Antidermatophytic Activity Research Articles

Specific Antidermatophytic Activity of Trifluoromethylthiolated Cinnamate Derivatives: A New Approach to the Therapy of Superficial Fungal Infections of the Skin

AbstractDermatomycoses are the most widespread fungal skin infections worldwide and directly affect patients’ quality of life. They are challenging to manage because of the need for prolonged treatment and the development of resistance to antifungal agents. This article studies the antifungal activity of trifluoromethylthiolated cinnamate derivatives on Candida species and dermatophytes as well as possible mechanisms of action, irritability, and cytotoxicity tests. These molecules show activity against dermatophyte fungi with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as low as 0.39 μg mL−1. In particular, chloroaromatic derivatives demonstrated the best inhibition profile (1.56–6.25 μg mL−1). Importantly, our series of molecules were not active against Candida spp., being selective for dermatophytes. A study of the mechanism of action suggests that our SCF3 cinnamates do not bind directly to ergosterol or the cell wall. The physicochemical parameters and the absence of irritability resulting from the HET‐CAM test demonstrate that compound 8 can be considered a future candidate for the therapy of dermatophytosis.

Essential Oil Components Incorporated Emulsion Hydrogels for Eradicating Dermatophytosis Caused by Pathogenic Fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis.

Dermatophytosis is a prevalent fungal infection and public health burden, majorly caused by the attack of zoophilic fungi genera of Trichophyton and Microsporum. Among them, T. mentagrophytes and M. canis are the dominating pathogens that cause dermatophytosis in humans. Though anti-fungal treatments are available, the widespread drug resistance and minimal efficacy of conventional therapies cause recurring infections. In addition, prolonged anti-fungal medications induce several systemic side effects, including hepatotoxicity and leucopenia. The anti-dermatophytic formulation of biocompatible essential oil components (EOCs) is attractive due to their highly potent anti-dermatophytic action. Herein, two EOCs, Eugenol (EU) and Isoeugenol (IU), incorporated emulsion hydrogel (EOCs-EHG) synthesized from hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogels is confirmed by treating them with fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines. The EOCs-EHG demonstrated pH and temperature-responsive sustained release of entrapped EOCs and inhibited fungal spore germination. T. mentagrophytes and M. canis biofilms are eradicated at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 2µg mL-1 each of EU and IU. The in vivo anti-dermatophytic activity of EOCs-EHG is confirmed in dermatophyte-infected Wistar albino rat models. The topical application of EOCs-EHG demonstrated complete infection eradication and facilitated skin regeneration, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of EOCs-EHG against dermatophytosis.

Caffeine Protects Keratinocytes from Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection and Behaves as an Antidermatophytic Agent.

Caffeine affords several beneficial effects on human health, acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and analgesic. Caffeine is widely used in cosmetics, but its antimicrobial activity has been scarcely explored, namely against skin infection agents. Dermatophytes are the most common fungal agents of human infection, mainly of skin infections. This work describes the in vitro effect of caffeine during keratinocyte infection by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one of the most common dermatophytes. The results show that caffeine was endowed with antidermatophytic activity with a MIC, determined following the EUCAST standards, of 8 mM. Caffeine triggered a modification of the levels of two major components of the fungal cell wall, β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin. Caffeine also disturbed the ultrastructure of the fungal cells, particularly the cell wall surface and mitochondria, and autophagic-like structures were observed. During dermatophyte-human keratinocyte interactions, caffeine prevented the loss of viability of keratinocytes and delayed spore germination. Overall, this indicates that caffeine can act as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for dermatophytosis.

