Anticipatory Activity Research Articles

Transforming legacies, habits and futures: reshaping the collection at the Museum of European Cultures

ABSTRACT Collection development presents a major challenge for contemporary museums as part of wider efforts to address their changing societal role. This article considers what could be learned from a Berlin-based museum’s attempts to rethink its collection as part of an institutional self-reflection. On its twentieth anniversary, the Museum of European Cultures (MEK) considered the blank spots within the collection. Focusing on how the MEK seeks to reshape the collection through creating a new policy and acquisition practice, the article demonstrates that collection development is enmeshed in complex institutional legacies, habits and future orientations. As numerous museums experience similar challenges regarding collection legacies, this article calls for making future-oriented collection development explicit. First, this includes a reflexive practice of accounting for the implicit futures incorporated within long-standing collection plotlines and institutional habits. Secondly, it necessitates reframing collection development as a bold, prefigurative practice, rather than just a form of corrective, preventative or anticipatory action. By developing prefigurative curatorial practice, museums could advance new approaches instead of being pushed and pulled by the past and the future. Learning to inhabit the future could transform the museums’ social role and their capacity for actively shaping desirable outcomes.

Startle Increases the Incidence of Anticipatory Muscle Activations but Does Not Change the Task-Specific Muscle Onset for Patients After Subacute Stroke.

Objectives: To demonstrate the task-specificities of anticipatory muscle activations (AMAs) among different forward-reaching tasks and to explore the StartleReact Effect (SE) on AMAs in occurrence proportions, AMA onset latency or amplitude within these tasks in both healthy and stroke population.Methods: Ten healthy and ten stroke subjects were recruited. Participants were asked to complete the three forward-reaching tasks (reaching, reaching to grasp a ball or cup) on the left and right hand, respectively, with two different starting signals (warning-Go, 80 dB and warning-startle, 114 dB). The surface electromyography of anterior deltoid (AD), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) on the moving side was recorded together with signals from bilateral sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM), lower trapezius (LT), latissimus dorsi (LD), and tibialis anterior (TA). Proportions of valid trials, the incidence of SE, AMA incidence of each muscle, and their onset latency and amplitude were involved in analyses. The differences of these variables across different move sides (healthy, non-paretic, and paretic), normal or startle conditions, and the three tasks were explored. The ECR AMA onset was selected to further explore the SE on the incidence of AMAs.Results: Comparisons between move sides revealed a widespread AMA dysfunction in subacute stroke survivors, which was manifested as lower AMA onset incidence, changed onset latency, and smaller amplitude of AMAs in bilateral muscles. However, a significant effect of different tasks was only observed in AMA onset latency of muscle ECR (F = 3.56, p = 0.03, η2p = 0.011), but the significance disappeared in the subsequent analysis of the stroke subjects only (p > 0.05). Moreover, the following post-hoc comparison indicated significant early AMA onsets of ECR in task cup when comparing with reach (p < 0.01). For different stimuli conditions, a significance was only revealed on shortened premotor reaction time under startle for all participants (F = 60.68, p < 0.001, = 0.056). Furthermore, stroke survivors had a significantly lower incidence of SE than healthy subjects under startle (p < 0.01). But all performed a higher incidence of ECR AMA onset (p < 0.05) than with normal signal. In addition, the incidence of ECR AMAs of both non-paretic and paretic sides could be increased significantly via startle (p ≤ 0.02).Conclusions: Healthy people have task-specific AMAs of muscle ECR when they perform forward-reaching tasks with different hand manipulations. However, this task-specific adjustment is lost in subacute stroke survivors. SE can improve the incidence of AMAs for all subjects in the forward-reaching tasks involving precision manipulations, but not change AMA onset latency and amplitude.

