Antifungal Activity Of Essential Oils Research Articles

Effectiveness of Essential Oils from Three Medicinal Plants Against Bayoud Disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Plant extracts and essential oils are promising new sources of non-toxic alternatives to chemicals substances. They are used for their antimicrobial properties against plant diseases of fungal origin, against bacterial, and those of virus origin. This study was carried out to study the antifungal activity of Artemisia herba-alba, Foeniculum vulgare and Citrus sinensis essential oils against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Essential oil was extracted by steam distillation. Antifungal activity of essential oil was investigated by macro-broth method of dilution by a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against this pathogen. The yield of essential oil obtained by steam distillation of Foeniculum vulgare samples was 2.31% greater than that obtained from Citrus sinensis sample which was 1.8%, followed by Artemisia herba alba samples 1.22%. Regarding antifungal activity, the results revealed a better inhibitory activity of Artemisia herba alba against the tested strainsat the lowest LC50 values (0.1 µl/ml). On the other hand, Foeniculum vulgare, Artemisia herba alba and Citrus sinensis essential oils show similar MICs of mycelial growth against this pathogen. The value of the MIC and CMF is greater than 50 µl/ml for the three essential oils.

Potential antifungal activity of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf and its performances as biostabilization of tiger nut milk (Cyperus exculentus)

Tiger nut milk is not heated during processing and is usually contaminated with spoilage microorganisms due to its high starch content. The present study aims to preserve tiger nut milk using essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus as an antimicrobial agent. The antifungal activity was evaluated by agar diffusion and micro-dilution methods. Storage tests were performed at 4°C by incorporating tiger nut milk with different concentrations of EO (i.e. 0.05; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20; 0.25; 0.30; 0.35; 0.40; 0.45 and 0.50 (% v/v)), after which the physicochemical and hygienic characteristics were assessed. The EO showed significant (p ˂ 0.05) inhibitory activity against A. niger (19.89 mm), C. albicans (26.30 mm), C. kefir (26.45 mm), C. tropicalis (27.31 mm), R. nigricans (27.45 mm) and S. cerevisiae KVL013 (25.52 mm) with MICs 15.62 (A. niger), 0.98 (C. albicans), 1.63 (C. kefir), 1.95 (C. tropicalis), 7.81 (R. nigricans) and 0.98 (S. cerevisiae KVL013). The results of the shelf-life monitoring showed that the milk samples were free of total and thermotolerant coliforms, Bacillus spores and sulphite-reducing anaerobes spores. At a concentration of 0.40 to 0.50% of EO and after 21 days, flora microbial load decreased in unpasteurized milk from 103 to 102 (CFU/mL) and yeasts/moulds decreased from 102 to 101 (CFU/mL), whereas in pasteurized milk, flora decreased from 103 to 10 (CFU/mL), and yeasts/moulds decreased from 102 to less than 101 (CFU/mL). This shows that the tiger nut milk remained stable and its hygienic quality complied with the standards set for spoilage flora and spores for 21 days at 4°C under refrigeration. The results obtained indicated that EO of C. citratus has strong antimicrobial activity on spoilage flora and the stabilisation concentration can be modulated for sensory acceptability.

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds against Aspergillus flavus.

Aspergillus flavus is a facultative parasite that contaminates several important food crops at both the pre- and post-harvest stages. Moreover, it is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes aspergillosis diseases. A. flavus also produces the polyketide-derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolite aflatoxin, which negatively impacts global food security and threatens human and livestock health. Recently, plant-derived natural compounds and essential oils (EOs) have shown great potential in combatting A. flavus spoilage and aflatoxin contamination. In this review, the in situ antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic properties of EOs are discussed. The mechanisms through which EOs affect A. flavus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis are then reviewed. Indeed, several involve physical, chemical, or biochemical changes to the cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, and related metabolic enzymes and genes. Finally, the future perspectives towards the application of plant-derived natural compounds and EOs in food protection and novel antifungal agent development are discussed. The present review highlights the great potential of plant-derived natural compounds and EOs to protect agricultural commodities and food items from A. flavus spoilage and aflatoxin contamination, along with reducing the threat of aspergillosis diseases.

