Anticancer Drug Carrier Research Articles

Cyclodextrin Drugs in Liposomes: Preparation and Application of Anticancer Drug Carriers.

Cyclodextrin complexes have been widely used in pharmaceutical applications, but disadvantages such as the rapid clearance of cyclodextrins from the blood stream after in vivo administration or their replacement by other molecules in the biological medium with higher luminal affinity for cyclodextrins limit the application of cyclodextrins as drug carriers. Liposome-encapsulated hydrophobic drugs have low and unstable drug loading rates. Drug-in-CD-in-liposome (DCL), which encapsulate cyclodextrin inclusion complexes into liposomes, combine the advantages of both delivery systems, can effectively avoid the leakage and rapid release of lipophilic drugs in the lipid bilayer, and help to maintain the integrity of liposomes. This paper focuses on the preparation method, characterization and application of DCL, with a view to providing methods and references for the research and application of DCL technology.

Dynamics of Amphiphilic Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Micelles with Doxorubicin and Transition Temperature Predictions Using All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Despite the advent of novel therapeutics, the efficient delivery of antineoplastic drugs remains a challenge. Biodegradable polymeric micelles represent a promising frontier by offering enhanced drug solubility, tumor targeting, and controlled release profiles. However, the underlying dynamics governing the drug encapsulation and solvation within these micellar structures is still vague and poorly understood. In this study, we used amphiphilic poly(γ-benzyloxy-ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(γ-2-[2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy-ε-caprolactone) as a model copolymer with doxorubicin as a model drug and performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to understand the regulating mechanism of the encapsulation process. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, we interpreted the dynamic behavior of the polymeric micelles and vital intermolecular interactions that play a key role in drug encapsulation. Our study provides a theoretical approach to obtain insights for designing and enhancing novel anticancer drug carriers for therapeutics.

Hydrazidomethyl starch as a pH-sensitive coating for magnetic core in tailored magnetic nanoparticles with selective doxorubicin release

The work aimed to use and modify starch as a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide to create a modern pH-sensitive anticancer drug carrier based on a hydrazone bond. The multi-step reaction created a material that can bind to the carbonyl group of anticancer drugs. Additionally, polysaccharide was used to coat magnetic nanoparticles to increase the applicability of the carrier system. At each synthesis stage, the material was characterized in detail by performing FTIR-ATR spectra, thermal analysis, XRD, and SEM photos. In the next step, doxorubicin was loaded with a maximum of 19 % drug loading to the carrier via hydrazone bond. In the last research stage, the carrier-hydrazone bond-drug system was tested in solutions with different pH values, imitating the environments of a cancer cell, a healthy cell, and their subcellular elements regarding drug release from the carrier. The obtained release results indicate a >4-fold increase in the amount of drug released from the carrier in conditions of a slightly lower pH environment (70 %), compared to neutral pH (15 %). This represents a promising potential for using the material as an intelligent drug delivery system (DDS).

Future-Oriented Nanosystems Composed of Polyamidoamine Dendrimer and Biodegradable Polymers as an Anticancer Drug Carrier for Potential Targeted Treatment.

Background/Objectives: Camptothecin (CPT) is a well-known chemical compound recognized for its significant anticancer properties. However, its clinical application remains limited due to challenges related to CPT's high hydrophobicity and the instability of its active form. To address these difficulties, our research focused on the development of four novel nanoparticulate systems intended for either oral or intravenous administration. Methods: These nanosystems were based on a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer/CPT complex, which had been coated with biodegradable homo- and copolymers, designed with appropriate physicochemical properties and chain microstructures. Results: The resulting nanomaterials, with diameters ranging from 110 to 406 nm and dispersity values between 0.10 and 0.67, exhibited a positive surface charge and were synthesized using biodegradable poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLACL), and poly(glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PGACL). Biological assessments, including cell viability and hemolysis tests, indicated that all polymers demonstrated less than 5% hemolysis, confirming their hemocompatibility for potential intravenous use. Furthermore, fibroblasts exposed to these matrices showed concentration-dependent viability. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of CPT reached up to 27%, with drug loading (DL) values as high as 17%. The in vitro drug release studies lasted over 400 h with the use of phosphate buffer solutions at two different pH levels, demonstrating that time-dependent processes allowed for a gradual and controlled release of CPT from the developed nanosystems. The release kinetics of the active compound at pH 7.4 ± 0.05 and 6.5 ± 0.05 followed near-first-order or first-order models, with diffusion and Fickian/non-Fickian transport mechanisms. Importantly, the nanoparticulate systems enabled the stabilization of the pharmacologically active form of CPT, while providing protection against hydrolysis, even in physiological environments. Conclusions: In our opinion, these results underscore the promising future of biodegradable nanosystems as effective drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeted cancer treatment, offering stability and efficacy over short, medium, and long-term applications.

