Antihistaminic Activity Research Articles

Literature-Based Discovery Predicts Antihistamines Are a Promising Repurposed Adjuvant Therapy for Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by a dopamine deficit in the brain. Current therapies primarily focus on dopamine modulators or replacements, such as levodopa. Although dopamine replacement can help alleviate PD symptoms, therapies targeting the underlying neurodegenerative process are limited. The study objective was to use artificial intelligence to rank the most promising repurposed drug candidates for PD. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques were used to extract text relationships from 33+ million biomedical journal articles from PubMed and map relationships between genes, proteins, drugs, diseases, etc., into a knowledge graph. Cross-domain text mining, hub network analysis, and unsupervised learning rank aggregation were performed in SemNet 2.0 to predict the most relevant drug candidates to levodopa and PD using relevance-based HeteSim scores. The top predicted adjuvant PD therapies included ebastine, an antihistamine for perennial allergic rhinitis; levocetirizine, another antihistamine; vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic; captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor; and neramexane, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist. Cross-domain text mining predicted that antihistamines exhibit the capacity to synergistically alleviate Parkinsonian symptoms when used with dopamine modulators like levodopa or levodopa-carbidopa. The relationship patterns among the identified adjuvant candidates suggest that the likely therapeutic mechanism(s) of action of antihistamines for combatting the multi-factorial PD pathology include counteracting oxidative stress, amending the balance of neurotransmitters, and decreasing the proliferation of inflammatory mediators. Finally, cross-domain text mining interestingly predicted a strong relationship between PD and liver disease.

The Pharmacological Usage of Panchadeepakini Chooranam for Respiratory Ailments

An old Indian traditional medical practice called Siddha developed in South India. The Lord typically serves as the source of the system. It is believed that Goddess Parvathi, represented by Lord Shiva, received the Siddha system's knowledge from the Almighty, who then passed it on to Nandikeswara. Nandikeswara was appointed to set up for the framework to be spread in the midst of humankind thus, he obediently granted the information to Sage Agastya. Agastya gave all of the relevant information to his various disciples, who helped spread the system around the world. Diet and lifestyle play a significant role in both health and disease treatment, according to the Siddha medicine system. Pathiyam and Apathiyam refer to this Siddha medicine concept, which is essentially a rule-based system with a list of "dos and don'ts.” The aim of this review article is to explore the scientific literary evidence for the therapeutic usage of Panchadeepakini chooranam for (Silethuma Noi/Kaba Noi) as mentioned in Citta Vaittiya Tirattu and to assign effort to entity the pharmacological activity for the curative nature of the drug. Most of the raw drugs used for the preparation of Panchadeepakini chooranam have bronchodilatory activity, anti-tussive activity, anti-allergic activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-histamine activity hence justifying its usage in respiratory illness.

Priapism Associated With the Addition of Hydroxyzine to Risperidone: A Case Report

Background: Hydroxyzine hydrochloride is a piperazine derivative antihistamine that is used in the treatment of anxiety. Its tendency to cause somnolence makes it an attractive option for patients with anxiety-induced insomnia. Despite its antihistamine activity, hydroxyzine is noted to have alpha-adrenergic antagonism activity. Other alpha-adrenergic inhibitors have been implicated in medication-induced priapism, including risperidone. Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic that primarily blocks serotonin and dopamine receptors, while also inhibiting alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors with high affinity. Objective: We report a case of a first-of-its-kind case report of a patient who was stable on risperidone and presented with priapism after taking hydroxyzine nightly for the previous 10 days. Results: A 35-year-old male with a past psychiatric history of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, schizoaffective disorder, presented to the emergency department with priapism for 15 hours that required intracaveronsal phenylephrine hydrochloride and manual drainage to achieve detumescence. The patient was on a stable dose risperidone but reported taking hydroxyzine 50 mg nightly for anxiety and insomnia 10 days prior to emergency department admission. Upon resolution of the priapism, the patient stopped hydroxyzine, but continued risperidone. The patient had another prolonged erection 10 days after stopping hydroxyzine; however, he reported that it resolved spontaneously without intervention after 4 hours. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates the risk of addition of hydroxyzine to antipsychotics which can result in an increased risk of priapism or prolonged episodes.