Antifungal activity of essential oils against itraconazole-resistant pathogenic Candida isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Fungal infection by species of pathogenic Candida with antifungal resistance is currently a serious problem. Treatment with new medications is becoming more challenging to manage this type of infection. The present study aimed to investigate the antifungal effect of essential oils (EOs) against itraconazole-resistant species of pathogenic Candida. Seven essential oils were tested on 15 clinical isolates of itraconazole-resistant Candida from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The antifungal action of selected EOs was evaluated using the disc diffusion method with the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of effective Eos. Radish EO was the most effective type against all Candida isolates with MICs between 3.125% and 6.25% (v/v) .It also had a stronger effect than itraconazole. Six other EOs showed antifungal effects at varying concentrations and were dependent upon the type of isolate. Low concentrations of these six EOs were more effective against many isolates than their high concentrations. Moreover, camphor and linseed EOs were less effective on isolates. Radish EO has a strong antifungal activity against itraconazole-resistance species of Candida, even more than itraconazole. The antifungal action of some EOs can be increased through the use of low concentrations.

SELECTED PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS OF THE LAMIACEEAE AND APIACEAE FAMILY AS THE ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS IN THE VAPOUR PHASE AGAINST RHIZOPUS STOLONIFER AND RHIZOPUS ORYZAE ISOLATED FROM MOULDING BREADS

Species of the Rhizopus genus are often involved in the moulding of bread and bakery products. Essential oils (EOs) are a suitable alternative to extend the shelf life of food. This research was focused on testing the effect of selected EOs on the growth of Rhizopus species. Tested strains were isolated from mouldy breads. The antifungal activity of EOs against R. stolonifer and R. oryzae strains was determined by micro-atmospheric method (625 μL EO/L air) during 7 days of cultivation. Eight EOs, thyme, red thyme, savory, caraway, marjoram, wild thyme, and oregano 100% inhibited the growth of all strains. Basil, sage, and anise EOs only partially inhibited the growth of strains. Subsequently, the minimum inhibitory doses were determined using micro-atmospheric method. Minimal inhibition doses were 250 μL/L for thyme and red thyme EO, 250 and 500 μL/L for savory EO, 250 and 500 μL/L for oregano EO, 500 and ˃500 μL/L for wild thyme EO, ˃500 μL/L for caraway and marjoram EOs. Strains of the genus Rhizopus reacted differently to the presence of EOs. Thyme and red thyme were evaluated as the most effective EOs in this study.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antifungal activity of essential oil from Myrtus Communis, L

Myrtus communis. L, essential oil is considered a source of biologically active compounds. In our present study, we tried to determine the chemical composition of this oil by GS/MS after their extraction by steam distillation and to determine their antioxidant and antifungal activity. In the tested oil GC/MS, twenty-three components were identified, which represented 99.99 % of the total detected constituent. The major components of the leaves were 1.8 Cineol (41.24 %), d-Limonene (15.37 %), α-pinene (15.22 %), and Myrtenyl acetate (14.35 %). Other components were present in amounts less than 4 %. Our essential oil presents low antioxidant power, on the other hand, it has presented very high antifungal power, Penicillium digitatum ID = 53.67 mm, MIC = 0.5 μL/mL, MIF = 1 μL/mL, Aspergillus Niger ID = 49 mm, MIC = 0.5 μL/mL. Indeed, the results obtained in this work have allowed us to recommend the essential oil of Myrtus communis. L in the field of biotechnology as a natural fungicide.