The role of anticipatory humanitarian action to reduce disaster displacement

Displacement due to weather and climate-related events (disaster displacement), including the adverse effects of climate change, is one of the greatest humanitarian challenges of the 21st century. Even though the forecasting of extreme events and early warning systems has improved globally, less attention has been given to translating anticipatory humanitarian action into the disaster displacement context with the aim to minimize forced displacement from extreme weather events through pre-allocated funds for the readiness, pre-positioning and activation costs. In this analysis, we assess the opportunities and challenges associated with utilising forecast-based financing (FbF) to expand anticipatory and early humanitarian action, based on the structured judgements of experts. These multi-disciplinary experts agree that FbF can reduce displacement risks and address the humanitarian impacts of disaster displacement early, or before a hazard materializes. We propose four action steps along the stages of disaster displacement to provide practical intervention points for researchers and practitioners. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings and outline next steps. By integrating cross-disciplinary expert judgement, this paper provides a much-needed pathway to transform humanitarian action to be more anticipatory and adaptable to change, and help minimize disaster displacement in climate change vulnerable regions.

Preemptive Futures: Entropic and Negentropic Information in Speculative Design

Preemption is an anticipatory action taken to secure first-options in maximising future gain and/or minimising loss. For instance, in risk management, responses are planned before a crisis takes place; such preemptive decisions are made based on speculations of possible future(s), directed by information feedback and analysis from a variety of sources. A systematic formulation of preemption and its relationship to computation are deeply rooted in the history of WWII; in the big data era, preemption is further augmented by the collaboration of human and machine intelligences, urging a rethink on how information is produced and used. By tracing a timeline of events around the conceptualisation of informa- tion, this paper aims at understanding the design and planning implications of preemptive decisions and how it may help us in rethinking speculative design. This paper first revises the idea of ‘information’ through a historical and theoret- ical study, and how it had been defined differently through the notion of entropy by Norbert Wiener, Claude Shannon, and Erwin Schrodinger from fields of cy- bernetics, information, and quantum theories. It discusses entropy from three perspectives: information compression and reconstruction, information entropy and energy entropy, interpolation and extrapolation. Finally, based on entropic and negentropic use of information, this paper rethinks the roles of specula- tion and preemption in today’s design context, especially their applications in the collaborative intelligence of humans and machines within distributed, open source networks.

Blood Donation Policy and Associated Social Values (Cote d’Ivoire)

Background: Blood transfusion is essentially based on blood donation. WHO has identified three types of blood donation (paid blood donation, family or alternative blood donation and voluntary, free blood donation). The one, she recommends (voluntary, anonymous and unpaid donation) which is rare in Africa. Objective: Our study was to identify the policy in force in Cote d’Ivoire and the values that blood donors associate with it. Method: Our study based on a questionnaire administered to 268 primary and regular blood donors and an interview guide with seven officials of the National Blood Transfusion Service (NBTS). The tools were taught at blood transfusion sites (BTS Daloa, Treichville and Yamoussoukro) during donation hours (from 7:30 am to 12 pm) and Data collected processed using Epidata 3.1 and Epidatanalysis. Result: In Cote d’Ivoire, blood donation policy has been in line with WHO recommendations since the creation of the NBTS in 1958. Our study has identified four values (solidarity and generosity, anticipatory action, voluntary, free and selfless act and medical value). However, the first value (solidarity and generosity) is high important regardless of the type of blood donation (regular or primary). This policy has always been the result of the main characteristics of ivorian communities (<i>"Country of hospitality" and "The homeland of true fraternity”</i>). Conclusion: The Cote d'Ivoire has only known voluntary, anonymous and unpaid donation whose the main value is solidarity and generosity, a characteristic value of the ivorian communities.

Adapting to Climate Change Through Anticipatory Action: The Potential Use of Weather-Based Early Warnings

Adapting to Climate Change Through Anticipatory Action: The Potential Use of Weather-Based Early Warnings

Altruistic Attitude of Medical University Graduates as a Predictor of Orientations in Difficult Situations of Assistance

