Anticonvulsant Agents Research Articles

Synthesis, In Vivo Anticonvulsant Activity Evaluation and In Silico Studies of Some Quinazolin-4(3H)-One Derivatives.

Two series, "a" and "b", each consisting of nine chemical compounds, with 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one scaffold, were synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. They were investigated as dual potential positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site and inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase II. Quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were evaluated in vivo (D1-3 = 50, 100, 150 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally) using the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice, with phenobarbital and diazepam, as reference anticonvulsant agents. The in silico studies suggested the compounds act as anticonvulsants by binding on the allosteric site of GABAA receptor and not by inhibiting the carbonic anhydrase II, because the ligands-carbonic anhydrase II predicted complexes were unstable in the molecular dynamics simulations. The mechanism targeting GABAA receptor was confirmed through the in vivo flumazenil antagonism assay. The pentylenetetrazole experimental anticonvulsant model indicated that the tested compounds, 1a-9a and 1b-9b, present a potential anticonvulsant activity. The evaluation, considering the percentage of protection against PTZ, latency until the onset of the first seizure, and reduction in the number of seizures, revealed more favorable results for the "b" series, particularly for compound 8b.

Cyclic Imides Derivatives: A Potential Scaffold For The Synthesis Of Anticonvulsant Agents

Cyclic non-aromatic nitrogen heterocycles such as phthalimides, maleimides, and succinimides are an intriguing class of compounds with an immense range of biological activities such as anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, analgesic, and hypolipidemic activities, as well as numerous pharmaceutical uses. Phthalimide, maleimide, and succinimide have an imide functional group and can be considered nitrogen analogs of anhydrides. The imide ring and general structure of CO-N(R)-CO found in cyclic imides, including phthalimides, maleimides, succinimides, and their derivatives, impart hydrophobicity and neutral properties onto the respective derivatives. The unsubstituted cyclic imide is a crucial feature that has been shown to retain considerable biological activity. In this article, we intend to investigate several phthalimides, maleimides, and succinimide derivatives, their chemistry, structural activity relationship (SAR), and anticonvulsant activity, considering their immense biological activities.

Evaluation of Anti-epileptic Activity of Leaves of Leucas Cephalotes

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite advancements in therapeutic interventions, there remains a need for novel and effective treatments with fewer side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-epileptic potential of Leucas cephalotes leaves through experimental models. The leaves of Leucas cephalotes were collected, dried, and subjected to extraction using suitable solvents. The obtained extract was then evaluated for acute toxicity using standard guidelines. Subsequently, anti-epileptic activity was assessed using chemically induced seizure models in rodents. Behavioral observations, seizure latency, duration, and severity were recorded to determine the extract's efficacy. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, which are known for their neurological effects. Acute toxicity testing indicated the safety of the extract at tested doses. In seizure models, the extract demonstrated a significant increase in seizure latency, reduction in seizure duration, and alleviation of seizure severity compared to control groups. These findings suggest that the leaves of Leucas cephalotes possess anti-epileptic properties, possibly attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize dosage regimens for clinical application. Leucas cephalotes could emerge as a promising natural source for developing anti-epileptic agents with improved safety profiles.

In silico investigation of potential phytoconstituents against ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels as antiepileptic agents.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03948-1.

Thiadiazole and Thiazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.

This review summarizes data on heterocyclic systems with thiadiazole and thiazole fragments in molecules as promising antimicrobial agents. Thiadiazole and thiazole backbones are the most favored and well-known heterocycles, a common and essential feature of various drugs. These scaffolds occupy a central position and are the main structural components of numerous drugs with a wide spectrum of action. These include antimicrobial, antituberculous, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiepileptic, antiviral, and anticancer agents. The research is based on bibliosemantic and analytical methods using bibliographic and abstract databases, as well as databases of chemical compounds. This review reports on thiadiazole and thiazole derivatives, which have important pharmacological properties. We are reviewing the structural modifications of various thiadiazole and thiazole derivatives, more specifically, the antimicrobial activity reported over the last years, as we have taken this as our main research area. 80 compounds were illustrated, and various derivatives containing hydrazone bridged thiazole and pyrrole rings, 2-pyridine and 4-pyridine substituted thiazole derivatives, compounds containing di-, tri- and tetrathiazole moieties, spiro-substituted 4- thiazolidinone-imidazoline-pyridines were analyzed. Derivatives of 5-heteroarylidene-2,4- thiazolidinediones, fluoroquinolone-thiadiazole hybrids, and others. 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and thiazoles are valuable resource for researchers engaged in rational drug design and development in this area.