The antimicrobial potential of essential oils and their nanoparticulate formulations as effective antifungals

Fungal infections present a challenge when it comes to topical treatment failure thereby necessitating the need for more effective topical delivery systems. Essential oils have demonstrated noteworthy antifungal activity; however, their volatility limits therapeutic use for skin conditions. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils alone and in combination. Thereafter, antifungal nanoparticulate formulations were designed using three essential oil combinations against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. The antifungal activity was investigated using the broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The formulations were prepared by forming nanoparticles (polymer-based and composite lipid-polymer-based systems), with the preferred formulation encapsulating the essential oil combinations. Characterisation of the formulations was performed with a Zeta-sizer and using attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The in vitro antifungal activity of the three nanoparticulate formulations was then determined, where a significant (p = 0.002) increase in the average antidermatophyte activity could be observed for all three formulations. The combination of A. sativum and C. martinii displayed the lowest MIC value across all three reference strains (MIC values 0.06-0.38 mg mL-1) and the formulation maintained the antifungal activity with MIC values ranging 0.08-0.36 mg mL-1. A successful combination of essential oils with antifungal activity was achieved thereby emphasising an effective nanoparticulate formulation.

Antidermatophyte activity and PK/PD of ME1111 in a guinea pig model of tinea corporis.

Onychomycosis, a superficial fungal infection of the nails, is prevalent in many areas of the world. Topical agents for onychomycosis need to reach the subungual layer and nail bed to exert antifungal activity in the presence of keratin, the major component of the nail. It is difficult to evaluate the efficacy and pharmacodynamics of topical agents for onychomycosis in a non-clinical evaluation system. No consistent animal model has yet been established to predict the efficacy of topical agents for onychomycosis. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ME1111 in a guinea pig model of tinea corporis designed to predict the efficacy of topical medication for onychomycosis in the vicinity of the nail bed. Trichophyton mentagrophytes TIMM1189 was infected on the back skin of guinea pigs, and ME1111 solution (5%, 10%, or 15%) was administered topically, once daily for 14 consecutive days. Following the completion of dosing, segments of skin from the site of infection were excised and cultured. The concentration of ME1111 in the back skin of guinea pigs increased with formulation concentration and correlated with mycological efficacy. We revealed the concentration required for ME1111 to be effective at the site of infection. Further analysis is needed to predict the efficacy of topical agents for onychomycosis by analyzing the relationship between PK/PD around the nail bed and factors such as subungual penetration and permeability.

Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of action of Huangqin decoction against Trichophyton rubrum.

Introduction. Trichophyton rubrum is a major causative agent of superficial dermatomycoses such as onychomycosis and tinea pedis. Huangqin decoction (HQD), as a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, was found to inhibit the growth of common clinical dermatophytes such as T. rubrum in our previous drug susceptibility experiments.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The antifungal activity and potential mechanism of HQD against T. rubrum have not yet been investigated.Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity and explore the potential mechanism of action of HQD against T. rubrum.Methodology. The present study was performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of HQD against T. rubrum by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs), mycelial growth, biomass, spore germination and structural damage, and explore its preliminary anti-dermatophyte mechanisms by sorbitol and ergosterol assay, HPLC-based ergosterol test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mitochondrial enzyme activity test.Results. HQD was able to inhibit the growth of T. rubrum significantly, with an MIC of 3.125 mg ml-1 and an MFC of 12.5 mg ml-1. It also significantly inhibited the hyphal growth, conidia germination and biomass growth of T. rubrum in a dose-dependent manner, and induced structural damage in different degrees for T. rubrum cells. HQD showed no effect on cell wall integrity, but was able to damage the cell membrane of T. rubrum by interfering with ergosterol biosynthesis, involving the reduction of squalene epoxidase (SE) and sterol 14α-demethylase P450 (CYP51) activities, and also affect the malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities of mitochondria.Conclusion. These results revealed that HQD had significant anti-dermatophyte activity, which was associated with destroying the cell membrane and affecting the enzyme activities of mitochondria.