On a sample of 367 graduates of the Medical Academy (Me = 25; IQR (24; 26); male – 30%, female – 70%), a study was conducted aimed at solving the problem of determining factors of helping behavior in socially significant fields of activity and helping professions. The hypothesis of the study was the assumption that an altruistic attitude with a variability of attitudes and the severity of components has an effect on orientation in difficult situations of assistance with increased resource control of behavior to achieve the subject&amp;apos;s goal. Based on the results of the study, a theoretical model of the socio-psychological determination of helping behavior in difficult situations of assistance has been constructed and empirically confirmed. The mechanism of predicting helpful behavior in difficult situations is determined: the altruistic attitude of the individual is a predictor of orientations in difficult situations, that is, it determines a conscious choice of orientations with increased anticipatory activity, manifested in the selectivity of coping resources and regulation of behavior in achieving the goal. It has been empirically revealed that an altruistic attitude based on the variability of relationships and the severity of components has an effect on the orientation in difficult situations of assistance and the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping: 1) the attitude to true altruism focuses on rapprochement with difficult situations of providing assistance for self-improvement and obtaining positive emotions, actualizing the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping; 2) the attitude to pragmatic assistance focuses on optimal efforts in difficult situations of providing assistance for profit, actualizing the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping; 3) the attitude to avoiding helping others focuses on selective rapprochement with difficult situations of assistance, inhibiting the anticipatory activity of the subject of coping; 4) the attitude to inactive egocentrism focuses on distance from difficult situations providing assistance to conserve resources and minimize efforts by inhibiting the anticipatory activity of the coping subject.

Learning to Discriminate Information for Online Action Detection: Analysis and Application.

Online action detection, which aims to identify an ongoing action from a streaming video, is an important subject in real-world applications. For this task, previous methods use recurrent neural networks for modeling temporal relations in an input sequence. However, these methods overlook the fact that the input image sequence includes not only the action of interest but background and irrelevant actions. This would induce recurrent units to accumulate unnecessary information for encoding features on the action of interest. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel recurrent unit, named Information Discrimination Unit (IDU), which explicitly discriminates the information relevancy between an ongoing action and others to decide whether to accumulate the input information. This enables learning more discriminative representations for identifying an ongoing action. In this paper, we further present a new recurrent unit, called Information Integration Unit (IIU), for action anticipation. Our IIU exploits the outputs from IDN as pseudo action labels as well as RGB frames to learn enriched features of observed actions effectively. In experiments on TVSeries and THUMOS-14, the proposed methods outperform state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin in online action detection and action anticipation. Moreover, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed units by conducting comprehensive ablation studies.

Design, Semiotics, Anticipation

From the Why semiotics? question to the specific aspects of the semiotic underpinning of design the journey is one of discovery. Indeed, design is discovery, i.e., it is anticipation-driven. Therefore, nothing qualifies as its foundation. Design as a process does not require secure preliminaries (theories) from which to set out. It does not require a “place to stand,” a necessary reference, from which to start the adventure. Design assumptions are by their nature questions guiding anticipatory action. They are circumstances of conf lict (the old, the current, the new), which semiotics registers very much like a seismograph. The “earthquake,” i.e., the creative design, is not the graph of the Earth shaking, but a new landscape. The interruptive character of design inquiry, i.e., its disruptive nature, is especially significant when subjected to the après-design analytic moment. This is when recursive definitions (of aesthetic nature, semiotic, economic, cultural, political, etc. significance) are used as a metric of design, creating the illusion that they can become some norm. Actually, design creates a context for meaningful interactions. Design’s self-motivating nature of inquiry escapes such exercises. The activity called design is constitutive of the new, not the celebration of the past. Therefore, we present not only what has so far been learned from a design informed by semiotics, but also what might better serve designers in the context of the rapid change we experience in our days.

Cybercrime dan Cybersecurity pada Fintech: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis

This study is intended to determine the cybercrime challenges faced by the fintech industry as well as anticipatory actions in the form of cybersecurity to overcome these challenges. This study employs a systematic literature review method from various articles discussing cybercrime and cybersecurity in fintech that were published in reputable online databases. The findings indicate that cybercrime problems in fintech consist of cybercrime regulations that are not strict, data and information theft, and intellectual property theft in which impacting on the reputation of fintech. Cybersecurity as an attempt to tackle cybercrime in fintech can be performed through proactive action, strengthening regulations, and establishing a reliable cybersecurity framework or procedure. The implications of this research are as an additional reference for academics, practitioners, regulators, and fintech actors related to the fast pace development of cybercrime and cybersecurity in fintech. The limitation of this study is that it only provides an overview and elaborate the results of prior studies instead of provide a further analysis of the relationship between the articles discussed. Recommendations for further research are to increase the scope of the articles studied or apply other literature review methods or conduct empirical research to confirm the results of this study.