Evaluation of the anti-Candida albicans and anti-Cryptococcus neoformans activity of the essential oils of three Moroccan medicinal plants

The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggest their uses in the high incidence of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is due to several factors as resistance to antifungals, a fungistatic than the fungicidal effect of these drugs and the side effects of synthetic antifungals. Then, the search for new sources of molecules effective against pathogenic fungi is a major objective. In this context, the screening of antifungal activity of essential oils of three medicinal plants from Morocco (Lavandula angustifolia, Salvia officinalis, and Rosmarinus officinalis) has been carried out against C. albicans and C. neoformans, using Disk-diffusion assay and micro-dilution method. The essential oils are obtained by Hydrodistillation, the characterization of the most active essential oil was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that L. angustifolia essential oil is the only oil that showed strong fungicidal activity against C. neoformans and against C. albicans. The FTIR analysis of this oil showed the existence of several antifungal compounds, mainly linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol, carvacrol, and citral. S. officinalis essential oil has a fungicidal effect against C. neoformans, but a fungistatic effect against C. albicans. This activity is due to the presence of camphor, 1,8-cineole, and limonene. R. officinalis essential oil showed a fungistatic effect depending on its main chemical components, including eucalyptol, limonene, cymene, α-pinene, and camphor. The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggests their uses in the extraction of active principle for the synthesis of new antifungal drugs.

Chemical composition of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl., and Prangos uloptera DC. essential oils and their antifungal activities

Introduction: Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for most fungal infections in humans. Secondary metabolites are known to be antimicrobial and antifungal agents. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of Prangos ferulacea and P. uloptera essential oils and evaluate the sensitivity of four genera of Candida. Methods: After collecting plant samples, their essential oils were extracted by the distillation method, and their components were analyzed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify constituents. In total, 48 species of Candida isolated from clinical specimens were examined in this study. The antifungal activities of essential oils of P. ferulacea and P. uloptera were evaluated according to CLSI M27-A3 compared to fluconazole. Results: Out of the two tested plants, P. ferulacea had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Candida species. However, MIC of this plant against C. albicans isolates was higher than 0.121 μL/mL non-albicans species. Both plants were able to inhibit non- albicans species with MIC90 values of 0.0097 and 0.039 μL/mL. However, their MIC90 values were less than fluconazole against Candida isolates. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that P. ferulacea and P. uloptera essential oils might be used as new antifungal agents.

Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils in Vapor Phase against Botrytis cinerea and Their Potential to Control Postharvest Strawberry Gray Mold.

Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants seem to have the potential to control several fungal pathogens and food contaminants. Botrytis cinerea is the main strawberry fruit contaminant causing high losses during storage. Here, thirteen EOs applied in the vapor phase were evaluated for their potential to inhibit the growth of three different strains of B. cinerea isolated from strawberry fruits. Eight EOs (lemongrass, litsea, lavender, peppermint, mint, petitgrain, sage, and thyme) were able to completely inhibit the growth of B. cinerea for 7 days when applied at a concentration of 625 μL·L−1. Four EOs with the lowest minimal inhibition concentrations (thyme, peppermint, lemongrass, and litsea) have been tested on strawberry fruits intentionally inoculated by B. cinerea. All four EOs showed high inhibition at a concentration of 250 or 500 μL·L−1, but only peppermint EO was able to completely inhibit B. cinerea lesion development at a concentration of 125 μL·L−1. The sensory evaluation of strawberries treated by EOs at a concentration 125 μL·L−1 resulted in a statistically significant decrease in taste, aftertaste, aroma, and overall quality. Lemongrass and litsea EOs scored better than thyme and peppermint ones, thus forming two viable methods for B. cinerea suppression and the extension of packed strawberries’ shelf life.

