Antihypertensive Activity Research Articles

Solvent-free MALI-MGRE Procedure for Synthesizing 1,4-thiazolidin-4- one MALI (Mercaptoacetic Acid Looking Imine) MGRE (Mechanical Grinding Reaction Equipment).

1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones are heterocycles whose importance in the pharmaceutical market has already been established. Many of these synthetic derivatives, which contain a thiazolidinone nucleus, are currently used in various commercial formulations or are already in clinical trials for the treatment of disease for their anticonvulsant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic activities in addition to their activity against Streptomyces. 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones are produced mainly by cyclo condensation between an imine (generated in situ by the reaction of an aldehyde with an amine) and α-mercaptoacetic acid, known as the MALI (Mercaptoacetic Acid Looking Imine) reaction. A solvent-free methodology was developed to synthesize a 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one family by the MALI reaction. An apparatus was developed to grind a solid-liquid mixture of anilines, benzaldehydes and thioglycolic acid to activate the reaction. This apparatus was named MGRE (mechanical grinding reaction equipment). Substituted aniline 2 (4 mmol), substituted benzaldehyde 1 (4 mmol) and thioglycolic acid 3 (12 mmol) were placed in a mortar. The reagents were macerated using the MGRE at room temperature for a specified time period. At the end of the reaction, the product was poured into ice, the precipitate formed was neutralized (with 5% NaHCO3), and the solution was extracted in ethyl acetate and dried in MgSO4. The solid was recrystallized from MeOH/H2O. The developed MGRE is a modification of a rod used in a mechanical stirrer. This adaptation is inexpensive and simple in construction, and it enables reactions to occur over long periods of time that would be exhaustive for manual grinding. Fifteen (1,3) thiazolidin-4-ones were produced. The products were synthesized using the solvent-free MALI-MGRE procedure. The MALI-MGRE methodology developed to produce 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones showed a good reaction scope, has an easy work-up and is solvent-free. Consequently, MALI-MGRE is classified as a green methodology. An innovation of this study is the construction of the MGRE, which involves modifying the rod in a mechanical stirrer. The equipment is easy and inexpensive to construct and may be useful for various reactions involving grinding.

Antihypertensive Effect of Kolaviron, a Bioflavonoid From Garcinia kola, in L-NAME Induced Hypertension in Rats

The antihypertensive effect of Kolaviron (KV) has been demonstrated in ethanol- and sucrose-model of hypertension in our previous studies. However, there remains a need to further confirm and validate this effect in other models of hypertension. This study was devised to appraise the antihypertensive action of KV in N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced experimental format of hypertension. Thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. Group I represents the control group while Group II animals received L-NAME 40 mg/kg only. Groups III to V animals received L-NAME 40 mg/kg and 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg KV, respectively. Group VI animals received L-NAME 40 mg/kg and 0.14 mg/kg Lisinopril (LIS). Treatment was done orally for 28 days after which blood pressure was determined via the invasive method. After this, vital organs and blood were retrieved for analysis. KV and LIS elicited significant contraction ( P < .01-.001) in blood pressure producing up to 27%, 24%, and 22% reduction in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure, respectively. In addition, KV elicited a notable rise ( P < .05-.001) in catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase in the blood and vital organs. Results from this study further demonstrate and confirm that KV possesses notable blood pressure-lowering effect possibly through its well-documented antioxidant effect. Additional studies are advocated to validate the results from this study and determine the precise mechanism for the antihypertensive action of KV.

In vitro antihypertensive activity by bioactive components of Andean grains

In vitro antihypertensive activity by bioactive components of Andean grains

Formulation and Characterisation of Cilnidipine Microsponge Loaded Hydrogels for Antihypertensive Activity