Synthesis, in silico screening, and biological evaluation of novel pyridine congeners as anti-epileptic agents targeting AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole) receptors.

The research involves the synthesis of a series of new pyridine analogs 5(i-x) and their evaluation for anti-epileptic potential using in silico and invivo models. Synthesis of the compounds was accomplished by using the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction principle. AutoDock 4.2 was used for their in silico screening against AMPA (-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole) receptor (PDB ID:3m3f). For invivo testing, the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model was used. The physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-like, and drug-score features of all synthesized compounds were assessed using the online Swiss ADME and Protein Plus software. The in silico results showed that all the synthesized compounds 5(i-x) had 1-3 interactions and affinities ranging from -6.5 to -8.0 kJ/mol with the targeted receptor compared to the binding affinities of the standard drug phenytoin and the original ligand of the target (P99), which were -7.6 and -6.8 kJ/mol, respectively. Invivo study results showed that the compound 5-Carbamoyl-2-formyl-1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-pyridinium gave 60% protection against epileptic seizures compared to 59% protection afforded by regular phenytoin. All of them met Lipinski's rule of five and had drug-likeness and drug score values of 0.55 and 0.8, respectively, making them chemically and functionally like phenytoin. According to the findings of the studies, the synthesized derivatives have the potential to be employed as a stepping stone in the development of novel anti-epileptic drugs.

Evaluating Clinical Sequelae of the Carbapenem-Valproate Interaction: A Retrospective Analysis.

Previous studies identified a rapid decrease in valproate serum concentrations when coadministered with a carbapenem; however, the specific consequences and subsequent therapy adjustments are not well described. We aimed to investigate the clinical and therapeutic implications of the carbapenem-valproate drug-drug interaction. This retrospective analysis included data from 2 large academic medical centers during January 2017 to June 2022. The primary outcome was incidence of seizures or behavioral events stratified by valproate indication. All adult patient encounters with concomitant administration of any carbapenem antimicrobial and valproate were included. Patients without prolonged exposure to valproate prior to hospitalization, without valproate levels pre- and post-carbapenem administration, with an admitting diagnosis of seizure, with exposure to other agents that decrease valproate concentrations, or who had a seizure during the hospitalization prior to carbapenem exposure were excluded. Two hundred fifty-eight episodes of concomitant use among 78 unique adult patients were included. Valproate was used for seizure control in 41 patients (52.6%) and for mood-related disorders in 37 (47.4%). In those prescribed valproate for its antiepileptic properties, seizures occurred following carbapenem administration in 46.3% of encounters. In those taking valproate for mood-related disorders, 50.8% met the primary endpoint of behavioral disturbance. Our study demonstrates significant clinical implications of the carbapenem-valproate interaction. Clinicians should be aware of this interaction and consider alternative antimicrobial and/or antiepileptic agents whenever possible. Adding or increasing doses of antiepileptic agents and/or consultation with a neurologist prior to concomitant use should be considered when this combination cannot be avoided.

“Molecular Docking Analysis Of Alpha-Terpineol Against Matrix Metalloproteinases”

Objectives: The process of wound healing is crucial and complex within the human body, involving various enzymes. Increased concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) at the wound site lead to slowdown in the healing process. Small bioactive compounds produced from natural sources can be used to down-regulate or inhibit these over expressed MMPs. Alpha-terpineol, a mono-terpenoid alcohol with a monocyclic structure, is present in vitex negundo linn leaf, pemus boldus leaf, cajeput oil, coriander oil, and pine oil. It exhibits diverse biological uses, serving as an antioxidant, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and anti-nonciceptive agent. The work aims to use molecular docking to understand how alpha-terpineol binds to MMPs. Materials and Methods: The MMPs was obtained from RCSB database and the alpha-terpineol was obtained from Pubchem. The Auto Dock software was used to create a molecular docking of alpha-terpineol activity on MMPs. Alpha-Terpineol binds to MMPs receptors. Auto Dock Vina was used to examine the binding box-related files, including a PDBQT file and PYMOL software was then used to analyze the receptor and ligand PDBPT files. Result: Docking tests revealed that alpha-terpineol has a great binding affinity for all four MMPs tested. MMPs 3, 8, and 12 had free binding energies of around -9.1, -10.5, and -9.7kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, alpha-terpineol can be employed to regulate the function of matrix metalloproteinases and facilitate the process of wound healing.

