Antifungal Activity Test Research Articles

Constitutive chemical defense mechanism of inner bark of Sorbus commixta against Trametes versicolor.

Tree bark is a crucial tissue that defends tree stems from invasions by microorganisms. However, our understanding of the constitutive chemical defense mechanisms of the tree barks remains limited. Our group recently discovered that the inner bark of Sorbus commixta exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the growth of the white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor. It was hypothesized that this growth suppression was due to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) originating from cyanogenic glycosides such as amygdalin and prunasin, which are secondary metabolites in the inner bark of S. commixta. To test this hypothesis, we first quantified the amygdalin content in the inner bark of S. commixta and evaluated the antifungal activity (AFA) of HCN against T. versicolor by placing paper discs on potato dextrose agar with T. versicolor. Subsequently, we identified HCN in the inner bark of S. commixta using a picric acid paper. In the AFA tests, the amygdalin + β-glucosidase solution, the KCN+benzaldehyde solution, and the KCN solution exhibited elevated AFA against T. versicolor. Conversely, the amygdalin solution, the β-glucosidase solution, and the benzaldehyde solution did not exhibit significant AFA. These findings demonstrate that HCN acts as an antifungal agent against T. versicolor. Furthermore, HCN was detected in the freeze-dried inner bark pieces and the trunks of living S. commixta. This suggests that the disruption of the cells in the inner bark of S. commixta caused the cyanogenic glycosides and β-glucosidase to interact, which resulted in the hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides and generation of HCN. From the perspective of constitutive chemical defense mechanisms, HCN plays a crucial role in the high antifungal activity (AFA) of the inner bark of S. commixta against T. versicolor, creating an unfavorable environment for the growth of white-rot fungus after injury breaches the periderm.

Diastereomeric N,S-Dialkyl Dithiocarbamates Derived from (E)-Chalcones and ʟ-Tryptophan: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and In Vitro Studies Against Fusarium oxysporum

The synthesis of indole phytoalexin-like analogs related to alkyl (((1-(4-substitutedphenyl)-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)thio)carbonothioyl)-ʟ-tryptophanate 1a–d and the evaluation of their antifungal activity against the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum is reported. The target compounds were synthesized in the following two stages: (1) the initial esterification of ʟ-tryptophan, which reacted with trimethyl silane chloride and simple aliphatic alcohols (R = Me, Et) under microwave irradiation (MWI) at 100 °C to obtain the respective alkyl ester 2a–b; (2) the resulting mixture of ʟ-tryptophanates 2a–b with carbon disulfide and (E)-chalcone 3a–b under MWI at 50 °C during 60 min, followed by purification through classical column chromatography (55–76% yields). The products were obtained as mixtures of (S,R) and (S,S) diastereoisomers. An LC-DAD-MS analysis allowed us to establish the ratio of these diastereoisomers, and subsequent DFT/B3LYP-based computational calculations of the NMR 1H chemical shifts suggested that the major diastereoisomer involved an (S,R) absolute configuration, comprising more than 60% of the mixture. The compounds 1a–d were subjected to an antifungal activity test against the phytopathogen F. oxysporum using an amended medium-based assay. Compound series 1 showed inhibition percentages of 80% at the first concentration and IC50 values between 0.33 and 5.71 mM, demonstrating greater potential as antifungal agents compared to other ʟ-tryptophan derivatives like alkyl (2S)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-{[(1Z)-3-oxobut-1-en-1-yl]amino}propanoate, which presented lower inhibition percentages. In summary, phytoalexin analogs derived from ʟ-tryptophan and (E)-chalcones significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, indicating their potential as effective antifungal agents.

Exploration of fungal resistivity and mechanical performance of Zn-phases-doped geopolymers: ZnO and Zn/Al-LDH nanoparticles