Background: Owing to presystemic metabolism following oral drug delivery, most antihypertensive medications have a low bioavailability. Cilnidipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat mild to moderate hypertension. Cilnidipine's bioavailability is reduced by 13% due to substantial presystemic metabolism. Objective: The study aimed to fabricate non-irritant and stable microsponge-based hydrogel to enhance the bioavailability of cilnidipine, a weakly water-soluble medication. In addition, the goal was to enhance the permeation rate and retention time at the site of application. Methods: Formulation was developed by using a two-level factorial design with Design Expert software version 13 (14-day free trial). Microsponges were formulated by the emulsion solvent diffusion method, followed by evaluating responses, such as particle size, percentage entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and surface morphology. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed. Viscosity, swelling behaviour, spreadability, in vitro diffusion, skin irritancy using Wistar albino rats, and in vitro permeation using goat skin were assessed, and stability studies were performed after incorporating the finest formulation into the gel base. Results: Fabricated microsponges were found to be within the required micro dimensions having the necessary porous morphology as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy studies. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 75-88%. The extended medicament release duration of up to 8 hours was observed. The diffusion data showed controlled release, as demonstrated by Higuchi’s plot. In vitro permeation studies displayed enhanced medicament retention and permeation rate at the site of application. Conclusion: The fabricated microsponge drug delivery system was found to be stable, non-irritant, and having enhanced permeation rate and retention time.

Aroma characterization and in vitro antihypertensive activity of Amazonian Camu-camu ( Myrciaria dubia) fruit

The Amazonian fruit known as camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) has recently attracted attention due to its sensory and biofunctional properties. A sensomics methodology was used to identify the odour-active volatiles of the whole fruit (pulp and peel) by using solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE), analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and sensory evaluation (aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA)) techniques. Four odour-active volatile compounds were reported at concentrations above the odour-activity values: isoamyl acetate, α-pinene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene. Recombination aroma testing further verified that the compounds contributed to the fruity, herbal, citrus, and woody notes of the M. dubia fruit. Furthermore, the fruit in vitro ACE-I inhibition activity was 39.48 ± 12.09 % (at 50 mg/mL, using lisinopril as positive control), showing a potential use as a functional food.

Antihypertensive activity of Moringa oleifera seeds hydroalcoholic extract on high sodium diet-induced hypertension in Wistar Rat

Our objective was to study the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera seeds on high blood pressure in Wistar rat. After 21 days of a high sodium diet, the value of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased from 87. 2 ± 1.96 / 58 ± 0.89 mm to 200.8 ± 0.49 /151.2 ± 1.2 mm Hg (p < 0.05). Administered orally, the extract reduces the high blood pressure of hypertensive rats. It returns to its normal value after 19 days for the control batch, versus 9, 6, and 3 days for the animals treated with the extract at doses 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The extract also has a diuretic activity; the 24 h urinary volume increases from 4.8 ± 0.14 ml in control group, versus 6.85 ± 0.1, 8.3 ± 0.13 and 10.7 ± 0.5 ml in groups treated with the extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05), while natriuresis increases from 2.06 ± 0.05 mEq/L in control group, versus 2.92 ± 0.05; 6.82 ± 0.11 and 10.73 ± 0.17 mEq/L in animals treated with the extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05). In vitro, it relaxes the isolated aorta contracted with norepinephrine at the concentration of 10-5 M in the bath, with EC50 equal to 2.06 mg/ml (p < 0.05). These results show that the hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera seeds has antihypertensive activity through its diuretic and vasodilator effects.

Antihypertensive activity of Moringa oleifera seeds hydroalcoholic extract on high sodium diet-induced hypertension in Wistar Rat

Antihypertensive activity of Moringa oleifera seeds hydroalcoholic extract on high sodium diet-induced hypertension in Wistar Rat

Development of lentil peptides with potent antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic activities along with umami taste.