Design, synthesis, molecular docking and pharmacological evaluation of some thiadiazole based nipecotic acid derivatives as a potential anticonvulsant and antidepressant agents

Design, synthesis, molecular docking and pharmacological evaluation of some thiadiazole based nipecotic acid derivatives as a potential anticonvulsant and antidepressant agents

Ketogenic diet-produced β-hydroxybutyric acid accumulates brain GABA and increases GABA/glutamate ratio to inhibit epilepsy

Ketogenic diet (KD) alleviates refractory epilepsy and reduces seizures in children. However, the metabolic/cell biologic mechanisms by which the KD exerts its antiepileptic efficacy remain elusive. Herein, we report that KD-produced β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) augments brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the GABA/glutamate ratio to inhibit epilepsy. The KD ameliorated pentetrazol-induced epilepsy in mice. Mechanistically, KD-produced BHB, but not other ketone bodies, inhibited HDAC1/HDAC2, increased H3K27 acetylation, and transcriptionally upregulated SIRT4 and glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1). BHB-induced SIRT4 de-carbamylated and inactivated glutamate dehydrogenase to preserve glutamate for GABA synthesis, and GAD1 upregulation increased mouse brain GABA/glutamate ratio to inhibit neuron excitation. BHB administration in mice inhibited epilepsy induced by pentetrazol. BHB-mediated relief of epilepsy required high GABA level and GABA/glutamate ratio. These results identified BHB as the major antiepileptic metabolite of the KD and suggested that BHB may serve as an alternative and less toxic antiepileptic agent than KD.

A comprehensive assessment of palmatine as anticonvulsant agent – In vivo and in silico studies

Previously, we demonstrated that palmatine (PALM) – an isoquinoline alkaloid from Berberis sibrica radix, exerted antiseizure activity in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure assay in larval zebrafish. The aim of the present study was to more precisely characterize PALM as a potential anticonvulsant drug candidate. A range of zebrafish and mouse seizure/epilepsy models were applied in the investigation. Immunostaining analysis was conducted to assess the changes in mouse brains, while in silico molecular modelling was performed to determine potential targets for PALM. Accordingly, PALM had anticonvulsant effect in ethyl 2-ketopent-4-enoate (EKP)-induced seizure assay in zebrafish larvae as well as in the 6 Hz-induced psychomotor seizure threshold and timed infusion PTZ tests in mice. The protective effect in the EKP-induced seizure assay was confirmed in the local field potential recordings. PALM did not affect seizures in the gabra1a knockout line of zebrafish larvae. In the scn1Lab-/- zebrafish line, pretreatment with PALM potentiated seizure-like behaviour of larvae. Repetitive treatment with PALM, however, did not reduce development of PTZ-induced seizure activity nor prevent the loss of parvalbumin-interneurons in the hippocampus of the PTZ kindled mice. In silico molecular modelling revealed that the noted anticonvulsant effect of PALM in EKP-induced seizure assay might result from its interactions with glutamic acid decarboxylase and/or via AMPA receptor non-competitive antagonism. Our study has demonstrated the anticonvulsant activity of PALM in some experimental models of seizures, including a model of pharmacoresistant seizures induced by EKP. These results indicate that PALM might be a suitable new drug candidate but the precise mechanism of its anticonvulsant activity has to be determined.

Stress-induced Late Onset Adult Section Idiopathic Epilepsy after Snakebite: A Rare Case Report

Viper snake bites are associated with haemorrhagic qualities and bleeding disorders, including intracerebral haemorrhage. However, idiopathic epilepsy resulting from viper venom is considered a rare condition. Here is a case of a 30-year-old female who developed idiopathic epilepsy following a snake bite within two hours of the incident. Based on her clinical symptoms and laboratory investigations, the patient was immediately treated with Anti-Snake Venom (ASV) and supportive care. She then experienced an idiopathic seizure upon admission, and her Electroencephalography (EEG) showed generalised epileptiform activity. Subsequently, she was treated with anticonvulsant agents. After being discharged, the patient was readmitted one month later for the same condition, experiencing multiple seizure episodes, each lasting about 40 to 50 seconds. Her MRI of the brain was normal. She was then treated with two anticonvulsant agents and discharged with regular follow-up. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high suspicion for seizures in patients presenting after envenomation. Early diagnosis and aggressive management may help prevent further neuromuscular damage to the patient.

Ketamine: Pro or antiepileptic agent? A systematic review

Purposeof Review: This evidence-based systematic review evaluated the safety of ketamine as regard the potential to provoke epilepsy to help better guide anesthesiologists in their practice. Recent findingsKetamine, originally developed as a dissociative anesthetic, has gained attention for its potential therapeutic applications in various medical conditions, including epilepsy. Ketamine is generally well-tolerated and widely used in anesthesia, however, conflicting data are confusing the anesthesiologists regarding the potential risk of seizures associated with its use. The literature that claimed the proepileeptic property are inconsistent and the mechanism of action is unclear. Moreover, the case reports had been in same certain contexts, such as procedural sedation where ketamine was used as a single agent. On the other hand, the retrospective data analysis confirmed the positive role ketamine plays as antiepileptic agent. SummaryMany studies have shown promising results for the use of ketamine as antiepileptic agent. In case of epileptic patients, there is no contraindication for using ketamine, however, combining with benzodiazepine or propofol may enhance the safety.

