C. subulata, C. pyxidata, C. coniocraea, C. foliacea, C. firma, C. furcata, C. fimbriata and C. rangiformis collected in Turkey. DNA protection properties efficiency of Cladonia extracts was evaluated using pBR322 plasmid DNA. In vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis), three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis) and two fungal strains (Candida glabrata and Candida albicans) were examined using the disc diffusion method and through the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). DNA protective studies, all Cladonia extracts protected pBR322 plasmid DNA against damage caused by the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with ultraviolet (UV). The results demonstrated that the inhibition zones in the disc diffusion method ranged from 6.5 to 19.0 mm. MIC results were ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL. Cladonia extracts show a better antimicrobial effect against bacterial strains than fungal strains. The highest antimicrobial effect among lichen species was demonstrated by Cladonia pocillum. Our results demonstrated that tested Cladonia extracts had strong antibacterial and DNA protective effects. This is the first comprehensive study to evaluate the DNA protective properties activity of Cladonia extracts.