Evaluation Of Antifungal Activity Research Articles

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Pyrazoleacetamide Derivatives.

Fungal infections have posed a big challenge in the management of their treatment. Due to the resistance and toxicity of existing drug molecules in the light of pandemic infections, like COVID-19, there is an urgent need to find newer derivatives of active molecules, which can be effective in fungal infections. In the present study, we aimed to design pyrazole derivatives using molecular modeling studies against target 1EA1 and synthesize 10 molecules of pyrazole derivatives using a multi-step synthesis approach. Designed pyrazole derivatives were synthesized by conventional organic methods. The newly synthesized pyrazole molecules were characterized by using FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and LC-MS techniques. Molecular docking studies were also performed. The antifungal activity of newly synthesized compounds was assessed in vitro against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using the well plate method. Two of the compounds, OK-7 and OK-8, have been found to show significant docking interaction with target protein 1EA1. These two compounds have also been found to show significant anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus nigra when compared to the standard fluconazole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of these two compounds has been found to be 50 μg/ml. Pyrazole derivatives with -CH3, CH3O-, and -CN groups have been found to be active against tested fungi and can be further explored for their potential as promising anti-fungal agents for applications in the field of medicinal chemistry.

In vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activities of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Allium sativum (Garlic) Extracts on Fungal Isolates from Tinea Capitis

In vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activities of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Allium sativum (Garlic) Extracts on Fungal Isolates from Tinea Capitis

Chemical Composition, In Silico Investigations and Evaluation of Antifungal, Antibacterial, Insecticidal and Repellent Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Leaf Essential Oil from ALGERIA.

This study investigated the phytochemical profile and evaluated the antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. essential oil (EC-EO) from Algeria, using in vitro and in silico approaches. The yield of EC-EO was 0.27%, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealing spathulenol (58.24%), cryptone (17.22%), and o-cymene (15.53%) as the major compounds. EC-EO exhibited notable antibacterial activity, particularly against Salmonella typhimurium (14 ± 1.00 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (14.5 ± 0.50 mm). It also showed effective antifungal activity against Penicillium sp. (11.5 ± 0.49 mm), Candida albicans (11.2 ± 0.29 mm), and Aspergillus fumigatus (9.8 ± 0.27 mm). Insecticidal assays against Tribolium castaneum were conducted using contact toxicity, fumigation toxicity, and repellent activity methods. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for contact toxicity was 0.011 μL/insect after 72 h, while the fumigation test had an LC50 of 122.29 μL/L air. Repellent activity tests showed percentage repellency (PR) values exceeding 80% after 6 h. The molecular geometry and electronic properties of the main compounds were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the interaction mode and binding affinity of these molecules with three key enzymes involved in antimicrobial activity, DNA gyrase, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), were explored by molecular docking.

Synthesis and Antifungal Activity Evaluation of Novel L-Carvone-Based 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-amide Derivatives as a Potential Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor.

In an effort to explore new-type high-efficiency antifungal agents, 25 novel L-carvone-based 1,3,4-thiadiazole-amide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and structurally characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. The antifungal activity of the target compounds was preliminarily assayed at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, and boscalid, a commercialized fungicide identified as a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), was employed as the positive control. It was found that all of the target compounds showed moderate to potent antifungal activity against the tested fungi compared to boscalid. Surprisingly, compound 4b exhibited broad-spectrum and significant inhibition activity against the growth of eight phytopathogenic strains with inhibitory rates of 67-89%. Further, the results of the EC50 value test suggested that the EC50 values of compound 4b against Physalospora piricola and Colletotrichum orbiculare were 16.33 and 18.06 μg/mL, respectively, and both of them were better than those of boscalid (16.64 and >50). Therefore, compound 4b deserves further study as a lead compound for novel fungicides. In addition, the inhibitory activity of compound 4b against succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was evaluated as well to prove that compound 4b (IC50 = 3.38 μM) displayed higher SDH-inhibition activity than boscalid (IC50 = 7.02 μM). The binding mode of compound 4b and SDH was simulated by molecular docking and found to be similar to that of boscalid. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the target compounds were analyzed by establishing a 3D-QSAR model. Besides, a 4b-loaded complex 4b/CSTA on a reported L-carvone-based nanochitosan carrier CSTA containing the 1,3,4-thiadiazole-amide group was constructed, and its sustained release performance was investigated in the EtOH-H2O system (1:9, v/v). The complex 4b/CSTA exhibited preferred sustained release performance, indicating its potential for developing environmentally friendly nanofungicides.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Psidium guajava (Guava) Leaf Extracts

