Antihyperglycemic Activity Research Articles

Phytochemicals-linked food safety and human health protective benefits of the selected food-based botanicals.

Phytochemicals-rich food-based botanicals including traditional or under-utilized plant-based ingredients can serve a dual functional role to help counter food contamination of bacterial origin, while also addressing the rise of diet-linked non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes, chronic hypertension and the associated oxidative stress. Hence the screening of these food-based botanicals for their phenolic content and profile, as well as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertensive properties has relevant merit. Using in vitro assay models, hot water extracts of different forms (slice, pickle, or powder) of amla (Phyllanthus emblica), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), kokum (Garcinia indica), and garlic (Allium sativum) were analyzed for their total soluble phenolic content (TSP) and phenolic profile as well as antimicrobial activity against strains of Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli that are associated with food-borne disease outbreaks. In addition, the antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypertensive activity of the extracts were also determined using in vitro assay models, with the goal of establishing a dual functional role of the food safety and health protective benefits of these botanicals. A high baseline TSP content was observed in all the extracts and the major phenolic phytochemicals detected were gallic, cinnamic, ellagic, benzoic, dihydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, and p-coumaric acid along with catechin and rutin. All extracts displayed significant antimicrobial activity against most of the bacterial strains tested and the antimicrobial activity was specific for each strain targeted in this study. Furthermore, significant antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and antihypertensive activity were observed among the botanical extracts, especially among the amla and kokum extracts. These results indicate that phytochemicals enriched botanicals, including amla and kokum, can be integrated into modern-day food preservation and dietary support strategies aimed at improving the food safety and health protective benefits of the food matrix.

The most commonly used spices in Thai traditional medicine: in vitro evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, polyphenol content, and nitric oxide production inhibitory activities.

Diabetes mellitus is a persistent hyperglycemic condition. Thai cuisine and medicine incorporate spices: nutmeg, mace, clove buds, cardamom, cinnamon, and coriander. The in vitro impacts of these spices on anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and total phenolic and flavonoid content were assessed. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays were conducted. Antioxidant potential was measured through DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibiting nitric oxide generation in RAW 264.7 cells. Total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin Ciocalteu method, while total flavonoid content was estimated via the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of a blend of spices (Siam cardamom, nutmeg, mace, and clove buds), denoted as 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA, displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 0.373 and 0.435 mg/mL, respectively. 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA exhibited antioxidant activity, by ABTS·+ radical and DPPH scavenging capabilities. 4-GlurE demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential by reducing nitric oxide generation (IC50: 43.95 ± 2.47 μg/mL). 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA possessed total phenolic content (TPC) of 122.47 ± 1.12 and 148.72 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g, respectively. 4-GlurE exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (TFC) compared to the aqueous extract (340.33 ± 4.77 and 94.17 ± 3.36 mg QE/g). Cinnamon and clove aqueous extracts were more potent than acarbose in alpha-glucosidase inhibition with the highest antioxidant activity. Polyphenol levels (TPC and TFC) exhibited strong correlations with antioxidant capacity. Findings are consistent with the traditional use of 4-Glur, with cinnamon, for diabetes prevention and treatment.

Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a methanolic extract of Debregeasia salicifolia in Alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine syndrome characterized by high blood glucose levels due to abrogated insulin activity. The existing treatments for DM have side effects and varying degrees of efficacy. Therefore, it is paramount that novel approaches be developed to enhance the management of DM. Therapeutic plants have been accredited as having comparatively high efficacy with fewer adverse effects. The current study aims to elucidate the phytochemical profile, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic effects of methanolic extract D. salicifolia (leaves) in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally (150 mg kg-1, b.w), to induced diabetes in mice. The mice were divided into three groups (n=10). Group 1 (normal control) received normal food and purified water, Group II (diabetic control) received regular feed and clean water and group III (diabetic treated) received a methanolic extract of the plant (300 mg kg-1) for 28 days with a typical diet and clean water throughout the experiment. Blood samples were collected to checked serum glucose and concentration of LDL, TC, TG. The extract demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic activity (P<0.05), whereas improvements in mice's body weight and lipid profiles were observed after treatment with the extract. This study establishes that the extract has high efficacy with comparatively less toxicity that can be used for DM management.

