Anticancer Applications Research Articles

A Detailed Review on the Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts and Their Anticancer Applications

AbstractNanobiotechnology is a field of science with tremendous promising applications in cancer chemotherapy, targeted drug delivery, molecular diagnosis, and molecular imaging. Selenium, one of the critical trace elements, participates in the structure of selenocysteine protein, which plays an important role in maintaining redox balance due to its oxidoreductase activity. Elemental selenium (Se0) has significantly lower toxicity values than its oxyanions, selenite, and selenate forms. For this reason, it is important to convert elemental selenium into atomic form in biological studies. In particular, their role in regulating the immune system makes selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) superior to others. SeNPs have been discussed effectively in the literature in anticancer activity applications. SeNPs green synthesis is focused on a more economical, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly application by using, reducing, and stabilizing agents in plants. The aim of this review is to highlight the anticancer activity applications of SeNPs synthesized with plant extracts in the last 6 years (i.e., between 2019 and 2024). In addition, it aims to shed light on the green synthesis mechanism of NPs by using plant extracts and to highlight the factors affecting green synthesis and its advantages and disadvantages.

Novel Thiazole-Fused [4,5-g] or [5,4-g]Quinazolin-8-ones and Their Quinazoline Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Background/Objectives: In connection with previous work on V-shaped polycyclic thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolin-9-one and [5,4-f]quinazoline derivatives that can modulate the activity of various kinases, the synthesis of straight thiazole-fused [4,5-g] or [5,4-g]quinazolin-8-ones and quinazoline derivatives hitherto undescribed was envisioned. Methods: An innovative protocol allowed to obtain the target structures. The synthesis of inverted thiazolo[4,5-h] and [5,4-h]quinazolin-8-one derivatives was also explored with the aim of comparing biological results. The compounds obtained were tested against a representative panel of eight mammalian protein kinases of human origin: CDK9/CyclinT, Haspin, Pim-1, GSK-3β, CK-1ε, JAK3, CLK1 and DYRK1A. Results and Conclusions: The results obtained show that the novel linear thiazoloquinazolines are not kinase inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of these newly synthesized compounds was assessed against seven representative tumor cell lines (human cancers: Huh7-D12, Caco-2, HCT-116, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and PC-3). The majority of these novel molecules proved capable of inhibiting the growth of the tested cells. The 7-Benzyl-8-oxo-7,8-dihydrothiazolo[5,4-g]quinazolinones 5b and 6b are the most potent, with IC50 values in the micromolar range. None of these compounds showed toxicity against normal cells. A larger program of investigations will be launched to investigate the real potential interest of such compounds in anticancer applications.

Recent progress in cellulose derivatives and cellulose-based composites for bioimaging and anticancer applications (2020–2024)

Recent progress in cellulose derivatives and cellulose-based composites for bioimaging and anticancer applications (2020–2024)

Demystifying the Potential of Embelin-Loaded Nanoformulations: a Comprehensive Review.

Phytoconstituent based therapies have the potential to reduce the adverse effects and enhance overall patient compliance for different diseased conditions. Embelin (EMB) is a natural compound extracted from Embelia ribes that has demonstrated high therapeutic potential, particularly as anti-inflammatory and anticancer therapeutic applications. However, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability limitations make it challenging to use in biomedical applications. Nanostructure-based novel formulations have shown the potential to improve physicochemical and biological characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients obtained from plants. Different nanoformulations that have been utilized to encapsulate/entrap EMB for various therapeutic applications are nanoliposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, phytosomes, self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, silver nanoparticles, microparticles, solid lipid nanoparticle, gold nanoparticles and nanomicelles. The common methods reported for the preparation of EMB nanoformulations are thin film hydration, nanoprecipitation, ethanol injection, emulsification followed by sonication. The size of nanoformulations ranged in between 50 and 345nm. In this review, the mentioned EMB loaded nanocarriers are methodically discussed for size, shape, drug entrapment, zeta potential, in vitro release & permeation and in vivo studies. Potential of EMB with other drugs (dual drug approach) incorporated in nanocarriers are also discussed (physicochemical and preclinical characteristics). Patents related to EMB nanoformulations are also presented which showed the clinical translation of this bioactive for future utilization in different indications.

Lepidium peruvianum as a Source of Compounds with Anticancer and Cosmetic Applications

Lepidium peruvianum—an edible herbaceous biennial plant distributed in the Andes—has been used for centuries as food and as a natural medicine in treating hormonal disorders, as an antidepressant, and as an anti-osteoporotic agent. The presented study aims to prove its beneficial cosmetic and chemopreventive properties by testing the antiradical, whitening, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties of differently colored phenotypes that were extracted using three solvents: methanol, water, and chloroform, with the help of the chemometric approach to provide evidence on the impact of single glucosinolanes (seven identified compounds in the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis) on the biological activity of the total extracts. The tested extracts exhibited moderate antiradical activity, with the methanolic extract from yellow and grey maca phenotypes scavenging 49.9 ± 8.96% and 48.8% ± 0.44% of DPPH radical solution at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, respectively. Grey maca was the most active tyrosinase inhibitor, with 72.86 ± 3.42% of the enzyme activity calculated for the water extract and 75.66 ± 6.21% for the chloroform extract. The studies in cells showed no cytotoxicity towards the human keratinocyte line HaCaT in all studied extracts and a marked inhibition of cell viability towards the G361 melanoma cell line, which the presence of pent-4-enylglucosinolate, glucotropaeolin, and glucoalyssin in the samples could have caused. Given all biological activity tests combined, the three mentioned compounds were shown to be the most significant positive contributors to the results obtained, and the grey maca water extract was found to be the best source of the former compound among the tested samples.