Lentil peptides have shown promising bioactive properties regarding the antioxidant activity and also inhibitory activity of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE). Sequential hydrolysis of proteins has shown a higher degree of hydrolysis with enhanced antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities. The lentil protein concentrate (LPC) was sequentially hydrolyzed using Alcalase and Flavourzyme at 2% w/w. The hydrolysate (LPH) was cross-linked (LPHC) or sonicated (LPHUS) and sequentially cross-linked (LPHUSC). Amino acid profile, molecular weight (MW) distribution, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (RSA; 7mg/mL), ACE (0.1-2mg/mL), α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activities (10-500 μg/mL), and umami taste were determined. The highest DPPH RSA was obtained for LPH (68.75%), followed by LPHUSC (67.60%), and LPHUS (67.49%) while the highest ABTS RSA values were obtained for LPHC (97.28%) and LPHUSC (97.20%). Cross-linking and sonication led to the improvement of the ACE-inhibitory activity so that LPHUSC and LPHC had IC50 values of 0.23 and 0.27 mg/mL, respectively. LPHC and LPHUSC also indicated higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 of1.2 and 1.23 mg/mL) compared to LPH (IC50 of1.74 mg/mL) and LPHUS (IC50 of1.75 mg/mL) whilethe IC50 value of acarbose indicated 0.51 mg/mL. Moreover, LPHC and LPHUSC exhibited higher α-amylase inhibitory activities (IC50 of 1.35 and 1.16 mg/mL) than LPHUS (IC50 of 1.95 mg/mL), and LPH (IC50 of 2.51 mg/mL) while acarbose had an IC50 value of 0.43 mg/mL. Umami taste analysis revealed that LPH and LPHC due to MW of 1.7 and 2.3kDa and also high umami amino acids could be well considered as representative of meaty and umami analog flavors while indicating stronger antioxidant, antihypertension, and antidiabetic attributes.

Two Novel Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptides from Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Bran Protein.

To realize the high-value utilization of rice byproducts, the rice bran protein hydrolysate was separated and purified by ultrafiltration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), then the sequences of peptides were identified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and their molecular docking analysis and activities in vitro and in the cell were carried out. Two novel peptides FDGSPVGY (840.3654 Da) and VFDGVLRPGQ (1086.582 Da) were obtained with IC50 values of 0.079 mg/mL (94.05 μM) and 0.093 mg/mL (85.59 μM) on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro, respectively. Molecular docking results showed that two peptides interacted with ACE receptor protein through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc. Through the EA.hy926 cells, it was found that FDGSPVGY and VFDGVLRPGQ could promote the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reduce the content of ET-1 to achieve the effect of antihypertension. In conclusion, the peptides from rice bran protein exhibited significant antihypertension activity and may be expected to realize the high-value utilization of rice byproducts.

Optimization and In Vitro Characterization of Telmisartan Loaded Sodium Alginate Beads and Its In Vivo Efficacy Investigation in Hypertensive Induced Animal Model.

Antihypertensive drug telmisartan (TEL) belongs to BCS class II, which is characterized by low water solubility and, consequently, low oral bioavailability. Gastroretentive systems may overcome the problems associated with low solubility of TEL and incomplete absorption by localizing the drug release in the stomach. The purpose of this study was to prepare TEL-loaded, oil-entrapped, floating alginate beads with the intent of enhancing the oral bioavailability of TEL for the treatment of hypertension. For the formulation and optimization of seventeen formulations of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped floating alginate beads, a central composite design was utilized. The concentration of sodium alginate (X1), the concentration of cross-linker (X2), and the concentration of sesame oil (X3) served as independent variables, whereas the entrapment efficiency (Y1), in vitro buoyancy (Y2), and drug release Q6h (Y3) served as dependent variables. Using the emulsion gelation method and calcium chloride as the cross-linking agent, different formulations of TEL alginate beads were produced. All formulations were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, and in vitro drug release. The optimal formulation of TEL alginate beads was prepared with and without oil and evaluated for entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, swelling ratio, average size, and in vitro drug release. Using scanning electron microscopes, the surface morphology was determined. Using IR spectroscopy, the compatibility between the ingredients was determined. In vivo evaluation of the optimized formulation in comparison to the free TEL was done in hypertension-induced rats, and the systolic blood pressure and all pharmacokinetic parameters were measured. The prepared beads exhibited a high entrapment efficiency percentage, in vitro buoyancy, and prolonged drug release. TEL was compatible with other ingredients, as approved by IR spectroscopy. The prepared TEL beads were spherical, as shown by the SEM. The relative bioavailability of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped beads was 222.52%, which was higher than that of the pure TEL suspension. The prepared TEL beads formulation exhibited a higher antihypertensive effect for a prolonged time compared to pure TEL suspension. It can be concluded that this innovative delivery method of TEL-loaded oil-entrapped beads is a promising tool for enhancing drug solubility and, thus, oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, resulting in enhanced patient compliance. Furthermore, the in vivo study confirmed the formulation's extended anti-hypertensive activity in animal models.