From sugar binders to diabetes fighters: the lectin saga of antihyperglycemic activity through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are extremely selective for sugar groups in the other molecules. As a result, they perform a variety of roles in biological processes involving cell, carbohydrate, and protein recognition at the cellular and molecular levels. Because lectins can bind to carbohydrates, they may play a role in determining the rate of carbohydrate digestion. They also bind to some proteins involved in diabetes mellitus (DM) pathophysiology. The present review aims to summarize the efficiency of lectins from different sources as potential antihyperglycemic agents. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were employed for the drafting. In this regard, published scientific articles on the effects of different lectins on blood glucose (BG), glucose tolerance, hormonal effects, carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, oxidative stress, and insulin production process were collected from reputed journals using electronic databases. Furthermore, the toxicity effects of lectins from different sources were collected. A specific keyword search was completed to collect numerous articles with unique experimental designs and significant results. This was followed by the selection of the requisite articles based on the criteria designed by the authors. Data extraction was based on the common research elements included in the articles. Of 13 identified studies, 11 studies were considered after double screening based on the inclusion criteria. All 11 pharmacological investigations were considered for review. Subsequent studies reflected on the pharmacological properties of lectins on the levels of BG, oxidative stress, β-cell proliferation, insulin resistance, inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes, body weight, food and water intake, lipid profile, and other parameters. This review highlights lectins as potential anti-diabetic agents. However, due to limited research, systematic evaluation is recommended for their development and promotion as effective potential antihyperglycemic agents. The clinical efficacy and safety of lectins against diabetes mellitus must also be evaluated.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Activities of the Fruit of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock and In Silico Identification of Its Antidiabetic Agent.

The study investigated the antidiabetic potentials of the fruit extract of Parquetina nigrescens with the aim of justifying its folkloric antidiabetic usage in some part of Nigeria. Acute toxicity test of the plant extract was assessed using Lorke's method. Its antidiabetic activities were assayed in α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats' models at various doses with acarbose and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) as positive controls. Molecular docking studies were performed to identify the antidiabetic constituent of the extract and elucidate its possible mechanism of action. The estimated median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was above 5000 mg/kg. In the α-amylase, α-glucosidase study, the extract elicited concentration-dependent activity similar to acarbose. In the glucose-induced hyperglycaemic model, 200 mg/kg of the extract was the most effective dose with comparable (P > .05) antihyperglycaemic activity to glibenclamide (5 mg kg) at 1 to 4 h. Also in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats model, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract gave comparable (P > 0.05) activity on days 4 to 14 that were significantly better than that of glibenclamide on days 4 to 7. The n-hexane and ethylacetate fractions of the extract, both at 200 mg/kg were the most active with comparable activity to glibenclamide at all time points. The molecular docking studies identified isorhoifolin as the best binder against alpha amylase with binding energy (-9.1 kcal/mol), alpha glucosidase (-9.4 kcal/mol), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (-9.5 kcal/mol), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (-10.3 kcal/mol), 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (-10.8 kcal/mol), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (-9.4 kcal/mol). The results of the antidiabetic study of P nigrescence fruit extract justified its usage in ethnomedicne in diabetes management.

Hypoglycaemic Risk and Antihyperglycaemic activity of “Diabète free” and “Pancréas free”, an Anti-diabetic Combination from an Ivorian Traditional Practitioner

Hypoglycaemic Risk and Antihyperglycaemic activity of “Diabète free” and “Pancréas free”, an Anti-diabetic Combination from an Ivorian Traditional Practitioner

An Investigation into the Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Wound-Healing Activities of Curculigo latifolia Found in Brunei Darussalam.