Synergistic Palladium/Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution via Stereoselective Intramolecular Substitution of Unactivated Allylic Alcohols.

This paper reports the kinetic resolution of racemic secondary alcohols (O-nucleophiles) via stereoselective intramolecular allylic substitution. The reaction was enabled by synergistic palladium and chiral phosphoric acid catalysis and produced chiral cis-1,3-disubstituted 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans with a selective factor of up to 60.9 and a diastereomeric ratio of up to 7.8:1. Asymmetric synthesis of a compound with antihistaminic activity was demonstrated as the application of this methodology.

Chitosan-coated alginate (CCA) nanoparticles for augmentation of topical antihistaminic activity of diphenhydramine: in-vitro optimization, skin histopathology and pharmacodynamic studies with in vitro/in vivo correlation

Objective The aim of the present study was to formulate chitosan-coated alginate nanoparticles containing the drug diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DHH). Significance Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DHH) is the prototype of H1-antihistaminic drugs. It is a lipophilic drug, that easily crosses the blood–brain barrier when taken orally causing decrements in alertness and performance. Multiple applications of topical drug products are required. Thus, drug incorporation in nanocarriers would increase the skin penetration powers increasing the drug efficacy. Methods Chitosan-coated alginate (CCA) nanoparticles were prepared via polyelectrolyte complex technique adopting 23 full factorial designs. Three factors, namely, alginate concentration, drug-to-alginate ratio and CaCl2 volume, each in two levels were studied. The prepared formulae were evaluated utilizing entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and in vitro release. The characterization process was then followed by optimization. Results At alginate conc. of 1%, drug to alginate ratio of 2:1 and CaCl2 volume of 4 mL, NP8 was chosen as a candidate formula. Histopathological examination on shaved rat dorsal skin disclosed the safety of NP8 with no signs of necrosis or even inflammation. The enhanced topical delivery of diphenhydramine hydrochloride enclosed in the developed nanoparticles was further proved by induction of allergic reaction using intradermal histamine injection. The results revealed the superior ability of NP8 to decrease the diameter of the formed wheal in comparison to the marketed DHH product. Conclusion Thus, CCA nanoparticles are considered candidate nanocarriers for fortifying the topical antihistaminic activity of DHH.

HPTLC Studies, in silico Docking Studies, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Elaeocarpus ganitrus as a Gastroprotective Agent.

Elaeocarpus ganitrus, a member of the Eleocarpaceae family, is valued in Hinduism and Ayurveda, and is frequently used as a remedy for a variety of illnesses. The plant is reputed to treat a number of stomach issues. The purpose of the study was to produce high-quality scientific data regarding gastroprotective behavior, docking experiments with cholinergic receptors, and HPTLC (with lupeol and ursolic acid). To develop the mechanism of herbal extracts, in vitro anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities were evaluated. Different leaf extracts were treated with various reagents to determine the presence of various metabolites. An examination of the histopathology was conducted to determine the full impact of the extract. Methanolic extract was chosen for HPTLC investigations after extraction with various solvents. A mobile phase of toluene, ethylacetate, and formic acid (8:2:0.1) was chosen. Molecular docking was utilized to examine how ursolic acid and lupeol are bound to cholinergic receptors (M3). Different extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) were tested for their ability to provide gastroprotection in Wistar rats at different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). Phytochemical analysis of different extracts showed the presence of different primary and secondary metabolites. HPTLC data showed the presence of both standards. Docking studies exhibited very good interactions with the M3 receptor. Pharmacological studies revealed that extract-treated groups significantly reduced the ulcer index in all of the models mentioned above. The histopathological analysis clearly supports the biochemical studies, which were conducted utilizing various doses and found to be effective in a dose-dependent manner. The in vitro analysis proved that the abovementioned extracts may act as antagonists of acetylcholine and histamine. The data obtained would be valuable for the production of the monograph of the plant and conducting concept-related clinical studies in the future. More investigation is required since the gathered scientific data may lead to new research opportunities.