Generation of green geopolymer pastes that are based on a 1:1 slag/fly ash ratio (Geo) is the main objective of this study owing to the limited production of cementitious slag in Egypt. Different doses of ZnO and Zn-Al-CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) were individually incorporated in geopolymer pastes to attain our aim and are coded Geo, Geo-0.5 %ZnO, Geo-1 %ZnO, Geo-0.5 %LDH, and Geo-1 %LDH. Setting times of fresh pastes and compressive strength of hardened pastes up to 28-days of conventional alkali-activation have been measured. Setting times of fresh pastes and compressive strength of hardened pastes up to 28-days of conventional alkali-activation have been measured. The results confirmed that adding ZnO and LDH NPs to the neat geopolymeric paste (Geo) significantly accelerated the setting process within 7–23 mins, especially for samples Geo-1 %ZnO and Geo-1 %LDH with 7/17 and 8.4/17.5 min., respectively. On the other hand, mechanical results indicated that pastes containing zinc oxide had poor compressive strength, especially in the early stages while 0.5 % LDH nanoparticles had a positive role as the strength values reached 8.9, 40, 60 MPa at 1, 7, and 28 days of curing, respectively. This behaviour is attributed to creating different types of zinc/silicon-containing phases like zinc-alumino-silicate-hydrates (Z-A-S-H, Zn6Al12Si12O48.29H2O), zinc-silicate-hydroxide-hydrate (Z-S-H, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O) and calcium-zinc-silicate (CaZnSi2O6) which detected by XRD. Moreover, TGA and SEM techniques affirmed the catalytic performance of LDH nanoparticles inside the geopolymeric structure as extra quantities of CSH, CASH, and C3AH6 have been generated. Anti-fungal activity test for some selected geopolymeric pastes was conducted via agar diffusion test (ASTMD4300–1). Geo-0.5 % ZnO and Geo-0.5 %LDH samples possessed the highest recorded inhibition zones against Aspergillus Niger and Mucor Circinelloid -AUMMC 11656, especially against Penicillium Glabrum-OP69417 with 51±1, and 67±2, respectively.

EVALUATION OF AN ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO INCORPORATING ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM CORN SILK (ZEA MAYS L.) AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS FUNGUS: FORMULATION AND ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of corn silk (Zea mays L.) extract as an antifungal ingredient in shampoo formulation for treating dandruff caused by Candida albicans. Methods: Plant identification, sampling, preparation of simplisia, phytochemical screening, simplisia characterization, ethanol extraction of corn silk, and the formulation of shampoos with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, alongside blank and positive controls. The formulations underwent physical evaluation, irritation testing, and antifungal activity testing using the disc diffusion method. Results: The corn silk shampoo formulations were stable during storage, non-irritating, was in thick liquid form with yellowish to brown colour, corn scent, had pH between 5.0-5.8, foaming capacity at 10.3-13.0 cm, with the viscocity ranging 1967-2224 cPs, means it met the required standards for shampoo formulation and characterization. Antifungal testing revealed inhibition zone diameters of 0 mm for the blank (F0), 7.87 mm for F1 (5%), 9.46 mm for F2 (10%), 15.89 mm for F3 (15%), and 18.71 mm for the positive control (C+), with a one-way ANOVA test indicating a significant difference compared to the negative control. Conclusion: Corn silk extract could be effectively formulated into an antifungal shampoo, with the 15% concentration being the most effective against Candida albicans, highlighting its potential as a natural ingredient for anti-dandruff shampoos.

Synthesized Cu nanoparticles by the Electric Wire Explosion Method for Anti-Candida Albicans application

The copper nanoparticles Cu NPs were successfully prepared via laser triggering wire explosion technique at different explosion voltages (4, 5 and 7 KV). It was observed through atomic force microscopy examinations that the prepared powders are highly homogeneous and contain agglomerations resembling regularly distributed protrusions and that the homogeneity increases with increasing explosion voltage. The examination of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed bonds and functional groups belong to CuO and Cu2O. Antifungal activity tests showed the efficiency of the prepared powders in eliminating Candida albicans, especially the Cu nanopowder prepared at 7KV and a concentration 200 µg/mL.

Cryptophytes as potential source of natural antimicrobials for food preservation.

Cryptophytes are a promising source of bioactive compounds that have not been fully explored. This research investigated the antimicrobial activity of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from several cryptophytes against a range of harmful foodborne bacteria and fungi. To measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value, the broth microdilution method was used. In the antibacterial evaluation of TPC, the MIC ranged between 31.25 and 500 μg/mL, while for the antifungal activity test, it varied from 31.25 to 125 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity test of EPS, the MIC values ranged from 125 to 1,000 μg/mL, whereas in the antifungal susceptibility test, it ranged between 62.5 and 1,000 μg/mL. The most resistant pathogen against TPC was Escherichia coli, while Campylobacter jejuni was the most susceptible. In the case of EPS, the most resistant pathogen was Salmonella Typhimurium, while Aspergillus versicolor exhibited the highest susceptibility. Overall, in terms of antimicrobial activity, TPC was more effective than EPS. Finally, the tolerance level (TL) for TPC and EPS was ≤4 in all tested samples, indicating their bactericidal/fungicidal mechanism of action. In conclusion, TPC and EPS isolated from cryptophytes demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial properties and ability to fully eradicate pathogens, and could be considered as natural preservatives in the food industry.