This present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical content and antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Curculigo latifolia leaves (CL) and C. latifolia roots (CR) found in Brunei Darussalam. Phytochemical screening showed that CL and CR extracts contain saponins, tannins, glycosides, and terpenoids. CR showed higher total phenolic content (TPC), but lower total flavonoid content (TFC) when compared to CL. The high TPC in CR contributed to its potent radical scavenging activity (RSA) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and strong ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Additionally, CR exerted significant inhibition of ∝-glucosidase and ∝-amylase, suggesting a potential link between the chemical compounds and its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. In the animal study of antihyperglycemic activity, treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of the CL extract normalised the blood glucose levels and improved body weight gain of alloxan-induced diabetic rats within 14 weeks. Furthermore, our investigation into the wound-healing effects of young C. latifolia leaves (YCL) and matured C. latifolia leaves (MCL) showed a significant reduction in wound size on Day 3, 5, and 7 of the experimental study, indicating its wound-healing potential. Based on our findings, C. latifolia can be consumed as part of a balanced diet due to its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.

Unlocking the Potential of the ANN Optimization in Sweet Potato Varieties Drying Processes.

This study explores the unexploited potential of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimization techniques in enhancing different drying methods and their influence on the characteristics of various sweet potato varieties. Focusing on the intricate interplay between drying methods and the unique characteristics of white, pink, orange, and purple sweet potatoes, the presented experimental study indicates the impact of ANN-driven optimization on food-related characteristics such as color, phenols content, biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory), chemical, and mineral contents. The results unveil significant variations in drying method efficacy across different sweet potato types, underscoring the need for tailored optimization strategies. Specifically, purple sweet potatoes emerge as robust carriers of phenolic compounds, showcasing superior antioxidant activities. Furthermore, this study reveals the optimized parameters of dried sweet potato, such as total phenols content of 1677.76 mg/100 g and anti-inflammatory activity of 8.93%, anti-hyperglycemic activity of 24.42%. The upgraded antioxidant capability is presented through DPPH●, ABTS●+, RP, and SoA assays with values of 1500.56, 10,083.37, 3130.81, and 22,753.97 μg TE/100 g, respectively. Additionally, the moisture content in the lyophilized sample reached a minimum of 2.97%, holding favorable chemical and mineral contents. The utilization of ANN optimization proves instrumental in interpreting complex interactions and unlocking efficiencies in sweet potato drying processes, thereby contributing valuable insights to food science and technology.

Review On Ficus Racemosa’s , Phytocostituent, Phytonutrient &amp; Traditional Uses

In world, number of medicinal plant are used for treatment of several ailment, disease or body disorders. India, Australia, and Southeast Asian countries are the countries where species of plant Ficus Racemosa are found. Ficus Racemosa have great importance in traditional system of ayurveda. Ficus Racemosa is one of the popular medicinal plant which belongs from family moraceae. Fruits, leaves, stem bark, roots are the parts of Ficus Racemosa used to treat ailments. Ficus Racemosa contains various phytoconstituents which is necessary for treatment of diseases. Ficus Racemosa show various pharmacological activities including antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antitussive activity, antidiuretic activity, antiulcer activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, antipyretic activity, antihyperglycemic activity. In this review, emphasis on detailed information of Ficus Racemosa therapeutic activities as well as plant description.

INFLUENCE OF ALLIUM SATIVUM ON THE ANTIHYPERGLYCAEMIC ACTIVITY OF GLICLAZIDE IN DIABETIC RATS: AN HERB-DRUG INTERACTION STUDY

In this particular study, the objective was to examine how varying doses of gliclazide (1 mg kg-1) and Allium sativum (104 mg kg-1) affect interaction in rats with diabetes induced by alloxan. The diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dosage of 100 mg kg-1 of body weight. The results revealed that the administration of gliclazide at 1 mg kg-1 of body weight and A. sativum at 104 mg kg-1 body weight exhibited noteworthy antihyperglycemic effects. The objective was to determine whether an interaction exists between these two substances in the context of diabetic conditions. In combination the A. sativum significantly enhanced the antihyperglycaemic activity of gliclazide from 2nd to 8th h except at 4th h. Hence, there is existence of pharmacodynamic interaction between A. sativum and gliclazide.