Role of Medicinal Plant in the Management of Asthama

Asthma is a common disease that is rising in prevalence worldwide with the highest prevalence in industrialized countries. Asthma affect about 300 million people worldwide and it has been estimated that a further 100 million will be affected by 2025. Since the ancient times, plants have been exemplary sources of medicine. Current asthma therapy lack satisfactory success due to adverse effect, hence patients are seeking complementary and alternative medicine to treat their asthma. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments. India has about 45,000 plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties. Researches conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for asthma have shown antiasthmatic, antihistaminic and antiallergic activity. This review reveals that some plants and their extract have antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, anticholinergic and antiallergic activity.

Evaluation of Antipyretic Activity of Siddha Herbomineral Formulation - Surangusa Parpam

The aim of the present study was to assess the antipyretic activity of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Surangusa Parpam at the dose level of 15mg/kg and 35mg/kg body weight, orally, in brewer yeast induced fever model Wistar rats. Fever was induced by subcutaneous injection of 10ml/kg of 20% w/v aqueous suspension of brewer’s yeast into the nape of the rat's neck. After eighteen hours feverish animals were treated with Surangusa Parpam 15mg/kg and 35mg/kg body weight, orally, and rectal temperatures were evaluated at 0, 1, 2 and 3 hours post-treatment by inserting a well-lubricated bulb of the clinical thermometer. Surangusa Parpam showed a significant decrease in the elevated body temperature of rats that remained sustained throughout the tested time points from 1 to 3 hours in the used model. 35mg/kg body weight dose level showed significant inhibition of elevated body temperature when compared with the standard control. These results indicate that the Antipyretic activity of Surangusa Parpam and in addition to its well-established anti-inflammatory activity possesses significant antihistamine activity that may be beneficial in symptomatic relief when it is used in the therapy of allergic and inflammatory disorders.

Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Pulicaria genus: Emphasis on the Flavonoids and Sesquiterpenoids and Cytotoxicity Effects

Abstract: The use of herbal remedies is more current in illnesses with chronic diseases. One of these important applications is the usage of many plant-derived compounds as cytotoxic agents for the treatment of cancers. Various research has been done on several species of Pulicaria genus for the evaluation of antihistaminic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide, and leishmanicidal activities. Some studies have shown that these plants have a rich pool of biometabolites like diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, caryophyllenes, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids. The main components in several species of this genus are flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have been identified in chemotaxonomic studies and have shown cytotoxic properties. The Scopus and Science Direct sites were studied to find articles on flavonoid and sesquiterpenoid compounds that have been isolated from the Pulicaria genus. : Several biological compounds were isolated from different species of the Pulicaria genus. The main compounds are flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have different biological effects. Its main effect is cytotoxic effect against several cancer cell lines. This study indicates that the Pulicaria genus has cytotoxic activity but posterity studies are needed to probe the active compounds and their possible expansion as novel anticancer drugs.

A Comparative Study between Cyproheptadine and Carum Carvi as Appetite Stimulant in Case of Weight Gain

Appetite stimulators are the therapeutic compounds that increases appetite and help in weight gain. The commonly used synthetic appetite stimulators may be in the form of a synthetic drug (Cyproheptadine) or a hormone (Ghrelin) which increases hunger and therefore enhances food consumption leading to weight gain. Weight gainers are advised in case of children that show poor eating habits to enhance their appetite. The use of synthetic or chemical source is often accompanied with side effects such as abnormal weight gain, confusion, ataxia, drowsiness, dry mouth leading to a slower metabolism. This comparative study, gives an overview on the potential capacity of Carum carvi, a carminative, obtained from natural source having lesser side effects and a significant potential to increase the peristaltic movement thus leading to increased gastric motility. The 5-HT antagonist, cyproheptadine increases appetite by blocking the action of 5-HT2A and shows additional anti-histaminic action. Therefore, it increases the GIT motility. But it is accompanied with many side effects such as drowsiness, ataxia, dry mouth and confusion. Whereas, Carum carvi, a natural GIT motility enhancer increasing the peristaltic movement by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Therefore may act as anti-cholinergic agent that enhances the GIT motility that enhances appetite with minimal side effects.