​Antifungal Activity of Essential oil Extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome against Fungal Phytopathogens

Background: Fungal phytopathogens are one of the main causes of deterioration of plant growth and productivity. Reliability of farmers on chemical fungicides poses a threat to humans and the environment. Therefore, exploration and uses of green and biological alternatives should be encouraged in the field of agriculture in order to maintain the overall health of a country. Plant essential oil is one such alternative that is currently researched and holds promises in unlocking the solution to this problem. Methods: Effect of the oil extracted from K. galanga by hydro-distillation against fungal phytopathogens isolated from different plant parts were tested using two different methods of inhibition viz., by direct contact method (M1) and volatile/fumigation method (M2). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for both methods were also determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to show the effect of oil on the physiology of the pathogens. Result: MIC was in the range 1.5-6 µl mL-1 for M1, whereas for M2 the MIC was in the range 2-10 µl mL-1 air. The MFC for M1 ranges from 2-6 µl mL-1, with the exception of Fusarium sp. and Cercospora sp. However for volatile/ fumigation assay, the MFC could not be determined. Thus the effectiveness of the oil for inhibiting the phytopathogens differ for different fungi and the methods used.

Evaluation of the Antifungal effects of Rosemary Oil and comparison with Nystatin on the Growth of Candida species isolates from HIV/AIDS patients with Oral Candidiasis

Background: Oral candidiasis is an infection due to the activity of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Oral candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic infections occuring among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Due to increasing resistance and adverse effects to commonly used antifun¬gal drugs, many recent studies have examined the use of herbal essential oils as antifungal agents. In this study, essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and nystatin were examined for in vitro antifungal activ¬ity against Candida species. Aim: To evaluate antifungal activity of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and nystatin by comparing inhibition zone diameters. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory study with a posttest only design conducted in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya. Forty isolates consisted of 20 isolates of Candida albicans and Candida non-albicans were subjected to test for antifungal activity using the diffusion disk method using paper discs or blank discs and inhibitory zones were recorded. Results: Diffusion test results revealed stronger antifungal effect of nystatin against all analyzed Candida strains. This study showed the mean diameter of the inhibitory zone for Candida albicans formed by rosemary essential oil is 2.25 mm and the average inhibition zone formed by rosemary essential oil for Candida non-albicans is 1.5 mm. Conclusion: The antifungal activity of nystatin is stronger when compared to rosemary essential oil as seen from a greater inhibition zone than rosemary essential oil in the diffusion method.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST RHIZOPUS STOLONIFER

Nowadays, it is very important to find out the protection of plant products as an alternative to synthetic fungicides. The promising alternative is the use of the essential oils (EOs). The aim of our research was to evaluate the antifungal effect of angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), camphore (Cinnamonum camphorum Nees & Eberm), litsea (Litsea deccanensis L.), cumin (Carum carvi L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), mint (citrate) (Mentha citrata L.), mint (piperita) (Mentha piperita L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum L.) EOs against three isolates of the genus Rhizopus obtained from moldy plants source the chemical composition of selected EOs was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC – MS) and by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC – FID). The antifungal activity of EOs against the growth of Rhizopus spp. was investigated by gas diffusion method (625 μL/L of air). The mycelium growth inhibition was measured on the 2nd, 4th, and 7th days of cultivation. Six EOs: litsea, mint (citrata), mint (piperita), cumin, thyme and cinnamon completely inhibited the growth of all tested fungi. For these EOs the minimum inhibitory doses were determined. According to probit analyses, the most effective tested EO was thyme and the least effective was cumin. Our results indicated that EOs are effective in the vapor phase and had a potential antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer strains. So, they could be utilized in novel biological fungicide development.

Efecto de los niveles de salinidad sobre la actividad antifúngica del aceite esencial de Thymus contra Fusarium oxysporum