Microfluidic Fabrication of Oleosin-Coated Liposomes as Anticancer Drug Carriers with Enhanced Sustained Drug Release.

Microfluid-derived liposomes (M-Lipo) exhibit great potential as drug and functional substance carriers in pharmaceutical and food science. However, the low liposome membrane stability, attributed to the liquid core, limits their application range. Oleosin, a natural surfactant protein, can improve the stability of the lipid nanoparticle membrane against various environmental stresses, such as heat, drying, and pH change; in addition, it can enable sustained drug release. Here, we proposed the fabrication of oleosin-coated M-Lipo (OM-Lipo) through self-assembly on a microfluidic chip and the evaluation of its anticancer drug (carmustine) delivery efficiency. Nanoparticle characterization revealed that the oleosin coating slightly lowered the membrane potential of M-Lipo and greatly improved their dispersibility. Additionally, the in vitro drug release profile showed that the oleosin coating improved the sustained release of the hydrophobic drug from the phospholipid bilayer in body temperature. Our results suggest that OM-Lipo has sufficient potential in various fields, based on its easy production, excellent stability, and biocompatibility.

Folic acid conjugated sodium alginate based redox responsive smart functional microgels as a potential targeted anticancer drug carrier

In this study, we have fabricated a sodium alginate-based redox-responsive, and cancer cell-targeted specific microgel using a water in oil (w/o) mini emulsion process and characterized it accordingly. Initially, we synthesized folic acid (FA)-grafted sodium alginate (SA), a biocompatible polysaccharide, followed by the preparation of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) microgel by crosslinking polyacrylamide (PAAm) with a disulfide crosslinker. The presence of disulfide linkages in the microgel formulation accelerated the release of the anti-cancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX) in the reducing domain of cancer cells (in vitro) (cumulative drug release amount 11 ± 3 %). Folic acid was incorporated into the microgels to enhance its targeting towards cancer cells due to the presence of the folate receptor on cancer cells. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay showed an IC50 of ∼30 μg/mL of the DOX-loaded microgels towards breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and a nontoxic behaviour towards normal mouse fibroblast cells (L929). FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting) and cell uptake studies showed significant cell apoptosis upon application of the drug-loaded microgels. In our opinion, this type of microgel can be a potential drug delivery vector for cancer treatment.

Dysprosium-containing Cobalt Sulfide Nanoparticles as Anticancer Drug Carriers.

Among various materials designed for anticancer drug transport, sulfide nanoparticles are uniquely intriguing owing to their spectral characteristics. Exploration of newer nanoscale copper sulfide particles with dysprosium doping is reported herein. It leads to a change in the physicochemical properties of the sulfide nanoparticles and hence the difference in drug release and cytotoxicity. We intend to purport the suitably engineered cobalt sulfide and dysprosium-doped cobalt sulfide nanoparticles that are magnetic and NIR-absorbing, as drug delivery vehicles. The drug loading and release are based on the supramolecular drug complex formation on the surface of the nanoparticles. The nanomaterials are synthesized employing hydrothermal procedures, coated with a biocompatible poly-β-cyclodextrin, and characterized using the methods of diffractometry, microscopy, spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and magnetometry. The sustained drug release is investigated in vitro. 5-Fluorouracil is loaded in the nanocarriers. The empty and 5-fluorouracil-loaded nanocarriers are screened for their anti-breast cancer activity in vitro on MCF-7 cells. The size of the nanoparticles is below 10 nm. They show soft ferromagnetic characteristics. Further, they show broad NIR absorption bands extending up to 1200 nm, with the dysprosium-doped material displaying greater absorbance. The drug 5-fluorouracil is encapsulated in the nanocarriers and released sustainably, with the expulsion duration extending over 10 days. The IC50 of the blank and the drug-loaded cobalt sulfide are 16.24 ± 3.6 and 12.2 ± 2.6 μg mL-1, respectively. For the drug-loaded, dysprosium-doped nanocarrier, the IC50 value is 9.7 ± 0.3 μg mL-1. The ultrasmall nanoparticles possess a size suitable for drug delivery and are dispersed well in the aqueous medium. The release of the loaded 5-fluorouracil is slow and sustained. The anticancer activity of the drug-loaded nanocarrier shows an increase in efficacy, and the cytotoxicity is appreciable due to the controlled release. The nanocarriers show multi-functional characteristics, i.e., magnetic and NIR-absorbing, and are promising drug delivery agents.