Review on phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Bixa orellana

commonly known as Annatto is a lipstick tree belonging to the family Indigenous populations in Brazil and other tropical nations have employed for a variety of therapeutic purposes which is also known as "". The essential natural apocarotenoid obtained from seeds namely bixin is broadly applied as a cosmetic and textile colorant. The carotenoids, which contribute to more than 80% of the annatto seed coat are responsible for the color orange-red. It is well known for its medicinal value and as a coloring agent. Annatto is used in food dye, body paint and the treatment of heartburn and it also reduces inflammation and blood sugar. The various parts of this plant has been reported to show many therapeutic indications like anti-bacterial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-histaminic, anti-diarrheal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Carotenoids, apocarotenoids, terpenes, terpenoids, sterols and aliphatic compounds are the main compounds found in all parts of this plant. The various annatto plant parts have been utilized in traditional medicine for both the prevention and treatment of a variety of health issues. This review aimed to report the primary evidence found in the literature, concerning the pharmacological activities and phytochemical studies related to . Regarding its application in food, cosmetics, leather, solar cells and other industries, significant research has already been done and is presently being conducted. This review demonstrates the well-studied pharmacological effect that might be relevant for the upcoming creation of a novel therapeutic medication.

Desmostachya bipinnata: A FOCUSED REVIEW ON ETHNOBOTANY, PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Traditionally Desmostachya bipinnata (D. bipinnata) known as darbh is commonly used in day-to-day life in various rituals. It is used for the treatment of cuts, wounds, and dysentery and used as a diuretic. The present study aimed in reviewing the botanical, phytoconstituents, biological activities, and some other activities of darbh. This study’s findings are based on a review of the literature conducted using search engines such as BioMed Central, SpringerLink, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The extracts prepared from the plant are reported with various biological activities like an antibiotic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, anti-diarrhea, antipyretic, analgesic, and antihistamine activities, etc. The plant contains multiple phytoconstituents which include carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, proteins, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, volatile oils, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Its phytoconstituents are used as a biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste and also have great potential as a herbal medicine in treating several diseases, but more research is proving the activities of D. bipinnata by animal models is needed to link its medicinal uses to its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.

Lıngual Dystonıa Related to the use of Cınnarızıne.

Cinnarizine is a selective calcium channel blocker and is also similar to neuroleptic drugs with its antihistaminic, antiserotoninergic, and antidopaminergic activity. Some patients develop many side effects while using this drug, including drowsiness, asthenia, depression, or movement disorders such as parkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. Depression is a very common side effect of this drug, and it is thought as movement disorder.[1–4] The exact pathophysiological mechanism that causes movement disorder is not clear, but it is thought that D2 receptor blockade may be responsible, as in neuroleptics.[5] This case is important to draw attention to acute lingual dystonia, which is a rare side effect after chronic use of cinnarizine, and to emphasize that it can be reversible upon discontinuation of the drug. A seventy-year-old male patient was evaluated due to the complaint of difficulty in speaking due to contraction of his tongue for 15–20 days (video imaging). The patient had a history of hypertension and hypothyroidism, and there was no obvious feature in his family history. His physical examination was normal, and he did not identify any gingival or tooth loss. A neurological examination of the patient, who was being used 75 mgr/day cinnarizine for 7 years, did not reveal any abnormality other than involuntary tongue contractions. The treatment of cinnarizine was started with the diagnosis of Meniere. Although he tried to stop the drug for a short time, he started again after her complaints increased and he had been using it regularly for a long time. The other drugs he used were candesartan and levothyroxine. The blood tests were normal, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was normal. The patient was thought to be a case of drug-induced lingual dystonia. The cinnarizine treatment stopped immediately, and after about three weeks, the patient completely recovered. Drug-induced movement disorders are a condition that can be overlooked in practice. It usually occurs after the use of dopaminergic blockers or neuroleptics. Other drugs causing lingual dystonia reported in the literature are metoclopramide, olanzapine, lithium, haloperidol, anticancer drug capecitabine, risperidone, aripiprazole, cyclizine, meperidine, cisapride, and pimozide.[6–8] Movement disorders due to chronic use of cinnarizine develop slowly and are often overlooked.[1] A wide range of drugs such as antiemetics, drugs used for dizziness (calcium channel blockers), or neuroleptic drugs can cause drug-induced movement disorder. While the disorder in the dopamine pathway is held responsible for the pathophysiology, D2 receptor blockade is the main cause.[5] Additionally, they reduce dopamine neurotransmission. These effects may depend on some factors, including age, penetration across the blood-brain barrier, and types of calcium channels present in the different neuronal subtypes.[9] While acute reactions and dystonia are common in young patients, tardive or chronic reactions are common in elderly patients. Parkinsonism is the most common movement disorder. Parkinsonian symptoms were only seen in patients older than 50 years. The risk is higher in women. Patients treated for >6 months had significantly larger reductions than patients treated for a shorter period. In the study of Brucke et al.,[6] symptoms started after 16 months In the study of Gimenes et al.,[10] this period was 4 years. In the literature, movement disorders such as cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism, tardive dystonia, and akathisia reported, but lingual dystonia has not been observed.[1,2] Tongue myorhythmia and lingual tremor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dystonic tongue movements. Tremor is defined as the rhythmic and oscillatory involuntary movement of a body part of relatively constant frequency and variable amplitude, resulting from alternating or synchronized contractions of antagonist muscles. The frequency of tongue tremor (4–8 Hz) was identical to a hand tremor. Myokymia is an uncommon movement disorder that is characterized by slow, rhythmic, and repetitive jerky movements of 1–4 Hz frequency, involving the cranial or limb muscles. In dystonia, the contractions are long-lasting (tonic) and create a posture at the peak of the movement, which is the result of the co-contraction of agonists and antagonists.[11] We report the first case of drug-induced lingual dystonia that developed after long-term use of cinnarizine and was reversible upon discontinuation of the drug. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Medicinal Chemistry of Quinazolines as Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Quinazoline is an essential scaffold, known to be linked with various biological activities. Some of the prominent biological activities of this system are analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial, sedative–hypnotic, anti-histaminic, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, anti-tubercular, and anti-viral activities. This diversity in the pharmacological response of the quinazoline system has encouraged medicinal chemists to study and discover this system and its multitude of potential against several biological activities. Many of these studies have successfully investigated the structure–activity relationship to explore the specific structural features of their biological targets. The developing understanding of quinazoline derivatives and their biological targets presents opportunities for the discovery of novel therapeutics. This review represents different aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug design, structure–activity relationship, and the mode of action of some analgesic and anti-inflammatory quinazoline compounds. It pays comprehensive attention to the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of quinazolines from the viewpoint of drug discovery and its development.