Synthesized Cu nanoparticles by the Electric Wire Explosion Method for Anti-Candida Albicans application

The copper nanoparticles Cu NPs were successfully prepared via laser triggering wire explosion technique at different explosion voltages (4, 5 and 7 KV). It was observed through atomic force microscopy examinations that the prepared powders are highly homogeneous and contain agglomerations resembling regularly distributed protrusions and that the homogeneity increases with increasing explosion voltage. The examination of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed bonds and functional groups belong to CuO and Cu2O. Antifungal activity tests showed the efficiency of the prepared powders in eliminating Candida albicans, especially the Cu nanopowder prepared at 7KV and a concentration 200 µg/mL.

The potential of indigenous Bacillus sp. BT3.1 as an antifungal biopesticide against the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum

Abstract. Nafidiastri FA, Lolita NT, Riqina HS, Aurora BZ, Geraldi A, Nurhariyati T, Supriyanto A, Ni’matuzahroh, Fatimah, Salamun. 2024. The potential of indigenous Bacillus sp. BT3.1 as an antifungal biopesticide against the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Biodiversitas 25: 2679-2686. Biosurfactants are green surfactants that bacteria can produce, one of which is Bacillus. This genus can produce lipopeptide-type biosurfactants, namely surfactin, that can inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. This research aims to determine the biosurfactant activity on molasses substrates and the antifungal activity of isolate BT3.1 against Fusarium oxysporum. The biosurfactant activity test method tested hemolytic activity using the spot method, surface tension analysis, and emulsification activity. In addition, an antifungal activity test was also carried out using the swab method. Characterization of isolate BT3.1 was carried out macroscopically and microscopically. The macroscopic characteristics of isolate BT3.1 show that bacteria from the genus Bacillus are moderate in size, white, irregular with serrate colony edges, shiny raised elevations, and a shiny surface texture. Microscopic characteristics of the isolate showed Gram-positive bacteria with oval-shaped endospores in the center. Based on the results of the biosurfactant activity test, isolate BT3.1 showed beta-type hemolysis activity, reduced surface tension by 23.3 mN/m on distilled water and 12 mN/m on NB media, and produced an emulsion activity value of around 52%. The results of the production of crude extract of BT3.1 isolate on 2, 4, and 6% molasses substrates showed optimal biosurfactant activity at a concentration of 4% with an incubation time of 48 hours. The antifungal activity of isolate BT3.1 showed that 80% inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, so the indigenous bacteria Bacillus sp. BT-3.1 has the potential to be developed as a raw material candidate for antifungal biopesticides against the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum.

Antifungal activity test of single clove garlic and single clove black garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Trichophyton rubrum

Antifungal activity test of single clove garlic and single clove black garlic (Allium sativum L.) against Trichophyton rubrum

Deciphering the mechanisms involved in reduced sensitivity to azoles and fengycin lipopeptide in Venturia inaequalis

Apple scab, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is currently the most common and damaging disease in apple orchards. Two strains of V. inaequalis (S755 and Rs552) with different sensitivities to azole fungicides and the bacterial metabolite fengycin were compared to determine the mechanisms responsible for these differences. Antifungal activity tests showed that Rs552 had reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole and tetraconazole, as well as to fengycin alone or in a binary mixture with other lipopeptides (iturin A, pumilacidin, lichenysin). S755 was highly sensitive to fengycin, whose activity was close to that of tebuconazole. Unlike fengycin, lipopeptides from the iturin family (mycosubtilin, iturin A) had similar activity on both strains, while those from the surfactin family (lichenysin, pumilacidin) were not active, except in binary mixtures with fengycin. The activity of lipopeptides varies according to their family and structure. Analyses to determine the difference in sensitivity to azoles (which target the CYP51 enzyme involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway) showed that the reduced sensitivity in Rs552 is linked to (i) a constitutive increased expression of the Cyp51A gene caused by insertions in the upstream region and (ii) greater efflux by membrane pumps with the involvement of ABC transporters. Microscopic observations revealed that fengycin, known to interact with plasma membranes, induced morphological and cytological changes in cells from both strains. Sterol and phospholipid analyses showed a higher level of ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol and a lower level of PI(C16:0/C18:1) in Rs552 compared with S755. These differences could therefore influence the composition of the plasma membrane and explain the differential sensitivity of the strains to fengycin. However, the similar antifungal activities of mycosubtilin and iturin A in the two strains indirectly indicate that sterols are probably not involved in the fengycin resistance mechanism. This leads to the conclusion that different mechanisms are responsible for the difference in susceptibility to azoles or fengycin in the strains studied.