Repetitive and Inflexible Active Coping and Addiction-like Neuroplasticity in Stressed Mice of a Helplessness-Resistant Inbred Strain.

Dysfunctional coping styles are involved in the development, persistence, and relapse of psychiatric diseases. Passive coping with stress challenges (helplessness) is most commonly used in animal models of dysfunctional coping, although active coping strategies are associated with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic, and phobias as well as obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper analyzes the development of dysfunctional active coping strategies of mice of the helplessness–resistant DBA/2J (D2) inbred strain, submitted to temporary reduction in food availability in an uncontrollable and unavoidable condition. The results indicate that food-restricted D2 mice developed a stereotyped form of food anticipatory activity and dysfunctional reactive coping in novel aversive contexts and acquired inflexible and perseverant escape strategies in novel stressful situations. The evaluation of FosB/DeltaFosB immunostaining in different brain areas of food-restricted D2 mice revealed a pattern of expression typically associated with behavioral sensitization to addictive drugs and compulsivity. These results support the conclusion that an active coping style represents an endophenotype of mental disturbances characterized by perseverant and inflexible behavior.

Robust anticipation of continuous steering actions from electroencephalographic data during simulated driving

Driving a car requires high cognitive demands, from sustained attention to perception and action planning. Recent research investigated the neural processes reflecting the planning of driving actions, aiming to better understand the factors leading to driving errors and to devise methodologies to anticipate and prevent such errors by monitoring the driver’s cognitive state and intention. While such anticipation was shown for discrete driving actions, such as emergency braking, there is no evidence for robust neural signatures of continuous action planning. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating continuous steering actions during a driving task in a car simulator with multimodal recordings of behavioural and electroencephalography (EEG) signals. System identification is used to assess whether robust neurophysiological signatures emerge before steering actions. Linear decoding models are then used to determine whether such cortical signals can predict continuous steering actions with progressively longer anticipation. Results point to significant EEG signatures of continuous action planning. Such neural signals show consistent dynamics across participants for anticipations up to 1 s, while individual-subject neural activity could reliably decode steering actions and predict future actions for anticipations up to 1.8 s. Finally, we use canonical correlation analysis to attempt disentangling brain and non-brain contributors to the EEG-based decoding. Our results suggest that low-frequency cortical dynamics are involved in the planning of steering actions and that EEG is sensitive to that neural activity. As a result, we propose a framework to investigate anticipatory neural activity in realistic continuous motor tasks.

The GhsrQ343X allele favors the storage of fat by acting on nutrient partitioning.

The Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR) mediates key properties of the gut hormone ghrelin on metabolism and behavior. Nevertheless, most recent observations also support that the GHSR is a constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor endowed of a sophisticated tuning involving a balance of endogenous ligands. Demonstrating the feasibility of shifting GHSR canonical signaling in vivo, we previously reported that a model with enhanced sensitivity to ghrelin (GhsrQ343X mutant rats) developed fat accumulation and glucose intolerance. Herein, we investigated the contribution of energy homeostasis to the onset of this phenotype, as well as behavioral responses to feeding or pharmacological challenges, by comparing GhsrM/M rats to wild-type littermate rats 1) as freely behaving animals and 2) in feeding and locomotor paradigms. Herein, GhsrM/M rats showed enhanced locomotor response to a GHSR agonist while locomotor or anorexigenic responses to amphetamine or cabergoline (dopamine receptor 2 agonist), respectively, were preserved. Ad libitum fed GhsrM/M rats consumed and conditioned for sucrose similarly to littermate control rats. In calorie-restricted conditions, GhsrM/M rats retained food anticipatory activity and maintained better their body weight and glycemia. Importantly, prior to fat accumulation, male GhsrM/M rats preferentially used carbohydrates as fuel substrate without alterations of energy intake, energy expenditure or physical activity and showed alterations of the GHSR system (i.e. enhanced ratio of GHSR hormones LEAP2:acyl-ghrelin and increased Ghsr expression in the hypothalamus). Overall, the present study provides proof of concept that shifted GHSR signaling can specifically alter nutrient partitioning resulting in modified balance of carbohydrate/lipid utilization.