Implications of nasal delivery of bromelain on its pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and pharmacodynamic profile-A preclinical study.

Asthma is a polygenic chronic inflammatory respiratory disease devastating the quality of life and state economies. Therefore, utilization of natural products as a therapeutic approach has attained wider consideration for development of novel drugs for asthma management. Bromelain, a mixture of natural bioactive cysteine proteases abundantly found in pineapple stem, has allured attention for its pharmacological activities. However, poor stability in gastric milieu, high dose and immunogenicity associated with prolonged use hinders its oral use. Therefore, need exists to explore alternative route of bromelain administration to achieve its plausible benefits. The present study investigated the preclinical prospects of nasal administration of bromelain on systemic bioavailability, tissue distribution and it's in vivo anti-histaminic, bronchodilator and anti-asthmatic activity in animal models. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed 1.43-fold higher relative bioavailability with faster absorption of bromelain on nasal administration at one-fourth oral dose. The enhanced cellular uptake and localization of bromelain in tissues of lung was observed significantly. Furthermore, faster onset and enhanced antihistaminic, bronchodilator and anti-asthmatic activity on bromelain's nasal administration signified faster absorption and higher in vivo stability of bromelain. Nasal administration significantly achieved decrease in level of oxidative and immunological markers along with restoration of antioxidant enzymes at considerably one-fourth dose administered orally. These findings distinctly manifested that nasal administration could be a substantial and effective route for bromelain delivery with enduring competency in asthma management.

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON SUDARSHAN CHURNA

Sudarshan Churna is one of the valuable polyherbal Ayurvedic formulations used to treat all kinds of acute and chronic fevers, fever of unknown aetiology, malaria, typhoid, loss of appetite, jaundice, respiratory infections, cough, debility and breathing difficulties linked with fever. Sudarshan Churna helps to ameliorate digestion and appetite; eliminates harmful toxins from the blood; improves immunity and preserves the body against various infections; promotes diaphoresis and urination. In Sudarshan Churna, Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. is 50% of the total quantity of the remaining other ingredients. It is an esteemed Ayurvedic preparation well known for its antipyretic, antimalarial, antiviral and antidiabetic activity. Various renowned Acharyas have mentioned it in their different classical texts. Acharyas have mentioned its other therapeutic uses, but mainly it has been used in curing different types of Jwara Vikara (fever). Various pharmacological studies have proved antipyretic activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, antihistamine activity, analgesic activity and docking study against the SARS CoV-2 of Sudarshan Churna. This article compile review of Ayurvedic literature, an analytical study and pharmacological study of Sudarshan Churna.