Phenolics-Enhancing Piper sarmentosum (Roxburgh) Extracts Pre-Treated with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and its Correlation with Cytotoxicity and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities

Piper sarmentosum was found to have various phytochemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids but also contains asarone isomers, which were reported as carcinogenic in several preclinical studies. Therefore, reducing asarone isomers from this functional food is important while retaining its functional properties. This study compares the total phenolics, total flavonoids, vitexin and naringenin contents, cytotoxicity, and anti-hyperglycaemic activity between various solvent extracts using a two-step extraction with SC-CO2 pre-treatment and a single-step conventional solvent extraction without SC-CO2 pre-treatment. The findings showed that phenolic content was significantly enhanced in ethanol, 50% ethanol, and water extracts pre-treated with SC-CO2, significantly correlated with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. SC-CO2 pre-treated extracts enhanced the viability of two normal fibroblasts NIH/3T3 and CCD-18Co cell lines. It is concluded that SC-CO2 extraction offers a rapid pre-treatment step to produce safer extracts with better quality and efficacy.

Pharmacological screening of antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts of justicia tranquebarensis on streptozocin induced rats.

Non-communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus are becoming major health problem these days. There is an increasing demand by patients to use the natural products (plants) with anti-diabetic activity due to the severe side effects associated with the use of insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs. One such plant is Justicia tranquebareinsis which has been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate hypoglycemic activity of ethanol extract of Justicia tranquebareinsis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, respectively and to carry out acute toxicity test. Two doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the ethanol extract of Justicia tranquebareinsis were administered to normal glucose loaded and diabetic rat to study blood glucose lowering effect. Ethanol extract of Justicia tranquebareinsis (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant tolerance (P &lt; 0.05) to oral glucose load at 1 and 2 hrs after glucose load. The extract also produced significant (P &lt; 0.05) blood glucose reduction at 4 hours after its administration in normoglycemic mice. The extract at 400mg/kg dose level produced significant (P &lt; 0.05) reduction in blood glucose level at 2, 3 and 4 hours of treatment in streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) induced diabetic mice. Acute oral toxicity studies of ethanol extract of Justicia tranquebareinsis in rats showed no death or signs of toxicity at the dose of 2000 mg/kg indicating the safety nature of the extract. The results of the experiments showed that ethanol extract of Justicia tranquebareinsis has significant antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat and improvement in glucose tolerance and slight hypoglycemic activity in normal rat justifying the traditional claim for its use in diabetes.

A Review on Antidiabetic Effect of Tetrahydrocurcumin in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is possibly the world’s largest growing metabolic disease and as the knowledge on the heterogeneity of this disorder is advanced, the need for more appropriate therapy increases. Currently available drug regimes for management of diabetes mellitus have certain drawbacks and, therefore, there is a need for safer and more effective antidiabetic drugs. Natural products from medicinal plants continue to form a common platform for the discovery of new chemical entities in the modern drug discovery programmes. The belief that natural medicines are much safer than synthetic drugs has gained popularity in recent years and lead to tremendous growth of phytopharmaceutical usage. A wide array of plant derived active principles (phytochemicals) for possible use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been reported. Curcuma longa is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes by ayurvedic physicians. Curcumin is a biologically active component isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa that possess antihyperglycemic activity, hypolipidemic action and anti - renal lesion effect. The use of curcumin is recommended for prevention of advanced glycated end products (AGE) accumulation and the associated complications of diabetes. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), one of the active metabolites of curcumin on antioxidants status in streptozotocin (STZ) - nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. THC is used in the treatment of several diseases such as prevents cancer, protects against inflammation, atherosclerotic lesions, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity and diabetes. THC has been reported to exhibit the same physiological and pharmacological properties of curcumin. Curcumin is rapidly metabolized during absorption from the intestine, yielding THC, which has shown the strongest antioxidant activity among all curcuminoids. Curcuma longa has been used medically for many years to treat chronic disorders. The whole plants are used for treating diabetes. Curcumin has been reported to produce significant atihyperglycemic effect. Administration of THC has significant antidiabetic effect in STZ - nicotinamide induced diabetes. The THC exhibited its antidiabetic effect by influencing the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress induced lipid peroxidation, membrane bound enzymes, insulin binding to erythrocyte receptor and collagen content and its characteristics. The antidiabetic effect of THC provides sufficient documentation to define its role and action for its potential and promising use in treating diabetes.