Anticonvulsant effect of glycitin in pentylenetetrazol induced male Wistar rat model by targeting oxidative stress and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures, poses a significant health challenge globally. Despite the availability of anti-seizure medications, their adverse effects and inadequate efficacy in controlling seizures propel the exploration of alternative therapeutic measures. In hypothesis, glycitin is a phytoestrogenic compound found in soybeans and due to its estrogenic properties may have anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects. This study investigates the potential anti-epileptic properties of glycitin in the context of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures in male Wistar rats. The rats were pretreated with varying doses of glycitin (5, 10, and 20mg/kg) before PTZ (35mg/kg) administration, and assessments included behavioral observations and histological evaluation via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, were quantified to examine glycitin's impact on oxidative stress. Molecular analysis was conducted to assess the activation of the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Results indicated that glycitin pretreatment effectively mitigated PTZ-induced convulsive behaviors, supported by histological findings from H&E staining. Furthermore, glycitin administration led to significant alterations in MDA, GPx, and SOD levels, suggestive of its ability to modulate oxidative stress. Notably, glycitin treatment induced activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These findings underscore the potential of glycitin as an anticonvulsant agent, elucidating its mechanism of action through histological protection, modulation of oxidative stress markers, and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

A review of phytochemical-based antiepileptic agents: Insights from molecular docking studies

A review of phytochemical-based antiepileptic agents: Insights from molecular docking studies

Cerebral Proliferative Angiopathy as the Cause of Symptomatic Epilepsy in a Young Adult Male: A First Case Report from Indonesia

Background: Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is a rare and distinct vascular malformation that was once considered a subset of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Due to its relatively benign course with no distinctive clinical feature, CPA may often be overlooked and misdiagnosed with other diseases. We report a case of CPA as the underlying cause of symptomatic epilepsy. Case: A 31-year-old male presented to the outpatient clinic with a history of focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure for 2 years. Following conservative management with an oral antiepileptic agent, the seizure frequency significantly decreased from once daily to once or twice monthly. The patient was lost to follow-up; however, he was incidentally referred back to our clinic two years later for further evaluation. A head Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography revealed a suspicion of giant AVM in the left hemisphere. Cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed and revealed a CPA in the left frontal area. The patient was managed conservatively and during the 6-month follow-up period, the patient did not have any seizures. Discussion: In young adults, seizures may be caused by an underlying vascular abnormality. Cerebral DSA remained the gold standard for distinguishing various etiologies of vascular malformation, including CPA. Conservative treatment using oral antiepileptic agents was effective in controlling the seizure frequency in CPA. However, a complete diagnostic evaluation is still warranted to determine the most appropriate treatment, revealing some peculiar and unexpected etiologies in the process.

Synthesis, molecular docking, electrochemical and fluorimetric analysis of new caffeic and cinnamic acid-conjugated hemorphin derivatives designed as potential anticonvulsant and antinociceptive agents

Based on the pharmacophore model of opioid receptors, our team recently synthesized a series of short‐chain hemorphin peptide analogs containing non‐natural amino acids. They demonstrated anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activity with low neurotoxicity. In the present study, a series of novel bioconjugates of N-modified hemorphin analogs containing second pharmacophore cinnamic acids (CA) or caffeic (KA) were synthesized by a traditional solid-phase Fmoc chemistry method for peptide synthesis. Electrochemical and fluorimetric analysis, in vivo anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activity in mice were conducted on the compounds. The three CA acid- (H4-CA, H5-CA, and H7-CA) and three KA acid- (H4-KA, H5-KA, and H7-KA) conjugated hemorphin derivatives exhibited potency at the highest doses of 2 µg/5 µl, administered by intracerebroventricular (icv) mode, against seizure spread in the maximal electroshock test (MES) in mice. The KA-conjugated H5-KA derivate, at the lowest dose, was the only compound that suppressed clonic seizures in the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) test. Except for the H5-CA, all tested CA acid- and KA acid-conjugated peptide derivates had the potency to increase the latency for clonic seizures in a dose-dependent mode. The activity against the psychomotor seizures in the 6-Hz test was detected only for the H4-CA (0.5 µg) and H4-KA (0.5 µg and 1 µg), respectively. All investigated peptides showed a more pronounced antinociceptive effect in the “intraplantar formalin” test compared to the “hot plate” test. Shorter chain analogs showed a better antinociceptive profile against tonic pain. The data suggest a DOR and KOR-mediated mechanism of action. According to the docking analysis, H7-CA showed a different antinociceptive profile than other investigated peptides. The novel peptide derivates did not exhibit neurotoxicity in the rotarod test. Our findings suggest that conjugated CA and KA morphine peptides can be used to develop novel morphine-related analogs with anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activity.