Thyme (Thymus sp.), a medicinal plant of the family Lamiaceae, is used in traditional medicine, contains a wide array of medicinally active components, in their great majority of a rather complex mixture of thymol, ρ-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, β-Caryophyllen, etc. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris extract against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.radicis-lycopersici strain under saline conditions, assuming soil with high salt content of the arid regions. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation technique using a Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Antifungal activity of essential oil against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was investigated by agar dilution method. The main constituents of thyme essential oil were thymol (76.96 %), ρ-cymene (9.89 %) and γ-Terpinene (1.92 %). Essential oil from Thymus resented high in vitro activity, in controlling conidial germination and mycelial growth. However, the oil was significantly not active against the spore production under a salinity medium. The results showed that mycelial growth was stimulated in concentrations with 0.6 -1.5 %. In contrast, it was significantly reduced at a higher concentration (2 %). The application of NaCl caused a significant increase in the conidia production at various concentrations tested. NaCl has a minor inhibitory effect on conidial germination only when the concentration was 2 %. The results of this study indicate that salinity decreases the efficacy of essential oil against the pathogen.

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from the Roots of Tinomiscium petiolare

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from the Roots of Tinomiscium petiolare

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION AND IN VITRO ANTIFUGAL CHRACTERIZATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM AERIAL PARTS OF SWERTIA PETIOLATA D. DON

Objective: The aim of this research work was to evaluate the important phytochemical and their antifungal activity against crops pathogens from essential of Swertia petiolata. Methods: The phytochemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from aerial parts of Swertia petiolata D. Don obtained from hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/GC-MS analysis in relation with their Kavot indices and mass spectra and their antifungal activity by disk diffusion method. Results: The oil is rich in monoterpenoids and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. A total of 39 chemical constituents were identified representing 87.50% and major chemical constituents were identified as n-tetradecanal (15.16%), isopropylcyclohexene (13.58%), trimethylsilylpalmitate (12.50%), longipianol (7.76%), n-eocosane (7.46%), z-patchenal (4.40%), guaiadienal (4.07%), and heptadecanal (3.86%) whereas oxygenated monoterpenoids were minor constituents. The antifungal activity was studied by disk diffusion method with 57.63±0.10% and 44.34±0.13% mycelial growth inhibition. The oil was active against Bipolaris maydis and Rhizoctonia solani at concentration of 2.5μg/μL while, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata were least active for this oil. The minimum inhibitory concentration and IC50 showed a range from 1.2 μg/μL to 1.8 μg/μL as compared with standard fungicides (Amphotericin and Clotrimazole) with IC50 values ranging from 0.5 μg/μL to 0.9 μg/μL and 0.5 μg/μL to 1.5 μg/μL. Conclusions: The essential oil dominated by n-tetradecanal (15.16%), isopropylcyclohexene (13.58%), trimethylsilylpalmitate (12.50%), longipianol (7.76%), n-eocosane (7.46%), z-patchenal (4.40%), and guaiadienal (4.07%) as the major components from aerial parts which showed a marked antifungal activity against Bipolaris maydis and Rhizoctonia solani.

In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against Botrytis cinerea of postharvest grapes

Botrytis cinerea is a widespread pathogen that infects a wide variety of plants. Postharvest grape infects with B. cinerea results in fruit rot and drop. In this study, the inhibitory effect of 30 kinds of plant essential oils on B. cinerea was investigated through in vitro experiments, and the types and concentrations of essential oils with the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea of postharvest grapes were screened. The results showed that 10 essential oils completely inhibited the growth of B. cinerea when the concentration of essential oils was 1000 μL/L. After reducing the concentration of these 10 essential oils to 500 μL/L, 5 essential oils showed continuous fungistasis effect on B. cinerea. The concentration of these five essential oils dropped to 250 μL/L, and only garlic essential oil showed long-lasting antifungal benefit. But which showed no long-lasting antifungal benefit at 125 μL/L. Therefore, garlic essential oil higher than 125 μL/L has sustained antifungal effect on B. cinerea, which can be used for postharvest preservation and storage of grapes.

Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Lemon Growth Performance: Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils From Peels and Leaves.