Synthesis and Analgesic Activity of 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-3Hquinazolin-4-one (4) and 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro1H-quinazolin-4-one (3) Via N-(3- methoxyphenyl)-methyl dithiocarbamic acid (2).

Introduction: 4(3H)-quinazolinone rings have been reported to possess different biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antiviral, anticancer. These activities also include antihypertensive, diuretic, antimicrobial, pesticidal, anticonvulsant, anaesthetic and sedative activities, anti-malarial, and anti-diabetic. Methods/Experimental: The compound, 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro1H-quinazolin-4-one (3) was synthesized by dissolving Methyl anthranilate and N-(3- methoxyphenyl)-methyl dithiocarbamic acid in ethanol and anhydrous potassium carbonate and refluxed for 23 h and re-precipitated by treating with dilute hydrochloric. When tested for their in vitro analgesic activity using acetic acid induced induced writhing in mice, the compounds had Analgesic activity. Result: The compounds exhibited significant analgesic activity in the range of 74.67 - 83.80% in comparison to control. Conclusions: From our findings, the compounds synthesized have higher analgesic activities as compared to the standard analgesic drug.

Camu Camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh): An Amazonian Fruit with Biofunctional Properties-A Review.

Amazonian Camu camu fruit (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) has been called a "superfruit" due to its high levels of bioactive and antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamin C. The biofunctional properties of camu camu fruit (including pulp, peel, and seeds) have been well established through several in vitro and in vivo studies. Several reports confirmed the nutritious and biofunctional value of camu camu extracts or its food-derived products, exhibiting antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, and antiobesity activity, contributing to quality life improvement. Other studies showed antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antihepatotoxic, antihemolytic, antimutagenic, and cell rejuvenation bioactivities. This Review summarizes the bioactive profile of camu camu fruit through the understanding of some physiological modulation processes and its contribution to the Amazon bioeconomy under the development of biofunctional food ingredients exhibiting health benefits.

Mushroom-Based Supplements in Italy: Let's Open Pandora's Box.

Mushrooms and derivates are well known to the scientific community for having different health benefits and exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulating, neuroprotective and osteoprotective actions. In Europe, medical mushrooms are mainly marketed in the form of food supplements as single components or combined with other nutraceuticals. In this context, the first peculiarity that distinguishes it is the safety established through the "history of consumption" that characterizes that mushroom. However, the cultivation of medicinal mushrooms on a large scale is performed mainly in China, where most of the production facilities do not have internationally recognized good manufacturing practices, despite that many European companies that sell myotherapies are supplied by Chinese manufacturers. This is particularly evident in Italy, where an arsenal of mushroom products is marketed in the form of powders and extracts not always of ascertained origin and sometimes of doubtful taxonomic identification, and thus not meeting the quality criteria required. The growing interest in mycotherapy involves a strong commitment from the scientific community to propose supplements of safe origin and genetic purity as well as to promote clinical trials to evaluate its real effects on humans. The purpose of this research is to analyze different mushroom-based dietary supplements used in medicine as monotherapy on the Italian market and to evaluate their composition and quality. The molecular identification of the sequences with those deposited in GenBank allowed for identifying 6 out of 19 samples, matching with those deposited belonging to the species indicated in the label, i.e., Lentinula edodes (samples 1, 4, 12 and 18) and Ganoderma lucidum (samples 5 and 10). Samples containing Ganoderma, labeled in the commercial product as G. lucidum, showed sequences that showed homology of 100% and 99% with G. resinaceum and G. sichuanense. An additional investigation was carried out in order to determine the active fungal ingredients, such as ergosterol, aflatoxins, heavy metals, nicotine and total glucan. The results obtained and shown in the manuscript highlight how the data were not only in line with what is expected with respect to what is indicated in the labels.