Integrating In Silico and In vitro Approaches to Screen the Antidiabetic Properties from Trachyspermum ammi leaves

AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore the possible mechanisms through which Trachyspermum ammi may be beneficial in managing diabetes by in vitro methods and to predict the potential bioactive constituent/s responsible for its anti-diabetic activity through in silico docking study.&#x0D; Study Design: This study engaged in vitro and in silico studies to investigate the enzyme inhibition assay and molecular docking studies of phytochemical constituents when compare with standard treatment.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Gokaraju Rangaraju college of pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, India. December 2021-2022.&#x0D; Methodology: Methanolic leaf extract of Trachyspermum ammi was prepared using maceration extraction. Plant extract was evaluated for its in vitro anti-diabetic activity. Further, docking screening was performed using Mcule software to predict potential moiety which may be responsible for its anti-diabetic activity.&#x0D; Results: Maceration extraction resulted in extractive yield of 16.15%. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid components in extract (135.59 ± 8.87 GAE/gm and 62.1 ± 4.17 quercetin/gm) dried extract respectively. In vitro anti-diabetic assays revealed that anti-hyperglycaemic activity of this plant can be attributed to its high efficiency to inhibit α-amylase (69.7%) and glucosidase (62.23%) enzymatic activity and protein glycation assay (95.23%), which are well established targets for the management of diabetes. Further, through docking studies we predicted that Apigenin, luteolin, Germacrene D and γ-Tocopherol present in this plant might be responsible for the anti-diabetic properties exhibited by this plant. These results provide a scientific justification for the traditional anti-diabetic use of this plant&#x0D; Conclusion: It may control diabetes through lowering dietary glucose uptake. Predicted anti-diabetic molecules need to be screened further for the management of hyperglycemia. It may conclude that Trachyspermum ammi is an important vegetable with a potent source of natural antioxidants and antidiabetic activity justifying its traditional use in green therapeutics.

Effect of Tetrahydrocurcumin Compared to Curcumin in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycoprotein Components in Type 2 Diabetes - Systematic Review

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the two hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge to the medical system. There is an increasing demand by patients to use the natural products with antidiabetic activity, because insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs are having so many side effects. Curcumin is a biologically active component isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa that possess antidiabetic and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity and anticancer properties. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a major curcuminoid metabolite of curcumin, naturally occurring in turmeric. The interest in THC research is increasing because it is superior to curcumin in its solubility in water, chemical stability, bioavailability, and anti-oxidative activity. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that THC exerts antidiabetic effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of oxidative stress, xenobiotic detoxification, inflammation, proliferation, metastasis, programmed cell death, and immunity. The activities of glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found to be decreased whereas the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) and polyol pathway enzyme-sorbitol dehydrogenase were significantly increased in diabetic control rats. In addition, the oligosaccharide moieties of glycoproteins (hexose, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid) were also significantly increased in plasma and tissues of diabetic control rats. THC and curcumin administration to diabetic rats significantly reversed the above changes when compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic controls, hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content was decreased significantly as compared to non-diabetic controls. Treatment with THC and curcumin increased the hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen significantly. The antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of THC are more potent than those of curcumin at the same dose. The antihyperglycemic action of THC might be mediated via an enhancement of insulin action, as it is evidenced by the increased levels of insulin in diabetic rats treated with THC, which may be responsible for the reversal of changes in carbohydrate enzymes and glycoprotein components. The THC administration showed more effective than curcumin.