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of four Psidium guajava leaf extracts against three strains of Candida albicans and a strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. Study Design: Experiment-observational study. Place and Duration of Study: P. guajava leaves were collected from specific areas in Regions Three and Four in Guyana; and the preparation of the leaf extracts and the treatment against the fungi were performed in two laboratories at the University of Guyana from August 2022-September 2023. Methodology: P. guajava leaves were washed with water, air-dried at room temperature, and ground in a disinfected food mixer. Extracts were prepared by soaking the ground leaves in different solvents, and then using the rotary evaporator to reduce the solutions and obtain crude extracts. Filter paper discs were prepared and allowed to soak in various concentrations of the crude extracts. The discs were then subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing on Potato Dextrose agar seeded with an appropriate fungus according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institutes guidelines. The plates were incubated and the zone of inhibition (ZOIs) was measured. Results: P. guajava leaves were effective against all four strains of fungi evaluated. The largest ZOI was observed for C. neoformans (25 mm) with the ethyl acetate extract at 100 mg/mL concentration. Large ZOI was also observed for the three strains of C. albicans (10-15 mm). For one of the C. albicans strains, a ZOI significantly higher than the antifungal agents (ketoconazole and fluconazole) was observed with the P. guajava ethyl acetate extract at 100 mg/mL. Conclusion: It can be concluded that P. guajava leaves have antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. neoformans, potentially greater than current antifungal agents like ketoconazole and fluconazole.

In vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Terbinafine Nano Form against Yeast Organism Isolated in Thumby Labs Ajman

The goal of this study is to evaluate the antifungal activity of terbinafine in its nano form against yeast organisms in vitro and compare its effectiveness to the normal form of terbinafine. Thirty isolated yeast organisms from Thumbay Labs were included in the study. Terbinafine was serially diluted to concentrations of 50 mg, 25 mg, 12 mg, and 6 mg for both the nano and normal forms. After preparing the serial dilutions, fungal suspensions were exposed to these dilutions for 7 minutes. The suspensions were then cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated at 37°C overnight. Growth was measured using a colony count. The results for the normal form of terbinafine revealed growth at all concentrations, with varying colony counts with a highest growth was observed at the 6 mg concentration. In contrast, the nano form of terbinafine exhibited distinct development patterns. At the 50 mg concentration, seven samples showed no growth; at the 25 mg concentration, two samples showed no growth; and the remaining samples exhibited limited growth compared to the normal form. According to the results of this study, there were significant differences in the number of colonies between the two forms of terbinafine, with the nano form demonstrating greater efficacy. The most potent antifungal response was observed at the 50 mg concentration of nano terbinafine, which inhibited yeast growth in several samples. In conclusion, terbinafine nanoemulsions are more effective than the normal form against Candida.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Somaraji Taila Extract & Taila in Dadru Kushta (Tinea Infections) - An Experimental Study

Dermatophytosis has become a significant health problem affecting children, adolescents, and adults worldwide. In India 5 out of 1000 people suffer from Tinea infections. The present study evaluated the antifungal activity of Somaraji Taila in Tinea (Dermatophytosis) in Invitro & Invivo model. Cultures were brought from MTCC a government body and inoculated in SDA media under aseptic condition. Later it was subjected to microscopic and macroscopic examination to identify the organism. A sensitivity test was done using SDA media by well diffusion method, with 4 different concentrations of Hydro-Methanolic extraction of Somaraji Taila ingredients. After the incubation period, the zone of inhibition was checked and was measured in mm. As the next phase of the study, animal study was also conducted to check antifungal properties & anti dermal toxicity on albino rat skin.

Antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Pinus roxburghii mediated green synthesized zinc and gadolinium doped manganese oxide nanoparticles

The exploration into the synthesis and characterization of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs) has garnered considerable attention, driven by their potential applications across various fields, particularly in medicine and biotechnology. This study focuses on investigating the diverse biological functions of Zinc doped (Zn)-MO and Gadolinium doped (Gd)-MO NPs, including their antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The NPs were synthesized using a sustainable green approach incorporating phytochemicals sourced from Pinus roxburghii. XRD confirmed tetragonal structure for both Zn-CuO and Gd-CuO NPs. Examination TEM and SEM-EDS revealed spheroidal NPs with diameters ranging from 8 to 12nm. Evaluation of antifungal activity exhibited promising outcomes, indicating the capability of both Zn-MO and Gd-MO NPs to hinder fungal growth, suggesting their potential as antifungal agents. Similarly, the antibacterial effectiveness of these NPs was demonstrated by their ability to impede bacterial growth, highlighting their potential in addressing bacterial infections and potentially combating antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of Zn-MO and Gd-MO NPs was assessed, revealing their capacity to scavenge free radicals and alleviate oxidative stress. In summary, the results emphasize the significant biological activities of Zn-MO and Gd-MO NPs, positioning them as promising candidates for further exploration and development in biomedical and pharmaceutical research.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil and detection of its influence on CDR1 gene expression among Candida albicans in vulvovaginal candidiasis

Evaluation of antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil and detection of its influence on CDR1 gene expression among Candida albicans in vulvovaginal candidiasis

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Oil Extracted from Two Varieties of Tomato Seeds against Fungal organisms Causing Rot in Tomato Fruits

Evaluation of the antifungal activity of oil extracted from two varieties of tomato seeds against fungal organisms causing rot in tomato fruits was carried out in Makurdi. The presence of decay caused by Fungi on tomatoes results in postharvest losses. Riogrande and Roma VF tomato seeds were washed, dried at 50˚C for 3 days in an oven, and milled. With the aid of a soxhlet extractor, using n-Hexane at 40-60°C for 6 hours, oil was extracted from the milled samples. Analysis of the oil revealed that oil is stable, translucent, and highly penetrating. A portion of tomatoes showing signs and symptoms of rot were detached, sterilized, and placed in a medium of Potato Dextrose Agar for one week for fungal growth. Fungi growths were identified macroscopically and microscopically and matched with standards. Fungi such as Curvularia affinis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium waksmanii were isolated. The pour plate method was used for fungi growth in the presence of the oil extracted. At days 3-7, the Riogrande seed oil media inhibit the growth of the isolated fungi with Aspergillus niger having the highest inhibition ranging from 1.333 to 1.733 mm and the Roma seed oil media inhibit the growth of Curvularia affinis with the highest inhibition ranging from 1.266 to 1.950 mm and while the control ranged from 3.533 to 8.100 mm. The results showed that numerous fungi are involved in rot of tomatoes and the extracted oil contains phytochemicals that are responsible for inhibiting fungal growth in the plates.

Extraction and evaluation of anti-fungal activity of Grewia asiatica leaves extract against the pathogenic strains

Extraction and evaluation of anti-fungal activity of Grewia asiatica leaves extract against the pathogenic strains

Regioselective Oxidation of Tetrahydronaphthalenes to α-Tetralone Derivatives Using DDQ as Oxidizing Agent: Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities.