Evaluation of the antidermatophytic activity of potassium salts of N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioates and their aminotriazole-thione derivatives

Nowadays, dermatophyte infections are relatively easy to cure, especially since the introduction of orally administered antifungals such as terbinafine and itraconazole. However, these drugs may cause side effects due to liver damage or their interactions with other therapeutics. Hence, the search for new effective chemotherapeutics showing antidermatophyte activity seems to be the urge of the moment. Potassium salts of N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioates are used commonly as precursors for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Keeping that in mind, the activity of a series of five potassium N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioates (1a–e) and their aminotriazole-thione derivatives (2a–e) was evaluated against a set of pathogenic, keratinolytic fungi, such as Trichophyton ssp., Microsporum ssp. and Chrysosporium keratinophilum, but also against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All tested compounds were found non-toxic for L-929 and HeLa cells, with the IC30 and IC50 values assessed in the MTT assay above 128 mg/L. The compound 5-amino-3-(naphtalene-1-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione (2d) was found active against all fungal strains tested. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed inhibition of mycelium development of Trichophyton rubrum cultivated on nail fragments and treated with 2d 24 h after infection with fungal spores. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observation of mycelium treated with 2d showed ultrastructural changes in the morphology of germinated spores. Finally, the RNA-seq analysis indicated that a broad spectrum of genes responded to stress induced by the 2d compound. In conclusion, the results confirm the potential of N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioate derivatives for future use as promising leads for new antidermatophyte agents development.

Oxytetracycline degradation and antidermatophytic activity of novel biosynthesized MoS2 photocatalysts

The presence of environmental contamination poses a significant threat to life on our planet. Oxytetracycline, an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of effectiveness, demonstrates resistance to biodegradation, potentially resulting in an ecological hazard. In this study, we synthesized both pure and biosynthesized Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles using extracts from the bark of Ficusreligiosa L (FR) and leaves of ZiziphusjujubeL (ZJ). These nanopartices were characterized by various analytical methods to assess their efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and their antidermatophytic activity. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the prepared MoS2 catalysts typically exhibited hexagonal phase structure with crystalline size of approximately 13, 6, and 4 nm. Both pure and biosynthesized MoS2 nanoparticles displayed a nanoflake-like morphology with a spherical size distribution. BET surface area analyses exhibited an increase in surface area for biosynthesized MoS2 nanoparticles from 79 to 121 m2g−1. Optical absorption revealed a red shift in band gap energy, decreasing from 2.37 to 2.03 eV for biosynthesized MoS2 nanoparticles. The biosynthesized MoS2:FR nanoparticles exhibited remarkable OTC degradation with 99 % achieved within 100 min along with strong antifungal activity (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration - MIC of 12.5 µg/mL, Minimum Fungicidal Concentration - MFC of 25 µg/mL). These biosynthesized MoS2 catalysts are promising for water treatment purposes.

A Two-Year Comparative Study of the Anti-dermatophytic Activity of Thuja orientalis Essential Oil Stored at Various Temperatures

A Two-Year Comparative Study of the Anti-dermatophytic Activity of Thuja orientalis Essential Oil Stored at Various Temperatures

Antibacterial, antidiabetic, acute toxicity, antioxidant, and nephroproductive competence of extracts of Lannea coromandelica fruit through in-vitro and in-vivo animal model investigation

The anti-dermatophytic (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and nephroprotective activities of methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from Lannea coromandelica fruit were investigated through in-vitro (agar well diffusion method) and in-vivo (animal model) study. The methanol extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against selective bacterial pathogens at increased concentration (15.0 mg mL−1) in the following order P. vulgaris (35.2 ± 1.6 mm) > E. aerogenes (32.1 ± 2.1 mm) > K. pneumoniae (29.3±2 mm) > P. acnes (28.2 ± 2.4 mm) > S. aureus (25.5 ± 2.4 mm) > S. pyogenes (24.3 ± 2.1 mm) than aqueous extract. The MIC values of this methanol and aqueous extract was found as 2.5–7.5 mg mL−1 and 5.0 to 1.0 mg mL−1 respectively. Different treatment sets (A-E) on a rat-based animal model study revealed that the methanol extract has excellent antioxidant and nephroprotective activity, as well as favorable effects on essential biochemical substances involved in active metabolic activities. As demonstrated by histopathological and microscopic examination, the biologically active chemical present in methanol extract had a positive effect on serum markers, enzyme, and non-enzyme-based antioxidant activities, as well as lowering the toxicity caused by EG in the rat (as nephroprotective activity) renal cells.