In vivo and in silico evaluations of a synthetic pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline derivative as a potent anti-diabetic agent.

The in vivo assessment of a novel compound is a pivotal step in the development of a new drug. In this study, we selected 1-(2-bromophenyl)-1,11-dihydro-3H-benzo[h]pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-3,12(2H)-dione (2-BDBPQD), identified as an exemplary α-glucosidase inhibitor in preliminary in vitro assays, for further evaluation in an in vivo anti-diabetic context. The in vivo anti-diabetic effect of 2-BDBPQD was assessed using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rat model. Recognizing the relevance of lipid factors in diabetes, we also investigated the impact of this compound on the lipid profile of diabetic Wistar rats. In silico studies, encompassing docking studies and pharmacokinetic predictions of 2-BDBPQD, were conducted. The results obtained indicated a significant reduction in blood glucose levels with 2-BDBPQD treatment compared to acarbose. However, no significant effects on the lipid profile were observed. In silico studies revealed that 2-BDBPQD interacted with key residues in the α-glucosidase active site and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In summary, the study demonstrated the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of 2-BDBPQD. Nevertheless, further in vivo evaluations are recommended to comprehensively assess its potential as a new drug for the treatment of diabetes.

“Green” synthesized versus chemically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: In vivo antihyperglycemic activity and pharmacokinetics

Zinc is one of the most studied trace elements, commonly used as supplement in diabetes treatment. By its involvement in the synthesis, secretion of insulin, promotion of insulin sensitivity and its multiple enzymatic functions it is known to contribute to reduce hyperglycemia. Researchers have shown that zinc administered under the form of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) is more effective than under its ionic form. Studies evaluating the antihyperglycemic activity of these nanocarriers include both ZnONPs synthesised using plants (i.e. green synthesized) or chemically synthesized. The present work aims to compare green synthesized ZnONPs with the marketed chemically synthesized ones. Green ZnONPs were synthesized using the aqueous extract of the stem bark of the medicinal plant Panda oleosa and zinc nitrate hexahydrate. Both nanocarriers were compared in terms of optical properties, morphology, composition, chemical functions, resistance to oxidation, in vivo antihyperglycemic activity via oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and pharmacokinetics in relation to zinc in C57BL/6J mice. A UV absorption peak was observed at 354 nm and 374 nm for the green and marketed ZnONPs, respectively. The shape and hydrodynamic diameters were anisotropic and of 228.8 ± 3.0 nm for the green ZnONPs and spherical and of 225.6 ± 0.9 nm for the marketed ZnONPs. Phenolic compounds accounted for 2.58 ± 0.04% of the green ZnONPs and allowed them to be more stable and unaffected by an oxidizing agent during the experiment, while the marketed chemically synthesized ZnONPs aggregated with or without contact with an oxidizing agent. No significant differences were observed on the amounts of zinc absorbed when comparing green ZnONPs, chemically synthesized ZnONPs and zinc sulfate in a pharmacokinetics study in normoglycemic mice. When evaluating the in vivo hypoglycemic activity of the nanocarriers in obese/diabetic mice, green synthesized ZnONPs displayed a significant hypoglycemic effect compared with the chemically synthesized nanoparticles following an OGTT. Altogether, these data indicate that phytocompounds, as catechin derivatives and polyphenols, attached to the green synthesized ZnONPs’ surface, could contribute to their hypoglycemic activity. The comparison thus demonstrated that green synthesized ZnONPs are significantly more efficient than chemically ones at reducing hyperglycemia regardless of their absorption.