Phytopharmacological Review of a Food Supplement Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)

Abstract: Zingiber officinale, a medicinal herb commonly used in Ayurveda belongs to family Zingiberaceae and is reported to have various therapeutic properties. Roots as well as rhizomes of this plant are commonly used in the treatment of digestive disorder. It has also been used as expectorant, spasmolytic, anti-tussive, anti-allergic, antihistaminic activity and inhibits coughing. The roots and rhizomes are rich sources of essential oil, which may be one of the reasons for medicinal properties. Required data on this plant were obtained from electronic sources (google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), several classical textbooks on Ayurveda, and ethnopharmacology. This review article covers all the relevant information on its pharmacological and phytochemical aspects. In this study, we have critically reviewed recent advancements of Zingiber officinale in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multipurpose therapeutic ingredient.

Advancement and recent trends in seeking less toxic and more active anti-cancer drugs: Insights into thiourea based molecules

The finding of potent anticancer agents with low toxicity and high selectivity has remained valuable for human health. Thiourea derivatives are the most significant organic compounds with integral and typical characteristics of numerous varieties of natural products and pharmaceutical agents. It exhibits various pharmacological properties, and its analogues confer a great deal of structural diversity that was proven to be the most advantageous in the search for novel therapeutic agents. Thiourea derivatives, which show beneficial antitumor activities, are typically considered the central core in various anticancer derivatives. They also have broad-ranging biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, and antiviral activities. Several FDA-approved drugs of thiourea derivatives and their analogues in the market, currently in progress through various registration statuses or clinical stages, indicating that thiourea derivatives are the most promising drugs. The current review is intended to systematically provide comprehensive evidence in the recent developments of thiourea to treat numerous types of cancer. Furthermore, we hope that this review will be helpful for novel consideration in seeking rational designs of less toxic and more active drugs and more effective diagnostics agents.

Review on Medicinal use of Nyctanthes arbortristis

Nyctanthes arbortristis is one of the most useful traditional medicinal plants in India. It is distributed widely in sub-Himalayan regions and Southwards to Godavari. Each part of the plant has some important medicinal value and is thus commercially exploitable1. It is now considered as a valuable source of several unique products for the medicines against various diseases and also for the development of some industrial products. The present review is to focus on the potential phyto-chemicals and pharmacological activity of plant N. Arbortristis1. Various parts of the plant like seeds, leaves, flowers, bark and fruits have been investigated for their significant pharmacological activity. Phyto-chemicals like flavanoid, glycoside, oleanic acid, essential oils, tannic acid, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, glucose, benzoic acid have been reported for significant hair tonic, hepatoprotective, anti-leishmaniasis, anti-viral, antifungal, anti-pyretic, anti-histaminic, anti-malerial, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of Night jasmine and emphasizes the need for further exploring available information

Antihistaminic effects of Azadirachta indica leaves in laboratory animals

Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) leaves have been traditionally used in the management of asthma and the current study was undertaken to scientifically validate the benefits of plant as an antihistaminic agent using the suitable animal model. The agents with antihistaminic properties are known to be good antiasthmatic agents; hence, in the current research work, the antihistaminic activity of an ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves (at a dose of 250 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated using haloperidol-induced catalepsy and clonidine-induced catalepsy in laboratory rats. The results showed that the ethanolic extract inhibits the catalepsy induced by the clonidine but no remarkable effect was observed on the catalepsy induced by haloperidol. This strongly suggests that, the inhibition is mediated through an antihistaminic action and there is no role of dopamine. Hence, in the present study, it is concluded that, the ethanolic extract has significant antihistaminic activity. The polar constituents in the ethanolic extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica may be responsible for the antihistaminic effects and therefore, the ethanolic leaves extract can be a better remedy as an antihistaminic agent.