Azorean Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Antidermatophytic and Fungicidal Properties

The treatment of dermatophytoses, the most common human fungal infections, requires new alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the antidermatophytic activity of the aqueous Azorean Black Tea extract (ABT), together with an approach to the mechanisms of action. The phytochemical analysis of ABT extract was performed by HPLC. The dermatophytes susceptibility was assessed using a broth microdilution assay; potential synergies with terbinafine and griseofulvin were evaluated by the checkerboard assay. The mechanism of action was appraised by the quantification of the fungal cell wall chitin and β-1,3-glucan, and by membrane ergosterol. The presence of ultrastructural modifications was studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The ABT extract contained organic and phenolic acids, flavonoids, theaflavins and alkaloids. It showed an antidermatophytic effect, with MIC values of 250 µg/mL for Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 125 µg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum and 500 µg/mL for Microsporum canis; at these concentrations, the extract was fungicidal. An additive effect of ABT in association to terbinafine on these three dermatophytes was observed. The ABT extract caused a significant reduction in β-1,3-glucan content, indicating the synthesis of this cell wall component as a possible target. The present study identifies the antidermatophytic activity of the ABT and highlights its potential to improve the effectiveness of conventional topical treatment currently used for the management of skin or mucosal fungal infections.

Exploring the effects of essential oils from Taxandria fragrans , Melaleuca alternifolia and Boswellia serrata on the dermatophyte-macrophage interaction

Exploring the effects of essential oils from <i>Taxandria fragrans</i> , <i>Melaleuca alternifolia</i> and <i>Boswellia serrata</i> on the dermatophyte-macrophage interaction

Design, Synthesis, Spectral Analysis, Drug Likeness Prediction, and Molecular Docking Investigations of New Naphtho[2,1-b]Furan Encompassing Pyrimidines as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

In view of the extremely important biological and medicinal properties of napthofurans, the synthesis of these heterocycles has fascinated the interest of medicinal and organic chemists. Keeping this in mind, we herein report the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 4-N-aryl-naphtho[2,1-b]furo[3,2-d] pyrimidines 5 (a–l). Structures of these synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis like IR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry. The in vitro antimicrobial activities were reported for all the compounds 5 (a–l). The compounds 5e and 5f exhibited excellent antibacterial, antifungal, and antidermatophytic activities against tested pathogens at MIC 3.125, and 3.125 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies of these compounds against S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (PDB ID: 1JIJ), S. aureus Gyrase (PDB ID: 2XCT), and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (PDB ID: 7TOB), revealed the potential binding mode of the ligands to the site of the appropriate targets. Finally, drug-likeness and structure-activity relationship studies were also disclosed.

Research Article In-vitro Anti-dermatophytic Activity of Different Medicinal Plant Extracts

Background: Dermatophytosis is most common superficial skin infection and dermatophytes are fungi that invade within keratinized tissues; skin, hair and nails. In many studies reported that some medicinal plant are very useful to treat various skin disease included dermatophyte, because these medicinal plants are natural so have low cost, high availability, few side effects and valuable resources. Objective: To evaluate the antifungal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Citrus limonum, Curcuma longa, and Cocos nucifera against the different dermatophytes causing skin infections. Methods: The Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), Azadirachta indica (neem oil), Cocos nucifera (coconut oil) and fresh juice of Citrus limonum (Lemon) and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and Curcuma longa were explored for antifungal susceptibility testing as per CLSI guidelines by agar well diffusion method. Results: Anti-fungal potentials of the oils and aqueous extracts of different medicinal plants were tested against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, M. canis. All the seven dermatophytes were susceptible to Melaleuca alternifolia, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum, showed inhibitory zone ranges from 40±2.0mm to 45±2.0mm. Whereas, Azadirachta indica showed inhibitory zone ranges from 18±2.0 mm to 35±2.0mm for all the seven dermatophytes followed by Citrus limonum. On the contrary Curcuma longa and Cocos nucifera not effective against any tested dermatophytes. Conclusion: The current research provides a scientific validation for the use of these medicinal plants in the treatment of dermatophytic infection and could be used in future for dermatophytic infection and other skin infection.