PH‐responsive bionanocomposite pectin grafted with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid copolymer along with silver nanoparticles for breast cancer drug delivery

AbstractIn this study, we developed a pH‐responsive hydrogel membrane composed of pectin, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and acrylic acid (AA) through a free radical‐triggered graft copolymerization method. Freshly formed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from the reduction reaction were embedded in the produced hydrogel. Pectin‐grafted dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid copolymer [poly (DMAEMA‐co‐AA)‐g‐pectin] and its bionanocomposite with AgNPs were confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling behavior of poly (DMAEMA‐co‐AA)‐g‐pectin in solutions with diverse pH values was assessed. For use as a controlled drug delivery agent, the hydrogel was loaded with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The incorporation of AgNPs had a great impact on the entrapment efficiency of 5‐FU. At pH 7.4, nearly 48% of the 5‐FU was released in vitro from the polymeric nanocomposite within 24 h. Moreover, poly (DMAEMA‐co‐AA)‐g‐pectin and poly (DMAEMA‐co‐AA)‐g‐pectin/AgNPs presented high cytocompatibility toward normal skin fibroblast cells (BJ1), and the drug delivery system strongly inhibited human Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF‐7). These results demonstrated that these poly (DMAEMA‐co‐AA)‐g‐pectin/AgNPs are an excellent candidate for use in anticancer drug delivery systems.Highlights Free radical polymerization of nanocomposites incorporated with nanoparticles. Nanoparticles improve the bionanocomposites' drug loading. The developed bionanocomposites exhibit control drug release. The novel bionanocomposites acts as an excellent anticancer drug carrier.

Adsorption behavior of temozolomide, carmustine, procarbazine, and lomustine anticancer drugs on zinc oxide nanocage: A DFT study

The adsorption behavior of zinc oxide (Zn12O12) nanocage toward delivering the temozolomide (TMZ), carmustine (CM), procarbazine (PR), and lomustine (LO) anticancer drugs was herein investigated utilizing the density functional theory (DFT) method. The emerging outcomes unveiled the potential efficiency of the Zn12O12 nanocage toward adsorbing the TMZ, CM, PR, and LO drugs and showed prominent negative values of binding energies (ΔEbind) up to −14.69 kcal.mol−1. Among the studied complexes, the Zn12O12-TMZ complex showed the most preferential ΔEbind values in the gas and water phases compared to other studied complexes with values up to −14.69 and −12.88 kcal.mol−1, respectively. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules announced the occurrence of the adsorption process between the Zn12O12 nanocage and anticancer drugs via polar covalent interactions and electrostatic interactions. Based on frontier molecular orbital theory affirmations, the electronic parameters of Zn12O12 nanocage changed preferentially upon adsorption of the studied drug within the most stable configurations. Moreover, the Zn12O12-drug complexes exhibited short recovery times for drug desorption from the nanocage. The results clearly confirmed that the Zn12O12 nanocage is an ideal candidate for the highly efficient development of anticancer TMZ, CM, PR, and LO drug carriers.