A genetically defined insula-brainstem circuit selectively controls motivational vigor

The anterior insular cortex (aIC) plays a critical role in cognitive and motivational control of behavior, but the underlying neural mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that aIC neurons expressing Fezf2 (aICFezf2), which are the pyramidal tract neurons, signal motivational vigor and invigorate need-seeking behavior through projections to the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). aICFezf2 neurons and their postsynaptic NTS neurons acquire anticipatory activity through learning, which encodes the perceived value and the vigor of actions to pursue homeostatic needs. Correspondingly, aIC → NTS circuit activity controls vigor, effort, and striatal dopamine release but only if the action is learned and the outcome is needed. Notably, aICFezf2 neurons do not represent taste or valence. Moreover, aIC → NTS activity neither drives reinforcement nor influences total consumption. These results pinpoint specific functions of aIC → NTS circuit for selectively controlling motivational vigor and suggest that motivation is subserved, in part, by aIC's top-down regulation of dopamine signaling.

Mainstreaming forecast based action into national disaster risk management systems: experience from drought risk management in Kenya

ABSTRACT Drought and food security crises heighten risks to lives and livelihoods in East Africa. In recent years, a shift towards acting in advance of such events has gained momentum, notably among the humanitarian and development community. This shift is premised on tools that link climate forecasts with pre-agreed actions and funding, known as Forecast-based Action (FbA), or anticipatory action more widely. While FbA approaches have been developed by a number of humanitarian agencies, the key to scaling-up is mainstreaming these approaches into national risk management systems. This paper addresses this gap in the context of drought risk management in Kenya. We analyse Kenya's current drought management system to assess the potential usability of climate forecast information within the existing system, and outline steps towards improved usability of climate information. Further, we note the critical importance of enabling institutions and reliable financing to ensure that information can be consistently used to trigger early action. We discuss the implications of this for scaling-up FbA into national risk management systems.

Role of angular position of the seat in control of posture in response to external perturbation.

Ability of the human body to regain balance after being externally perturbed is important in the maintenance of vertical posture. The goal of this study was to investigate trunk and leg muscle response to external perturbation while sitting on a stool with varying seat inclinations. Ten healthy subjects were required to receive a perturbation applied to the upper body while sitting on an adjustable stool with 0°, 10° forward or 10° backward inclination of the seat and without footrest and leg support. Electromyographic activities of the trunk and leg muscles and center of pressure displacements were recorded and analyzed during the anticipatory (APA) and compensatory (CPA) phases of postural control. APAs and CPAs were generated in response to an external perturbation. Delays in the onset of anticipatory muscle activity were seen when seated on the inclined seat compared to sitting on the horizontal seat (p < 0.05). To maintain balance after a perturbation, participants activated the trunk and thigh muscles, the activity of which was modulated to a greater degree than that of leg muscles. Moreover, they utilized co-contraction of muscles as the main mechanism of balance control in sitting. Furthermore, there was no effect of a seat inclination on COP displacements. The outcome provides a background for future investigations of the effect of seat inclination on control of balance in sitting.