Antidermatophytic quinolizidine alkaloids from Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea (Aiton) Benth

From the leaves and stem bark of the Kenyan medicinal plant Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea, four previously undescribed quinolizidine alkaloids namely, 2β-methoxy-13α-O-(2′-pyrrolylcarbonyl) virgiline, 2α-methoxy-13β-O-(2′-pyrrolylcarbonyl) virgiline, 3α-O-angelate-2β-hydroxy-13α-O-(2′-pyrrolylcarbonyl) virgiline, 2,3-dehydro-virgiline were isolated together with four known ones. Structural elucidation of the compounds was based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Their relative configurations were determined by NOESY correlations and literature. The quinolizidine alkaloids were tested against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton benhamiae, Microsporum canis and Nannizzia gypsea, common causative agents of most of the tinea infections in human. All the isolated quinolizidine alkaloids exhibited antidermatophytic activity with MIC ranging from 37.5 μg/ml to 300 μg/ml.

Evaluation of Compounds from Balanites aegyptiaca against Squalene Epoxidase of Micropsorum gypseum—In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Microsporum gypseum is a dermatophyte with a geophilic nature that is found all over the globe. It mainly causes tinea in the scalp, arms, and legs in humans. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is a crucial enzyme in M. gypseum for the biosynthesis of ergosterol. The medicinal plant Balanites aegyptiaca is an abundant supply of secondary constituents with great therapeutic values. In this research, the fruit epicarp portion was used to inhibit M. gypseum using experimental and computational techniques. The anti-dermatophytic activity of epicarp extracts on M. gypseum was evaluated using the poison plate method at five different concentrations. At 3 mg/mL, the M. gypseum was completely controlled by the fractioned chloroform extract of epicarp. The compounds from previous research were utilized for docking studies (Abuthakir et al., 2022). The ideal compounds and the drug terbinafine were then docked using Schrödinger’s Glide module. It demonstrates that (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside outperforms other substances and the drug terbinafine in docking analysis. Desmond, Schrödinger Molecular Dynamics simulations were also performed for (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside-squalene epoxidase complexes. The complex appears to be more stable, according to the MD simulation research. This study indicates that (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside could be used as a potential inhibitor of M. gypseum growth, and it could be studied further.

Phytoconstituents and antidermatophytic activity of crude extracts of Senna occidentalis

Dermatophytes are one of the major aetiologic agents of cutaneous mycoses Senna occidentalis is among the plants used in traditional herbal medicine in treating fungal skin infections and it is shown from literature to contain phytochemicals which are attributed to its antidermatophytic activity. This work is aimed at determining the Phytoconstituents and antidermatophytic activity of leaves and seeds crude extracts of the Senna occidentalis plant . The study is a qualitative study that determines the phytoconstituents and antidermatophytic activity of the plant extracts on some clinical dermatophyte isolates. The plant parts were sampled and were used to obtain aqueous and n-hexane extracts using distilled water and n-hexane as extracting solvents respectively. Phytochemical analysis was done on the extracts to determine the presence of secondary metabolites. The antidermatophytic activity of the extracts on clinical dermatophytes isolates was determined using poisoned food technique. Aqueous extraction gave higher percentage extraction yield than n-hexane extract . All extracts contain secondary metabolites and the extracts showed varying degree of percentage growth inhibition on the isolates. Phytochemical screening of the leaves and seeds extracts of Senna occidentalis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and other phytoconstituents. The Senna occidentalis leaves and seeds extracts showed growth inhibition percentage (I) ranging between 9% to 39.8% for n-hexane leaf extract,1.3% to 52.6% for aqueous leaf extract,2.6% to 57.2% for n-hexane seed extract and 12.8% to 61.1% for aqueous seed extract. Senna occidentalis leaves and seeds extract have shown varying potential in inhibiting dermatophyte growth with no extract having 100% inhibition percentage on all the tested dermatophytes.&#x0D;