Evaluation of In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Fungal, Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing and Cytotoxic Properties of (Camellia chrysantha Hu Tuyama)

The current study was set out to look into the anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the methanolic extract from the leaf of Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama (MECCL). Primary evaluation of MECCL was performed via phytochemical screening. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract revealed the presence of reducing sugar, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Anti-inflammatory activity test was done using egg albumin denaturation assay. In the result of MECCL’s anti-inflammatory test showed 88.88% compared to the standard acetyl salicylic acid 98.56%. The anti-fungal activity test was performed by Disc Diffusion method using zone of inhibition against four fungi. MECCL showed moderate antifungal activity compared to standard Griseofulvin against Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Penicillium notatum. Zones of inhibition of the fungi Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Penicillium notatum is 11mm, 14mm and 14mm at the concentration of 700 µg/disc, which is close to the standard Griseofulvin 19mm, 20mm, and 21mm respectively at 50 µg/disc concentration. Mucor hiemalis showed mild zone of inhibition in 300, 500, and 700 µg/disc (7mm). Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay method was used to test the lethality of the methanolic leaf extract. The extract showed significant cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii with LC50 value of 0.843 µg/mL when compared with the standard Vincristine sulphate (LC50 value: 0.608 µg/mL). Comparison with positive control Vincristine sulphate signifies that cytotoxicity exhibited by MECCL and further bioactivity guided investigation can be done to find potent antitumor compounds. In thrombolytic activity test, MECCL demonstrated 95.69% thrombolysis which was significant compared to standard Streptokinase (SK) which demonstrated 91.304 % thrombolysis. While doing membrane stabilizing activity test, Heat induced hemolysis assay was performed and the percent of protection was 85.35 compared to the standard DS 73.63 which was very significant. The results highlight the potential of Camellia chrysantha (Hu) Tuyama as a valuable source of phytochemicals that possess notable anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and membrane-stabilizing properties. The methanolic leaf extract also shows moderate antifungal and cytotoxic effects, suggesting potential for future therapeutic advancements.

Formulation and Characterisation of Fluconazole Loaded MCM-41 Powder for Topical Drug Delivery

Purpose: The use of common carriers like talc for topical drug delivery leads to diminished efficacy as a result of poor aqueous solubility and low dissolution rate. The objective of this study was to improve the efficiency of fluconazole topical dosage form using MCM-41 as a carrier material. The aim was to load fluconazole in carriers like MCM-41 as well as ß-Cyclodextrin and to compare the prepared powder formulation with the marketed formulations. Methods: Fluconazole complex was formulated with the use of MCM-41 and ß-CD as carriers in different proportions by melt, solvent evaporation and kneading method. The complex was developed into a powder formulation. These formulations were subjected to in vitro anti-fungal activity tests on candida albicans. Results: The inclusion compound was characterised by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and FTIR. The optimised method of preparation determined by in vitro dissolution was the melt method. The optimised formulation was then subjected to anti-fungal activity test. Formulation B containing MCM-41 as the bulk excipient had better performance than the marketed formulation; it showed 92.95 ± 0.33% CDR compared to 74.96 ± 0.47% CDR at the end of 1 hour and increased moisture adsorption. Conclusion: Thus, a fluconazole topical formulation with improved drug dissolution and moisture adsorption was designed. From in vitro tests, it was seen that the prepared formulation had better performance compared to the commercial formulation against skin mycotic infections and could be used for its treatment.

Synthesis, bioactivity and molecular docking of novel coumarin-quinolinamide containing monocyclic monoterpenes as potential SDH inhibitors