Bioactive protein hydrolysates obtained from amaranth by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus species

Protein hydrolysates are a promising source of bioactive peptides. One strategy by which they can be obtained is fermentation. This method uses the proteolytic system of microorganisms to hydrolyze the parental protein. Fermentation is a little-explored method for obtaining protein hydrolysates from amaranth. Different strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus species isolated from goat milk, broccoli, aguamiel, and amaranth flour were used in this work. First, the total protein degradation (%TPD) of amaranth demonstrated by the strains was determined. The results ranged from 0 to 95.95%, the strains that produced a higher %TPD were selected. These strains were identified by molecular biology and were found to correspond to the genera Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Leuconostoc. Fermentation was carried out with amaranth flour and the selected strains. After this process, water/salt extracts (WSE) containing the released protein hydrolysates were obtained from amaranth doughs. The peptide concentration was measured by the OPA method. The antioxidant, antihypertensive and antimicrobial activity of the WSE was evaluated. In the FRAP test, the best WSE was LR9 with a concentration of 1.99 μMTE/L ± 0.07. In ABTS, 18C6 obtained the highest concentration with 19.18 μMTE/L ± 0.96. In the DPPH test, there was no significant difference. In terms of antihypertensive activity, inhibition percentages ranging from 0 to 80.65% were obtained. Some WSE were found to have antimicrobial properties against Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Fermentation of amaranth with LAB and Bacillus spp. allowed the release of protein hydrolysates with antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial activity.

Design and Characterization of a Cheese Spread Incorporating Osmundea pinnatifida Extract.

Marine algae have been emerging as natural sources of bioactive compounds, such as soluble dietary fibers and peptides, presenting special interest as ingredients for functional foods. This study developed a cheese spread incorporating red seaweed Osmundea pinnatifida extract and subsequently characterized it in terms of nutritional, pH, and microbiological parameters and bioactivities including prebiotic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities. This food was produced through incorporation of O. pinnatifida extract (3%), obtained via enzymatic extraction Viscozyme L in a matrix containing whey cheese (75%) and Greek-type yoghurt (22%). The product was then subjected to thermal processing and subsequently stored for 21 days at 4 °C. During storage, this food showed a high pH stability (variations lower than 0.2 units), the absence of microbial contamination and all tested bioactivities at the sampling timepoints 0 and 21 days. Indeed, it exerted prebiotic effects under Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5® and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12®, increasing their viability to around 4 and 0.5 log CFU/g, respectively. In addition, it displayed antidiabetic (α-glucosidase inhibition: 5-9%), antihypertensive (ACE inhibition: 50-57%), and antioxidant (ABTS: 13-15%; DPPH: 3-5%; hydroxyl radical: 60-76%) activities. In summary, the cheese spread produced may be considered an innovative food with high potential to contribute toward healthier status and well-being of populations.

Callyspongia spp.: Secondary Metabolites, Pharmacological Activities, and Mechanisms

One of the most widespread biotas in the sea is the sponge. Callyspongia is a sponge genus found in the seas, making it easily available. In this review, the pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of the secondary metabolites of Callyspongia spp. are addressed, which may lead to the development of new drugs and targeted therapeutic approaches. Several scientific databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Wiley Online Library, were mined to obtain relevant information. In the 41 articles reviewed, Callyspongia spp. was reported to possess pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (36%), antifungal (10%), anti-inflammatory (10%), immunomodulatory (10%), antidiabetic and antiobesity (6%), antimicrobial (8%), antioxidant (4%), antineurodegenerative (4%), antihypercholesterolemic (2%), antihypertensive (2%), antiparasitic (2%), antiallergic (2%), antiviral (2%), antiosteoporotic (2%), and antituberculosis (2%) activities. Of these, the antioxidant, antituberculosis, and anti-inflammatory activities of Callyspongia extract were weaker compared with that of the control drugs; however, other activities, particularly cytotoxicity, show promise, and the compounds responsible may be developed into new drugs.