The Chemical Profile, and Antidermatophytic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Withania chevalieri A.E. Gonç. Ethanolic Extract

Withania chevalieri, endogenous from Cape Verde, is a medicinal plant used in ethnomedicine with a large spectrum of applications, such as treating skin fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. The aim of this work was to chemically characterize the W. chevalieri crude ethanolic extract (WcCEE), and evaluate its bioactivities as antidermatophytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer, as well as its cytotoxicity. WcCEE was chemically characterized via HPLC–MS. The minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal fungicidal concentration, time-kill and checkerboard assays were used to study the antidermatophytic activity of WcCEE. As an approach to the mechanism of action, the cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, and cell membrane ergosterol were quantified. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed for the study of the fungal ultrastructure. WcCEE contained phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes. It had a concentration-dependent fungicidal activity, not inducing relevant resistance, and was endowed with synergistic effects, especially terbinafine. TEM showed severely damaged fungi; the cell membrane and cell wall components levels had slight modifications. The extract had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, with low toxicity to non-tumoral cell lines. The results demonstrated the potential of WcCEE as an antidermatophytic agent, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity, to be safely used in pharmaceutical and dermocosmetic applications.

Dermatophytes Isolation from Patients and In-vitro Application of Selected Natural Extracts and Oils for Anti-Dermatophytic Activity

Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is caused by a group of fungi termed dermatophytes. It can invade the keratinized tissue of the skin, nails, and hair. Dermatophytosis is classified based on the site of infection, such as tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea unguium. This study was performed at Bolan Medical College Hospital, Quetta, to isolate and identify the infectious agents of dermatophytes related infections in patients following all the codal formalities and ethical procedures. A total of 19 patients' samples were analyzed in the study, where ten samples were positive for infectious agents. The organisms were grown on specified media, such as dermatophytes test medium agar and potato dextrose agar, supplemented with antibiotics. The isolates were preliminary identified with the help of their growth on specific media and finally confirmed with the help of compound microscopic examination. Some common natural compounds, such as apple peel extract (APE), grapes peduncle extract (GPE), propolis oil (PO), and bitter apricot kernel oil (BAKO), were used against the dermatophytes isolates and were found positive for activity against a few isolates. The APE showed inhibitory activity of 31% against Trichophyton tonsurans and 80% against Epidermophyton flocosum, while the GPE showed 27% and 74%, PO showed 42% and 69%, and BAKO showed 78% and 70% activity against Trichophyton tonsurans and Epidermophyton flocosum, respectively. The bioactive compounds in these extracts were analyzed through Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy.

The pharmacological activities of Albizia ferruginea and Newbouldia laevis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Epidermophyton species

Following studies made on the standardization of a traditional recipe made of Albizia ferruginea and Newbouldia laevis, we carried out studies on pharmacological effects on microorganisms found on dermatosis: two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three species of Epidermophyton. Materials and Methods: Following the harvest of the truck pulps of Albizia ferruginea and Newbouldia laevis at Eloundem, they were dry for a week in an ambient environment, followed by a grinding to a granular powdered form. A powder mass of 250 g was used for the extract, using a Soxhlet from BEHR LABOR-TECHNIK. Therefore, a mixture of ethanol-water in a volume ratio of 70/30 was used as a solvent. The renewal of fungi strain was made by regeneration and viability testing phase. The antifungal antivity was made using Disc diffusion method and the broth dilution method. Results: MICs were respectively: MIC was 12.5 mg/mL on Staphyloccocus aureus and 6.25 mg/mL on Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Trichophyton rubrum: 250 mg/mL for Albizia ferruginea and 250 mg/mL for Newbouldia laevis; Trichophyton interdigitale: 125 mg/mL for Albizia ferruginea and 125 mg/mL for Newbouldia laevis; Trichophyton violaceum: 125 mg/mL for Albizia ferruginea and 250 mg/mL for Newbouldia laevis. Conclusions: Our different plant extracts would be a possibility to explore in the study of in vivo antibacterial and anti-dermatophytic activities.