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) are widely used in plant antifungal agents. To break the barrier of resistance, a series of new coumarin-quinolinamide SDHI derivatives containing monocyclic monoterpenes were designed and synthesized using natural camphor or natural menthol as lead compounds, and their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. In vitro antifungal activity test results showed that the target compounds had inhibitory activity against most plant pathogenic fungi, especially against Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae, which was superior to other fungi. Among them, compounds 11t and 12t showed better inhibitory effects on Rhizoctonia solani than the commercial fungicide tricyclazole, with EC50 of 16.90 mg/L and 27.09 mg/L, respectively. Based on this, the detached leaf assay was used to further explore the in vivo therapeutic and preventive effects of compounds 11t and 12t on rice sheath blight in plants. The results of the antifungal activity test in vivo showed that compound 11t was slightly better than the positive control, while compound 12t was close to the control effect of azoxystrobin. More importantly, the more bioactive compounds 11t and 12t did not affect the germination of cowpea seeds and also did not affect the growth of normal human hepatocytes and kidney cells. Molecular docking experiments showed that the introduction of the diethylamino group could promote the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom on the amide bond of the target compound and residue Tyr91, and compounds 11t and 12t had smaller free energy between the amino acid residue, which would enhance the antifungal activity of the compounds. These studies proved the potential value of this series of compounds for the study of novel amide-based SDHI fungicides.

Evaluation of liquid smoke of cocoa bean shell against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis

Cocoa bean shells are one of the by-products produced from chocolate processing. The cocoa bean shells contain polyphenols approximately 5.8%. The study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of liquid smoke produced from cocoa bean shells against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis It is expected that liquid smoke from cocoa bean shells will have the opportunity to replace AGPs. Total phenol, saponin, and tannin compounds were analyzed and were made in three replications. To determine the inhibition of liquid smoke of cocoa bean shells (LSCBS) on E. coli and C. utilis, the diameter of the clear area on the media was measured using a ruler. The antibacterial and antifungal activity test was carried out by well diffusion methods. Ten treatments, i.e. different concentrations of the LSCBS (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%/non-diluted), each with four replications were performed, and the growth of the E. coli and C. utilis was observed. Statistical analysis was conducted using a completely randomized design. The results showed total phenol content was 0.17 g/100mL, saponin 0.46 g/100mL, and tannin 0.047 g/100mL in LSCBS. The antibacterial activity with a 10-100% concentration of LSCBS did not show zona inhibition (clear zone) against E. coli. Likewise, antifungal activity with a 10-100% concentration of LSCBS did not show zona inhibition against C. utilis. Not all liquid smoke from plant by-products inhibits bacterial growth. This research showed that the liquid smoke from the cocoa bean shells did not affect the growth of Escherichia coli and Candida utilis in vitro, the possible cause was the very low content of total phenols, saponins, and tannins It means liquid smoke from cocoa bean shells could not replace AGPs.

Antifungal activity test of Dewandaru leaf extract (Eugenia uniflora L) against Candida in otomycosis

Background: Tropical climate conditions and a lack of public awareness about maintaining environmental cleanliness mean that infectious diseases are still a major health problem in Indonesia. Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are pathogenic organisms that cause infections. Fungal infections receive less attention because they are rarely fatal for the sufferer. Fungal infections in the ear, known as otomycosis, are often caused by Candida fungi. The Dewandaru plant (E. uniflora L) as a type of plant that is widely used for traditional medicine in the community is known to have antifungal potential. This plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthraquinones and tannins which have antifungal properties. Method: The method used in this research was experimental research with a post test only control group design on C. albicans test material. The positive control was 1% Clotrimazole suspension and the negative control was 96% ethanol solution. Result: Research showed that there was an inhibitory effect of E. uniflora L leaf extract in concentrations of 100%, 90% and 80% against the Candida albicans fungus. Average diameter of the inhibitory area of leaf extract E. uniflora L concentrations of 100%, 90% and 80% respectively were 22.2 mm; 19.0mm; and 18.0 mm, while the average diameter of the 1% Clotrimazole inhibition area was 31.8 mm. Conclusion: There is an inhibitory effect of Dewandaru leaf extract (E. uniflora L) in concentrations of 100%, 90% and 80% against the Candida albicans fungus.

Isoquinoline alkaloids from endophytic fungus Aspergillus puniceus and their potential as inhibitors for tobacco powdery mildew

The isoquinoline alkaloids have attracted widespread attention from chemists and biologists. With the aims of screening for biological compounds produced by fungi, three new (1–3), together with four known (4–7) isoquinolines were isolated from the cigar tobacco-derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus puniceus in this study. Their structures were determined by means of HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic studies. Interestingly, the antifungal activity test revealed that compound 5 showed high antifungal activity against G. cichoracearum (DC) (the main pathogen of tobacco powdery mildew disease) with an inhibition rate of 76.3% ± 5.0. Compared to the negative control, compounds 1–4, 6, and 7 also showed notable anti-G. cichoracearum activities with inhibition rates in the range of 38.5–56.9%. The isolation of the above isoquinolines may provide materials for the study of more potent antifungal inhibitors and contribute to an improved utilisation of cigar tobacco-derived endophytic fungi.