Exploring the promising role of chitosan delivery systems in breast cancer treatment: A comprehensive review

Breast cancer presents a significant global health challenge, driving the development of novel treatment strategies for therapeutic interventions. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing this challenge, with Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles receiving prominence due to their unique characteristics and multitude of potential applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of Chitosan nanoparticles in breast cancer therapy. The review begins by emphasizing the prevalence and importance of breast cancer as a major health issue, underscoring the necessity for effective treatments. It then delves into the application of Chitosan nanoparticles in breast cancer therapy. One key aspect discussed is their role as carriers for anticancer drugs, enabling targeted delivery and improved cellular uptake. Furthermore, the review explores modified Chitosan nanoparticles and strategies for enhancing their efficacy and specificity in breast cancer treatment. It also examines Chitosan conjugates and hybrids, which offer innovative approaches for combination therapy. Additionally, metal and magnetic Chitosan nanoparticles are discussed spanning their capacity to assist in imaging, hyperthermia, as well as targeted drug delivery. In conclusion, the review summarizes the current research landscape regarding Chitosan nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy and offers insights into future directions. Overall, the review highlights the versatility, potential benefits, and future prospects of Chitosan nanoparticles in combating breast cancer.

Synthesis and characterization of Gellan gum-based hydrogels for the delivery of anticancer drug etoposide

Present research work reports the synthesis of Gellan gum (Gg) and methacrylic acid (MA) based grafted hydrogels (Gg-cl-poly(MA)) crosslinked using N, N′– methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) and the evaluation of their efficiency to be used as a sustained drug delivery carrier for anticancer drug i.e., etoposide. Various characterization techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the grafting of Gg with MA and the formation of crosslinked Gg-cl-poly(MA) hydrogel polymer. The synthesized hydrogel showed pH-dependent swelling properties and exhibited a maximum swelling capacity of 867 % under optimized environmental conditions. The Gg-cl-poly(MA) was biocompatible and non-cytotoxic, which was confirmed by the hemolytic and cytotoxic tests. The release dynamics of etoposide from the Gg-cl-poly(MA) polymer matrix was checked under specific physiological conditions. Drug release was found to be significantly higher in the acidic medium, followed by the neutral and alkaline medium. This clearly indicated that etoposide drug release through synthesized hydrogel was stomach-specific and it is effective for the treatment of stomach cancer. The release mechanism of the etoposide drug was a Fickian-type diffusion mechanism in the acidic medium and a non-Fickian-type diffusion mechanism in the neutral and alkaline medium. The release profile of the etoposide was best fitted to the first-order rate model. The results showed that the synthesized hydrogel (i.e., Gg-cl-poly(MA)) was biocompatible, non-toxic, and could be used for the treatment of stomach cancer.

Intertumoral and intratumoral barriers as approaches for drug delivery and theranostics to solid tumors using stimuli-responsive materials.

The solid tumors provide a series of biological barriers in cellular microenvironment for designing drug delivery methods based on advanced stimuli-responsive materials. These intertumoral and intratumoral barriers consist of perforated endotheliums, tumor cell crowding, vascularity, lymphatic drainage blocking effect, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, hypoxia, and acidosis. Triggering opportunities have been drawn for solid tumor therapies based on single and dual stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) that not only improved drug targeting in deeper sites of the tumor microenvironments, but also facilitated the antitumor drug release efficiency. Single and dual stimuli-responsive materials which are known for their lowest side effects can be categorized in 17 main groups which involve to internal and external stimuli anticancer drug carriers in proportion to microenvironments of targeted solid tumors. Development of such drug carriers can circumvent barriers in clinical trial studies based on their superior capabilities in penetrating into more inaccessible sites of the tumor tissues. In recent designs, key characteristics of these DDSs such as fast response to intracellular and extracellular factors, effective cytotoxicity with minimum side effect, efficient permeability, and rate and location of drug release have been discussed as core concerns of designing paradigms of these materials.

VPreparation of Temperature/pH Dual‐Sensitive Hydrogels and Study of their Properties

AbstractA temperature/pH dual‐sensitive hydrogel was prepared through simple solution radical polymerization. A novel temperature/pH dual‐sensitive terpolymerized semi‐interpenetrating network, P(NIPAAm‐co‐AA‐co‐HEAA)/SA hydrogel, was synthesized using interpenetrating network technology (IPN) with sodium alginate (SA) as the raw material. The temperature‐sensitive monomer N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), the pH‐sensitive monomer acrylic acid (AA), and the hydrophilic monomer N‐hydroxyethylacrylamide (HEAA) were incorporated into the structure. The structure and morphology of the hydrogels were investigated using FTIR, TGA and SEM. Additionally, the swelling properties, as well as temperature and pH sensitivity, were examined. The results showed that the content of HEAA and SA influenced the swelling properties of the gels. The gels exhibited distinct swelling behaviors at different temperatures and pH levels, demonstrating remarkable temperature and pH sensitivity. Moreover, it shows rapid response speed and efficient recovery, making them suitable for use as anticancer drug carriers that meet specific requirements.

Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs‐Modified Poly(2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Particles as Anticancer Drug Carriers

AbstractIn this work, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is modified by ibuprofen and diclofenac as anti‐inflammatory drugs to synthesize ibuprofen‐HEMA and diclofenac‐HEMA monomers. Then, poly(ibuprofen‐HEMA‐co‐HEMA) (PIHH), poly(diclofenac‐HEMA‐co‐HEMA) (PDHH), and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) particles are prepared by distillation precipitation polymerization. The morphology and size of the particles are investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). It is observed that all particles are spherical and with sizes of 298.3 nm for PHEMA, 178.8 nm for PDHH, and 85.2 nm for PIHH, respectively. Doxorubicin drug is loaded into the prepared particles and the drug release behavior is investigated for all the particles at two different pH values of 7.4 and 5.3. The release of the drug in acidic pH is higher due to the better solubility of DOX in acidic environment and the faster release of DOX molecules from nanocarriers. The toxicity of particles is also investigated and it is observed that by loading the drug into the PHEMA particles, the release of the drug causes fewer toxic effects than in the free state (drug without any nanocarrier), and the presence of ibuprofen and diclofenac in the particles, that is, PIHH and PDHH, led to a significant reduction in the cytotoxicity.

Zinc-based metal-organic frameworks as efficient carriers for anticancer drug to reduce toxicity and increase efficacy

Zinc-based metal-organic frameworks as efficient carriers for anticancer drug to reduce toxicity and increase efficacy

Synthesis and characterisation of PEG-coated CoFe2O4-based nanoparticles as anticancer nano-delivery systems

As an anticancer nano drug carrier, the properties of nanoparticles for magnetic、drug loading and cytotoxic are significant. In this letter, three magnetic nanoparticles, CoFe2O4、γ-Fe2O3@CoFe2O4、CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 were synthesised, polyethylene glycol was used as a surface modifier for drug loading. The results show that γ-Fe2O3@CoFe2O4@PEG@DOX have better magnetic properties and drug-loading capacity and are more suitable for drug carriers. In addition, the cytotoxic effects on the 4 T1 cells of nanoparticles were determined by the CCK-8 test. Cell viability was lowest on γ-Fe2O3@CoFe2O4@PEG@DOX. All three nanocarriers are ultra-highly biocompatible and can be delivered to the nucleus after 6 h.

Core-Tunable Dendritic Polymer: A Folate-Guided Theranostic Nanoplatform for Drug Delivery Applications.

Clinical application of anticancer drugs is mostly limited due to their hydrophobic nature, which often results in lower bioavailability and lesser retention in systemic circulation. Despite extensive research on the development of targeted drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, delivery of hydrophobic therapeutic drugs to tumor cells remains a major challenge in the field. To address these concerns, we have precisely engineered a new hyperbranched polymer for the targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs by using a malonic acid-based A2B monomer and 1,6-hexanediol. The choice of monomer systems in our design allows for the formation of higher molecular weight polymers with hydrophobic cavities for the efficient encapsulation of therapeutic drugs that exhibit poor water solubility. Using several experimental techniques such as NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the synthesized polymer was characterized, which indicated its dendritic structure, thermal stability, and amorphous nature, making it suitable as a drug delivery system. Following characterizations, theranostic nanoplatforms were formulated using a one-pot solvent diffusion method to coencapsulate hydrophobic drugs, BQU57 and doxorubicin. To achieve targeted delivery of loaded therapeutic drugs in A549 cancer cells, the surface of the polymeric nanoparticle was conjugated with folic acid. The therapeutic efficacy of the delivery system was determined by various cell-based in vitro experiments, including cytotoxicity, cell internalizations, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, migration, and comet assays. Overall, findings from this study indicate that the synthesized dendritic polymer is a promising carrier for hydrophobic anticancer drugs with higher biocompatibility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy for applications in cancer therapy.