NMR-based metabolomics and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling of Syzygium jambos in relation to their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities

Search for natural sources in disease management especially diabetes has surged recently for its potential health benefits. However, several fruit tree species remained unpopular despite their folkloric usage due to insufficient scientific data. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae) is a fruit-bearing plant that is used as a traditional dietary supplement to treat various diseases including diabetes. This study investigated the correlation between S. jambos leaves’ metabolites and the bioactivities using proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach. In-vitro total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radicals scavenging, nitric oxide (NO•) radicals scavenging, anti-α-amylase and anti-α-glucosidase assays were performed. The findings indicated that 70 % ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest potential in overall bioactivities. A total of 59 and 30 metabolites were tentatively identified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS/MS) and NMR, respectively. The partial least square (PLS) model revealed tannins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids significantly contributed to the separation and bioactivities. This study provides comprehensive insights into S. jambos metabolome and reveals the potential as a reliable source of antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic compounds.

Antidiabetic Activity and HPTLC Analysis of a Classical Indian Herbomineral Formulation – Vidangadilouham

Background:: Vidangalilouham (VDL) is an Ayurveda classical Indian herbomineral preparation prescribed for its effective antidiabetic activity. Among the official formulations of Ayurveda, five different compositions are available by the same name. The particular composition used in this study is only marketed but has yet to be evaluated. Aim and Objective:: The study aimed to assess and validate the antihyperglycemic activity of VDL in high-fat and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal models. Methods:: High-fat diet-induced animal model of hyperglycemia was generated by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) into the rats fed with high fat for the previous 30 days. Seven days after STZ induction, the hyperglycemic rats were treated with VDL orally at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days. The fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) were measured every 7th day during the 28 days of treatment. The glycosylated hemoglobin levels, liver and serum biochemical parameters, and histopathological findings were estimated and compared. Results and Discussion:: VDL-treated animals significantly exhibited reduced FBG levels compared to the diabetic control group. The lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels, such as CAT, GSH, and SOD, in the VDL-treated groups, were restored toward normal levels compared to diabetic control groups, and the values were comparable with the standard group (metformin). The critical diabetic marker, i.e., glycosylated hemoglobin levels were significantly (*p&lt;0.05) decreased when treated with VDL. Conclusion:: Improvement in the FBG and the restoration of all other biomarkers observed in this study indicate VDL to have excellent antidiabetic activity with meager side effects, and thus, the findings provide a scientific rationale for its use as an antidiabetic agent.

Screening of Selected Cultivars of Sweet Sorghum for Phytochemicals and In vitro Evaluation of Their Antihyperglycemic and Cytotoxic Activity

Background: Sorghum, a wonder millet, is well known for its beneficial phytochemical profiles. In comparative terms, juice from sweet sorghum has better commercial potential as syrup in several food-based applications. Various sweet sorghum differs in their profile of various phytochemicals, which can impact the commercial potential of sweet sorghum juice. Methods: Our previous works on cultivars developed at ICAR-IIMR were screened for phytochemical, sugar and mineral profile. To give a holistic view of the phytochemical profile of sweet sorghum varieties, the present study is attempted to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antihyperglycaemic and cytotoxic profile of the components present in the varieties CSV19SS, SSV84, SSV74. The phytochemical footprint of sweet sorghum juice was studied through HRLCMS. Results: The results showed ethyl acetate extract of SSV84 having potential antihyperglycemic effects with an IC50 of 22.156 ± 0.9 µg/ml (α-glucosidase) and 0.070 ± 0.02 mg/ml (α-amylase) with a comparatively higher phenolic (232.6 ± 1 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (138.18 ± 0.9 mg QE/g) content. The chloroform extract of SSV 84 showed a higher cytotoxic effect at an IC50 of 165.502 ± 7 µg/ml (HeLa cells) and 237.895 ± 15 µg/ml (Hep G2 cells). HRLCMS profile of SSV 84 showed the presence of long-chain fatty acids in hexane extract. Anthraquinones, carotenoids, xanthophylls, cinnamic acid and derivatives, and isoflavones were present in chloroform extract, while Ethyl acetate extract was rich in phenolic acids and also consisted of coumarins, quinones, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Conclusion: The high cytotoxic and antihyperglycemic activities of extracts can be attributed to the presence of these phytochemicals.