Characterization of Chitinolitic Bacteria from Hermatia illucent Larvae Waste: Antifungal Activity, Hydrolytic Enzyme, and Phosphate-Potassium Solubilization

Hermetia illucens larvae, also known as the black soldier fly larvae, are best known as the decomposers of organic matter. There are many potential microbes found in the feces of BSF larvae. This research aimed to isolate the chitinolytic bacteria from chicken manure maggot waste, identify the antifugal activity, hydrolytic enzyme activity, phosphate and potassium solubilization, and bacterial species through 16S rRNA gene analysis. The initial screening focused on bacteria with chitinolytic ability. Antifungal activity tests were performed against phytopathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum sp. Isolate MKP02 showed the highest activity in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum sp. up to 100% and produced protease and cellulase enzymes, along with the ability to solubilize potassium. Furthermore, the potential isolate MKP04, the isolate shows the highest cellulolytic activity with a percentage of 300%. It can inhibit Colletotrichum sp. fungi, as well as having lipase enzyme content, and being able to dissolve potassium. The results of 16S rRNA gene amplification on the two isolates showed that both isolates were close to bacteria of the genus Lysinibacillus and Brevibacterium. This research is expected to provide valuable information about the bacterial content, levels of hydrolytic enzymes, and the ability to solubilize phosphate and potassium in BSF.

Antimicrobial of Ethanolic Extract from Marpuyan Stem Bark (Rhodamnia cinerea Jack)

The Bark of Marpuyan Tree (Rhodamnia cinerea Jack) is a plant that has been empirically used by communities in Indonesia for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. The bark of Marpuyan contains flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanol extract of the bark of Marpuyan using the disc diffusion method at various extract concentrations, namely 30%, 25%, 15%, 10%, and 5%. The results of the antibacterial activity test against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis) showed inhibitory zones with respective diameters of 11.67±0.21 mm, 12.29±0.43 mm, and 12.78±0.14 mm. These results indicate weak antibacterial activity. In the antibacterial activity test against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi), inhibitory zones were found with respective diameters of 13.05±0.05 mm, 12.58±1.78 mm, and 10.98±0.21 mm. These results also indicate weak antibacterial activity. However, in the antifungal activity test, no activity was found against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. Nevertheless, the ethanol extract of Marpuyan bark showed moderate antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with an inhibitory zone diameter of 15.44±2.02 mm.

Antifungal Activity-Guided Analysis of Actinostemma lobatum Extracts through Serial Sub-fractions.

Plants are treasure trove of novel compounds that have potential for antifungal chemicals and drugs. In our previous study, we had screened plant extracts obtained from more than eight hundred plant materials collected in Korea, and found that butanol fraction of the Actinostemma lobatum were most potent in suppressing growth of diverse fungal pathogens of plants. Here in this study, we describe further analysis of the butanol fraction, and summarize the results of subsequent antifungal activity test for the sub-fractions against a selected set of plant pathogenic fungi. This line of analyses allowed us to identify the sub-fractions that could account for a significant proportion of observed antifungal activity of initial butanol fraction from A. lobatum. Further analysis of these sub-fractions and determination of structure would provide the shortlist for novel compounds that can be a lead to new agrochemicals.

Daya Hambat Ekstrak Buah Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans

Oral candidiasis is a fungal infection of the superficial epithelium of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species. Effective therapy for oral candidiasis is nystatin. However, this drug has a variety of side effects. Therefore, natural therapeutic agent with minimal side effects is needed to be safe in long-term use. Okra fruit contains active ingredients that can be used as an antifungal agent. Aims to prove the ability of okra fruit extract and analyze the optimal concentration of okra fruit extract in inhibitting the growth of C. albicans. The antifungal activity test was carried out using the disk diffusion method. The research sample was divided into six groups, namely K (+) (nystatin), K (-) (DMSO 10%), and okra fruit extract with concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% obtained through the maceration process. Each research group was taken with a micropipette and then dripped on a paper disk. Paper disks were placed and distributed evenly on the surface of Saboroud Dextrose Agar (SDA) media that had been inoculated with C. albicans then incubated for 48 hours. The results showed the formation of a clear area around the paper disk that has been dropped with concentrations of 100%, 75%, and 50% of okra fruit extract. Okra fruit extract had an inhibitory effect on the growth of C. albicans and 100% concentration of okra fruit extract had the optimal ability to inhibit the growth of C. albicans.