The Importance of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a transformative strategy in cancer treatment, leveraging the unique regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs to address the limitations of traditional approaches. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted applications and intricate mechanisms of action underlying MSC therapy for cancer. MSCs exhibit remarkable tumor-targeting capabilities, harnessing their innate homing abilities for selective migration to tumor sites. This property is harnessed for targeted drug delivery, optimizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues. Moreover, the immunomodulatory prowess of MSCs plays a pivotal role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. Through the suppression of pro-inflammatory signals and the promotion of antitumor immune responses, MSCs create a milieu that inhibits tumor growth. Engineered MSCs further serve as carriers for anticancer drugs, facilitating direct delivery to tumor sites and mitigating systemic toxicity. Additionally, the radioprotective effects of MSCs provide a unique opportunity to enhance the therapeutic window during radiotherapy, safeguarding healthy tissues. However, challenges such as achieving consistent tumor tropism, addressing safety concerns, and standardizing protocols underscore the need for ongoing research. Rigorous clinical trials are imperative to establish the safety profile and efficacy of MSC therapy across diverse cancer types. As we navigate these challenges, the promise of personalized and effective cancer treatments through MSC therapy continues to unfold, offering new hope for improved outcomes in the relentless battle against cancer.

The impact of cationic/anionic ratio on the physicochemical aspects of catanionic niosomes as a promising carrier for anticancer drugs

BackgroundNiosomes are adaptable nanocarriers for the delivery and controlled release of anticancer drugs. The addition of ionic surfactants could easily functionalize these carriers. Catanionic niosomes that are comprised of cationic and anionic surfactants are effective drug-delivery vehicles. Here, we aim to evaluate the impact of the cationic/anionic ratio on the noisome characteristics. MethodsA novel approach utilizing molecular modeling was utilized to analyze some characteristics of catanionic niosomes, showing great potential as a vehicle for anticancer drugs. The nonionic surfactant SPAN60, along with cholesterol as the stabilizer, was utilized in the study. Moreover, CTAB and SDS were used as positively and negatively charged surfactants, respectively. An FDA-approved c-Met inhibitor, cabozantinib, was selected as the drug. Several significant parameters associated with the cabozantinib molecule and its properties within the bilayer like hydrogen bonding, total energy, radius of gyration (Rgyr), diffusion coefficient, and radial distribution function (RDF). ResultsThe findings suggest that the cabozantinib’s hydrogen bonding plays a vital role in the drug’s movement through the bilayer. The CTAB-rich niosomes showed a higher number of hydrogen bonds compared to the SDS-rich formulations. The diffusion coefficient was in agreement with the number of H-bonding, and this value increased from 3.12 × 10-12 (m2/s) in CTAB-rich niosome to 7.66 × 10-12 (m2/s) in SDS-rich niosime. ConclusionThe total binding energy between the drug and bilayer components can control drug release. The computational approach could sufficiently describe the influence of cationic/anionic molar ratios on the bilayer features, and the characteristics of catanionic niosomes could be easily adjusted for the controlled release of anticancer drugs.

Efficient delivery of anticancer drugs using functionalized-Ag-decorated Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocarrier with folic acid and β-cyclodextrin

Nanocarrier surface functionalization has been widely regarded as a promising approach for achieving precise and targeted drug delivery systems. In this work, the fabrication of functionalized-Ag-decorated Fe3O4@SiO2 (Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag) nanocarriers with folic acid (FA) and β-cyclodextrin (BCD) exhibit a remarkable capacity for delivering two types of anticancer drugs, i.e., doxorubicin (DOX) and epirubicin (EPI), into cancer cells. The effective functionalization of Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanoparticles has been achieved through the use of cysteine (Cys) as an anchor for attaching FA and BCD via EDC-NHS coupling and Steglich esterification methods, respectively. The findings indicate that surface functionalization had no significant impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles. However, it notably affected DOX and EPI loading and release efficiency. The electrostatic conjugation of DOX/EPI onto the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys/FA and Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag/Cys/BCD exhibited maximum loading efficiency of 50–60% at concentration ratio of DOX/EPI to nanoparticles of 1:14. These nanocarriers also achieved an 40–47% DOX/EPI release over 36 days. Furthermore, the drug-loaded functionalized-nanocarrier showed cytotoxic effects on SK-MEL-2 cells, as demonstrated by an in vitro MTT assay. This suggests that the as-prepared functionalized-nanoparticles have promise as a carrier for the efficient anticancer drugs.