Acute subdural hematoma in an infant with a biphasic clinical course and late reduced diffusion

Background: Bright tree appearance (BTA) is a characteristic finding on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with transient high intensity in the white matter. BTA is characteristic of infants with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures, but it has also been reported in head trauma cases. In this report, we describe an infant case of traumatic brain injury that demonstrated a biphasic clinical course and late reduced diffusion (TBIRD). Case Description: A 5-month-old boy suffered from head trauma and developed coma and seizures. Computed tomography scans revealed acute subdural hematoma on the right side. He underwent an emergency operation to remove the hematoma but subsequently had seizure clusters for three days. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging revealed BTA in the right cerebral hemisphere. He was treated with antiepileptic agents and fully recovered to pre-injury condition, and MR imaging no further revealed any BTA 20 days after head trauma. He developed no complications at the 10-month postoperative follow-up. Conclusion: We reported a case of TBIRD following head trauma in the infant. The pathogenesis remains unclear, but we consider the possibility of biphasic seizures in infant head trauma cases, and we should appropriately administer the anticonvulsants and carefully check for MR imaging.

The Effect of Treatment for Epilepsy Associated with Malignant Neoplasms of the Brain: a Literature Review

Introduction. Epilepsy is a frequent complication in patients with malignant neoplasms of the brain. However, despite an extensive number of studies, anticonvulsants with antitumor activity have not been studied enough. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of brivaracetam and levetiracetam as an additional therapy in patients with malignant brain tumors, as an anticonvulsant and antitumor agent. Materials and methods. The search was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library until June 2023. Screening and selection of studies was carried out according to the recommendations of PRISMA. The search included a combination of queries related to “glioma”, “epilepsy”, “antiepileptic drugs” and “efficacy”. From all the relevant articles, three different results were extracted for both mono- and polytherapy: adult patients with brain malignancies; ≥55 % of patients with proven or suspected glioma using histological examination; ≥10 patients receiving the same AED. Results. The data regarding levetiracetam are contradictory. In terms of research, this drug has shown not only anticonvulsant activity, but also antitumor activity. Other researchers point to the absence of antitumor activity in levetiracitam. Brivaracetam is an effective anticonvulsant drug that has shown antitumor activity in studies, but there are not enough studies to make an adequate conclusion. Discussion. The results obtained on the antitumor activity of levetiracetam are quite contradictory. Perhaps this is due to the heterogeneity of patient populations in terms of morphological examination of the tumor, different patients receiving concomitant treatment, and the prevalence of the tumor process. With regard to brivaracetam, it is not possible to give an adequate conclusion about an effective combination of antitumor and anticonvulsant activity due to the insufficient number of studies to date. Conclusion. Levetiracetam and brivaracetam have shown high efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of epilepsy associated with brain tumors. However, data on the presence of antitumor activity in these drugs is contradictory and requires further research.

Advancement in Epilepsy Pharmacotherapy: An Insight into the Pharmacophoric Approaches of Recent Drugs.

Epilepsy is the most general, extensive, and severe neurological disorder, affecting more than 50 million individuals globally. Initially, conventional medicines and simple salts like potassium bromide were employed as antiepileptic medication candidates. Nowadays, many anticonvulsant drugs have been discovered as first-generation and second-generation and newer drugs and are still in development phases. The pharmacophore-based drug design process includes pharmacophore modeling and validation, pharmacophore-based virtual screening, virtual hits profiling, and lead identification with special reference. This comprehensive article reviews recently developed anticonvulsant derivatives on the basis of pharmacophoric approaches. A literature survey was performed using various search engines like Google Scholar, Scopus, Sci Finder, ScienceDirect, Science gate, Scilit, PubMed, NINDS database of NIH, Bentham Sciences, and other online and print journals and scientific databases. The presented review discusses such kinds of newer drugs that are in the market as well as in clinical trial phases. Detailed outcomes of pharmacophoric modeling have been discussed for newly derived derivatives like targets involved in Epilepsy, lead molecules etc., for the treatment of epilepsy. This exhaustive review will assist the researchers in the further development of potential antiepileptic agents.