Bioactive peptides derived from fermented foods: Preparation and biological activities

Bioactive peptides (BAPs) with potential health benefits are gaining popularity as people become more health-conscious. Fermented foods are produced through the vigorous metabolic activities of numerous microorganisms, which convert macromolecules in the food matrix into bioactive components, including BAPs. Access to endogenous BAPs in fermented foods reduces costs while simplifying isolation steps and provides a high-quality direct source of BAPs. Fermented foods-derived BAPs have been shown to have antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities; however, there is a lack of information on the production of BAPs through fermented foods, and a large number of BAPs resources in fermented foods have not been effectively explored. Therefore, this review introduces the current research status, preparation methods, biological functions, and digestive stability of BAPs in fermented foods, followed by a discussion of the shortcomings in current research and future directions to provide a foundation for applications of BAPs in fermented foods in the food and pharmaceutical fields.

Antihypertensive activity of Lugwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven (Onagraceae) hydro alcoholic extract on rat

Our objective was to study the activity of Ludwigia octovalvis hydro alcoholic extract in rats made experimentally hypertensive by a hypersodic diet. After 21 days of this diet, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of these animals increases to 200.1 ± 1.5 / 155.6 ± 1.5 mm Hg, respectively. Administered orally, the extract reduces this high blood pressure. The control group blood pressure returned to its normal value (113.2 ± 1.2/76.3 ± 1) mm Hg after 24 days, versus 9th, 15th and 19th days for animals treated with the extract at doses of 400, 200 and 100 mg / kg (P <0.05). It does not have any diuretic activity but relaxes the isolated aorta contracted with norepinephrine 10-4 M with an EC50 equal to 1.18 ± 0.02 mg/ml. These results indicate that Ludwigia octovalvis extract has an antihypertensive activity by its vasodilator property. The polyphenols, triterpenoids and flavonoids in the extract may be responsible for its hypotensive activity.

POTENTIALS OF THE CAT’S WHISKER PLANTS (Orthosiphon aristatus) FOR KIDNEY HEALTH

The cat's whisker plant (Orthosiphon stamineus) can be useful as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-microbial activity and has a diuretic effect. The leaves of the cat's whiskers are medicinal plants that contain flavonoid compounds. Cat whiskers plant can also be used to treat various types of diseases both empirically and clinically, including kidney stones. Kidney stones are a clinical disorder due to the blockage of the components of crystal stones that inhibit the work of the kidneys and can cause abnormalities in the urinary tract. Some constituent compounds that are usually found in kidney stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate (brusit), uric acid, cystine, struvite (MgNH4PO4), and wedelit (Bakta, 1995). Efforts to treat kidney stones by utilizing a variety of herbs as medicine, in this context by using a cat whiskers plant called Alternative Medicine, this is because herbal plants have minimal side effects in long-term use when used with the right indications and proportions, the price is also more affordable and easy to obtain. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and provide information on morphology, secondary metabolite content, and pharmacological activity of cat whiskers plants so that they can be used as a support for kidney health. This research is a study of literature or literature review is a type of research that collects, manages, uses, and reviews research data sourced from scientific research journals, previous research manuscripts, and textbooks that have relevance to the theme. The results of a literature search indicate that the cat's whisker plant can be beneficial for kidney health because the extract has diuretic activity and can modulate the excretion of sodium and potassium ions in the urine. The presence of flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds that play a role in diuresis activity, so this cat whiskers plant is efficacious in treating kidney stone disease because it has the effect of destroying kidney stones, reducing urine (diuretic) and anti-inflammatory (anti-inflammatory).

Formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion method based fast dissolving tablet of cilnidipine

Background: The objective of this work was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate for rapid onset of anti-hypertensive action of cilnidipine. Method: To enhance the solubility of cilnidipine solvent evaporation method was used. In solvent evaporation method polymer like HPMC, PVP K30, PEG 4000 and PEG 6000(for binary solid dispersion) and poloxamer 188(for ternary solid dispersion) were used in the different drug polymer ratio. Conclusion: Among them cilnidipine: HPMC: poloxamer 188 shows better solubility and also different physical characterization test like DSC and XRD. After selection of best ternary solid dispersion fast dissolving tablets of cilnidipine were prepared using direct compration method via using different super disintegrant.