Ten-year-old lemon (Citrus limon L. cv. Eureka) was used during the 2019 and 2020 seasons to investigate the effect of AgNPs at control, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/L as a foliar application on vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality. The selected trees were subjected to agricultural practices applied in the field during the study. The results indicated that the foliar application of AgNPs positively improved the shoot length, total chlorophyll, flower, and fruit set percentage, fruit yield, physical and chemical characteristics of fruits, and leaf mineral composition from macro and micronutrients compared to control in both seasons. The foliar application of AgNPs at 10 mg/L showed the highest mean values followed by 7.5 and 5 mg/L, respectively, for the previous characteristics. The treated leaves and fruit peels were hydrodistillated to extract the essential oils (EOs), and GC–MS analysis of leaf EOs. The analysis of leaves EOs showed the presence of neral, geranial, neryl acetate, and limonene as the main abundant bioactive compounds. While in peel the main compounds were neral, geranial, neryl acetate, D-limonene, geraniol acetate, linalool, and citronellal. Toxin effect of both EOs from leaves and peels were evaluated on the rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) and the results indicated a higher effect of lemon peel EOs than leaves based on mortality percentage and the values of LC50 and LC95 mg/L. Melia azedarach wood samples loaded with the produced lemon EOs were evaluated for their antifungal activity against the molecularly identified fungus, Fusarium solani (acc # OL410542). The reduction in mycelial growth was increased gradually with the applied treatments. The most potent activity was found in lemon leaf EOs, while peel EOs showed the lowest reduction values. The mycelial growth reduction percentages reached 72.96 and 52.59%, by 0.1% leaf and peel EOs, respectively, compared with control.

BIOACTIVITY OF CINNAMON ESSENTIAL OIL

The interest in using antifungal instead of chemical preservatives in fruits and food products has been increasing in recent years. Regarding essential oils natural and liquid secondary plant metabolites are gaining importance of their use in the protection of foods. Since, they are safe and healthy. Cinnamon bark and leaf oils are selected essential oil. The antifungal activity of essential oil are mostly depend on its chemical constituents present in it which does not allowed the fungal hyphae and mycelium to grow in certain time of period. These oils are mainly used in pharmaceutical in order to preserve certain living entities. The phytochemicals present in this plant are mostly used for antifungal, antibacterial, antihistaminic, antipyretic etc. A review provides an overview of the current literature on cinnamon essential oils mainly antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, anti-mycotoxigenic activity.

Chemical profile and antifungal activity of essential oil from the flower of Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud.

Bauhinia rufa is one of the species found inhabiting the Cerrado domain. Annually this plant species presents flowering with a light sweet aroma. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical profile and antifungal activity of the essential oil of B. rufa flowers on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Coletotrichum gloeosporioides and Aspergillus flavus. Flowers were collected in the early hours of the morning, being sent to the laboratory for extraction and yield of essential oil by the Clevenger-type system. The chemical profile of the essential oil was obtained by gas chromatography with mass detector (GC-MS), and for antifungal activity, sequences of concentrations 100, 50, 25, 12.5; 6.25; 3.13 and 1.56 µL mL-1 on strains of S. sclerotiorum, C. gloeosporioides and A. flavus. The essential oil of B. rufa showed a yield of 0.05%, 28 compounds identified, the majority being Myrcene (8.27%), O-Cymene (31.14%), 1,2-dimethyl-4-ethyl-benzene (13.08%), Trans-Pinocarveol (12.55%) and Kryptone with (8.94%). The antifungal activity showed the best results for S. sclerotiorum and C. gloeosporioides where they exhibited fungistatic activity between 100 and 54.84% at all concentrations. For A. flavus, the best inhibition concentrations were observed between 100 to 25 µL-1 with 100%, and in the lowest concentrations of 12.5 and 6.25 µL-1 with 40.55 and 10.08%, no inhibition was observed at concentrations 3.13 and 1.56 µL-1. The essential oil of B. rufa showed richness in chemical compounds and effective fungicidal action.

Chemical Constituents and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oil of Entada abyssinica from Nigeria

Chemical Constituents and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oil of Entada abyssinica from Nigeria