An easy and efficient approach for the synthesis of highly regioselective functionalized dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one family of α-tetralones from functionalized tetralone precursors which derived from Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) adducts as starting substrates has been developed. The target dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones are obtained through the oxidation of tetrahydronaphthalenes (THN) using DDQ as the oxidizing agent, conducted in aqueous acetic acid at reflux conditions. The yields obtained ranged from 90 to 98%. The resulting dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against nine Gram-positive and six Gram-negative strains. Additionally, their antifungal properties were assessed against three fungal pathogens by using the microdilution method and Biolog Phenotype Microarrays technology. Remarkably, the synthesized dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones exhibited good antibacterial activity when compared to reference drugs such as vancomycin and ampicillin. Similarly, their antifungal activity is comparable to the effectiveness of the reference drugs cycloheximide and fluconazole.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Skin Toxicity of Piliostigma thonningii in Female Rabbits

The recurrent nature of dermatophytes, combined with the development of resistance to antifungal agents, makes the management of these infections more difficult. The search for plant-based compounds that can effectively combat dermatoses offers an ideal alternative in the African cultural context. Aims: Fungal infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, pose an increasing challenge to public health. This study explores the antifungal efficacy and cutaneous toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Piliostigma thonningii, a medicinal plant used in Africa. Methodology: The methodology involved two main components. First, antifungal tests were conducted to evaluate the activity of the extract against the three fungal species using the double dilution method in inclined tubes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined. Second, a cutaneous toxicity assessment was performed by applying the extract to the skin of female rabbits to observe reactions according to a modified Draize scale. Results: The results showed that the Piliostigma thonningii extract inhibits the growth of all three fungal species in a dose-dependent manner. The MFC values were 100 mg/mL for Aspergillus fumigatus and above 100 mg/mL for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antifungal assays calculated the inhibitory concentrations necessary to ensure the survival of 50% of the microorganisms, with IC50 values of 8.2 mg/mL for Candida albicans, 10.26 mg/mL for Aspergillus fumigatus, and 16.75 mg/mL for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Regarding skin toxicity, the results indicated that the extract is slightly irritating but not corrosive, with reversible effects within 72 hours. Conclusion: This suggests that Piliostigma thonningii is a promising therapeutic alternative. However, further research is needed to confirm its safety and clinical efficacy.

In vivo Antifungal Efficacy and Safety of Natural Compounds for Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Candidiasis

In vivo toxicity and antifungal therapeutic evaluation of selected natural compounds for topical applications was analyzed using standard methods. The natural compounds, blue vitriol, brimstone, trona, alum, palm ash and black stone were hygienically selected and purchased at a local market in southeastern Nigeria. The test organisms were isolated from high vaginal swab specimens obtained from cases of cutaneous candidiasis. The isolates were identified based on their morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics. The toxicological screening of the test samples was done using Draize’ skin irritancy test, Murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and necropsy. The in vivo evaluation of antifungal activity of the solutions was done using eight-week-old albino rats weighing 120g – 150g. The animals were infected with the Candida isolates percutaneously; and treated using various formulations of the natural compounds. The skin sections were carefully observed for histopathological changes, before and after treatment. The total yeast counts of the infected skin tissues were also determined. The isolates include Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. Draize’ skin test and Murine local lymph node assay showed no observable skin irritancy reaction (P>0.05). The normal skin architecture of the infected animals was restored after 5 days of treatment with the test samples; while the total yeast count decreased from 108 CFU/mL to 102 CFU/mL. The findings have revealed that natural compounds are effective as well as non-toxic topically, in treatment of cutaneous candidiasis.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of natural plant products against fungal contaminants isolated from Ngari (a fermented fish product of Manipur)

Evaluation of antifungal activity of natural plant products against fungal contaminants isolated from Ngari (a fermented fish product of Manipur)

Vachelia nilotica seed-mediated green synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) and evaluation of anticancer & antifungal activities

Sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) have been successfully synthesized by applying Vachelia nilotica seed extract as a bioactive aqueous material by a disproportionation reaction of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 .5H2O) with a 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) at room temperature. The synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV–Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The usual size of SNPs was determined by an XRD study and calculated with the Debye–Scherrer formula. The SNPs are crystalline with a calculated average size of 45 nm. The SEM and TEM analyses revealed spherical shape and size around 55 nm of SNPs. The synthesized SNPs were screened for their antifungal activity against M. furfur species and for anticancer activities against (MCF-7, HepG2) cell lines. The obtained results suggested towards moderate to good antifungal and excellent anticancer activities.

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of CuO-ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposites

The co-precipitation method was used to prepare CuO, ZnO, Co3O4 nanoparticles and CuO-ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposite. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the prepared samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and zeta potential. XRD analysis revealed that the crystal structures of CuO, ZnO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles are monoclinic, hexagonal, and cubic, with average crystallite sizes of 30.8 nm, 31.8 nm, and 32.8 nm, respectively. For CuO-ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposites, the corresponding sizes were 24.9 nm, 13.6 nm, and 16.1 nm. The optical bandgaps of CuO, ZnO, Co3O4 nanoparticles, and CuO-ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposites were 1.5 eV, 3.14 eV, 1.2 eV, and 1.3 eV, respectively. In this study, the antibacterial activity of CuO-ZnO-Co3O4 nanocomposite against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, pseudomonas, and Salmonella) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) was investigated and compared with the antibiotic Azithromycin. In addition, the effect of the nanocomposite on fungi was studied and compared with the antifungal Mystatin.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria from locally sourced yoghurts on isolates of <i>Candida Albicans</i> from cases of vaginitis

Evaluation of antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria from locally sourced yoghurts on isolates of <i>Candida Albicans</i> from cases of vaginitis

Evaluation of antifungal activities of some Indian dietary spices against pathogenic Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizopus stolonifer are pathogenic fungi responsible for causing ‘soft rot’ disease in fruits and vegetables, as well as life-threatening ‘mucormycosis’ in animals and humans, especially immunocompromised hosts. The use of synthetic fungicides and chemical preservatives to inhibit microbes is being challenged due to their toxic effects on human health and the environment. This has prompted researchers to investigate novel antimicrobials that are natural and safe. Current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activities of essential oils (EOs), powdered (PWD) forms, and water extracts (WEs) of ten Indian dietary spices (Allium sativum (Als), Brassica nigra (Brn), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ciz), Cuminum cyminum (Cuc), Curcuma longa (Cul), Mentha piperita (Mep), Ocimum sanctum (Ocs), Syzygium aromaticum (Sya), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Trf), and Zingiber officinale (Zio)) against R. arrhizus (NCIM877) and R. stolonifer (NCIM1139). Spice agar method was used for investigating antifungal potential of PWD spices. Impregnated paper disc method and broth dilution technique were followed for screening the antifungal activities of EOs and WEs. Results revealed that EOs of six spices (Als, Brn, Ciz, Cuc, Mep, Sya), and PWD forms of four spices (Brn, Ciz, Cuc, Sya) inhibited the growth of both fungi in culture media, effectively. WEs of all ten spices remained ineffective in arresting the growth of tested fungal strains. R. stolonifer was found more sensitive compared to R. arrhizus towards tested substances. Based on these findings, further in vivo studies on PWD forms of Ccb, Ccm, and Sya and EOs of Als, Brn, Ccb, Ccm, Mep, Ocs and Sya may establish spices as ‘botanical antimicrobials’ to prolong the shelf life of valuable horticultural crops by arresting the growth of R. arrhizus and R. stolonifer.

Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Method and Evaluation of Theirs Antifungal Activity in Spore Germination of Dermatophytes

Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Method and Evaluation of Theirs Antifungal Activity in Spore Germination of Dermatophytes