Sensory-Motor Modulations of EEG Event-Related Potentials Reflect Walking-Related Macro-Affordances

One fundamental principle of the brain functional organization is the elaboration of sensory information for the specification of action plans that are most appropriate for interaction with the environment. Using an incidental go/no-go priming paradigm, we have previously shown a facilitation effect for the execution of a walking-related action in response to far vs. near objects/locations in the extrapersonal space, and this effect has been called “macro-affordance” to reflect the role of locomotion in the coverage of extrapersonal distance. Here, we investigated the neurophysiological underpinnings of such an effect by recording scalp electroencephalography (EEG) from 30 human participants during the same paradigm. The results of a whole-brain analysis indicated a significant modulation of the event-related potentials (ERPs) both during prime and target stimulus presentation. Specifically, consistent with a mechanism of action anticipation and automatic activation of affordances, a stronger ERP was observed in response to prime images framing the environment from a far vs. near distance, and this modulation was localized in dorso-medial motor regions. In addition, an inversion of polarity for far vs. near conditions was observed during the subsequent target period in dorso-medial parietal regions associated with spatially directed foot-related actions. These findings were interpreted within the framework of embodied models of brain functioning as arising from a mechanism of motor-anticipation and subsequent prediction error which was guided by the preferential affordance relationship between the distant large-scale environment and locomotion. More in general, our findings reveal a sensory-motor mechanism for the processing of walking-related environmental affordances.

Complaint management model of manufacturing products using text mining and potential failure identification

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a framework on complaint management system for quality management by applying the text mining method and potential failure identification that can support organization learning (OL). Customer complaints in the form of email text is the input of the framework, while the most frequent complaints are visualized using a Pareto diagram. The company can learn from this Pareto diagram and take action to improve their process.Design/methodology/approachThe first main part of the framework is creating a defect database from potential failure identification, which is the initial part of the failure mode and effect analysis technique. The second main part is the text mining of customer email complaints. The last part of the framework is matching the result of text mining with the defect database and presenting in the form of a Pareto diagram. After the framework is proposed, a case study is conducted to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method.FindingsBy using the defect database, the framework can interpret the customer email complaints into the list of most defect complained by customer using a Pareto diagram. The results of the Pareto diagram, based on the results of text mining of consumer complaints via email, can be used by a company to learn from complaint and to analyze the potential failure mode. This analysis helps company to take anticipatory action for avoiding potential failure mode happening in the future.Originality/valueThe framework on complaint management system for quality management by applying the text mining method and potential failure identification is proposed for the first time in this paper.

Rescaling Egocentric Vision: Collection, Pipeline and Challenges for EPIC-KITCHENS-100

This paper introduces the pipeline to extend the largest dataset in egocentric vision, EPIC-KITCHENS. The effort culminates in EPIC-KITCHENS-100, a collection of 100 hours, 20M frames, 90K actions in 700 variable-length videos, capturing long-term unscripted activities in 45 environments, using head-mounted cameras. Compared to its previous version (Damen in Scaling egocentric vision: ECCV, 2018), EPIC-KITCHENS-100 has been annotated using a novel pipeline that allows denser (54% more actions per minute) and more complete annotations of fine-grained actions (+128% more action segments). This collection enables new challenges such as action detection and evaluating the “test of time”—i.e. whether models trained on data collected in 2018 can generalise to new footage collected two years later. The dataset is aligned with 6 challenges: action recognition (full and weak supervision), action detection, action anticipation, cross-modal retrieval (from captions), as well as unsupervised domain adaptation for action recognition. For each challenge, we define the task, provide baselines and evaluation metrics.

The new EU counter-terrorism Agenda: preemptive security through the anticipation of terrorist events

ABSTRACT This article argues that the new EU Counter-Terrorism Agenda is based on logics of anticipatory action. Three types of anticipatory action that are central to the development of EU counter-terrorism are identified: preparedness, precaution and preemption. We argue that while the original EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy contained a mixture of these three forms of anticipatory action, the new Counter-Terrorism Agenda places a renewed emphasis on preemptive measures with preparedness given less prominence. The reinforcing of preemptive security practice is most vividly reflected in the CT Agenda's new Anticipate workstream, which emphasises the utility of preemptive computer-based technologies, including Artificial Intelligence and algorithms, as key dimensions of the response to terrorism. The article identifies challenges of transparency and effectiveness that arise when applying computer-based technologies to counter-terrorism, highlighting the importance of regulatory oversight if the EU's commitment to the development of security policies that respect fundamental rights is to be guaranteed.