Synthesis of nanohybrid consisting of taurine derived carbon dots and nanoceria for anticancer applications

Synthesis of nanohybrid consisting of taurine derived carbon dots and nanoceria for anticancer applications

Bufalin CaCO3 Nanoparticles Triggered Pyroptosis through Calcium Overload via Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Reverse for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Bufalin is a promising active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine but has shown limited anticancer applications due to its toxicity. Here, we report BCNPs@gel, a bufalin-containing CaCO3 nanoparticle hydrogel, for enhancing cancer treatment through inducing cellular pyroptosis. Under the tumor microenvironment's low pH conditions, bufalin and Ca2+ are released from the delivery system. Bufalin serves as a direct anticancer drug and a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor by forcing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger to reverse its function, which transfers Ca2+ into cytoplasm and ultimately causes Ca2+ overload-triggered pyroptosis. Meanwhile, we found that bufalin can upregulate PD-L1 in tumor cells. In combination with the PD-1 antibody, the delivery system showed a greater performance during the cancer treatment. BCNPs@gel enhances antitumor efficiency, reduces systemic side effects, extends antitumor mechanism of bufalin, and provides new strategies for inducing pyroptosis and calcium overload in cancer immunotherapy via Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor. This work provides an application model for numerous other traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.

Green synthesis of silver and gold-doped zinc oxide nanocomposite with propolis extract for enhanced anticancer activity

Metal and metal oxide nanocomposites have unique properties and are promising for antibacterial and anticancer applications. In this work, we aimed to highlight the relationship between the biosynthesis ways of silver and gold-doped zinc oxide nanocomposites and their functions as anticancer on cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG2). The propolis was used to biosynthesize four different nanoparticles with the same components, including zinc, gold and silver. The nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques, including ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and cytotoxicity assays. The result of this study showed that formed nanocomposites have a similar level of Zn, Au, and Ag, ranging from 23–34%, 2–6%, and 2–3%, respectively. In addition, adding the components simultaneously produces the fastest color change, and the fabricated nanoparticles have spherical shapes with different layers. In addition, the prepared nanoparticles influenced the cell viability of the cancer cell lines, with the most effective one when Zn, Au, and Ag were added spontaneously to form a nanocomposite called (All) with IC50 of 24.5 µg/mL for MCF7 cells and 29.1 µg/mL for HepG2 cells. Thus, the study illustrates that the preparation of nanocomposite generated through green synthesis with different methods significantly affects the structure and function and may improve the synthesis of nanocomposite to be developed into an efficacious therapeutic agent for cancers. In addition, this study opens the door toward a novel track in the field of nanocomposites as it links the synthesis with structure and function. Further anti-cancer properties, as well as animal testing are needed for those nanocomposites.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Zinc Oxide and Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites.

In this research, we developed undoped and aluminum-doped zinc oxide for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanocomposites (Zn1-xAlxO NCs) at varying concentrations (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt%) using the coprecipitation method. Various characterization techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, EDX, and SEM were performed to analyze the crystal structure, optical properties, functional group identification, elemental composition, and surface morphology. The antimicrobial activity test showed that Zn0.75Al0.25O NCs exhibited the strongest inhibition zone against Bacillus cereus compared to Staphylococcus aureus > Pasteurella multocida > Escherichia coli. Moreover, the cytotoxicity and cell viability of liver cancer (HepG-2), breast cancer (MCF-7), ovarian cancer (SKOV3), and normal liver cell lines) were evaluated using the MTT assay, demonstrating that Zn0.75Al0.25O NCs not only enhance cell destruction but also show low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility at low concentrations. These results suggest that Zn0.75Al0.25O NCs could be a promising candidate for in vivo anticancer applications and should be further investigated.

Unveiling the potential of novel Metschnikowia yeast biosurfactants: triggering oxidative stress for promising antifungal and anticancer activity

BackgroundSophorolipids are glycolipid biosurfactants with potential antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer applications, rendering them promising for research. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that sophorolipids may have a notable impact on disrupting membrane integrity and triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, ultimately resulting in the eradication of pathogenic microbes.ResultsThe current study resulted in the isolation of two Metschnikowia novel yeast strains. Sophorolipids production from these strains reached maximum yields of 23.24 g/l and 21.75 g/l, respectively, at the bioreactors level. Biosurfactants sophorolipids were characterized using FTIR and LC–MS techniques and found to be a mixture of acidic and lactonic forms with molecular weights of m/z 678 and 700. Our research elucidated sophorolipids’ mechanism in disrupting bacterial and fungal membranes through ROS generation, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and FACS analysis. The results showed that these compounds disrupted the membrane integrity and induced ROS production, leading to cell death in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Fusarium solani. In addition, the anticancer properties of sophorolipids were investigated on the A549 lung cancer cell line and found that sophorolipid-11D (SL-11D) and sophorolipid-11X (SL-11X) disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, as evidenced by immunofluorescence microscopy. The A549 cells were stained with Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide, which showed that they underwent necrosis. This was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis using Annexin/PI staining. The SL-11D and SL-11X molecules exhibited low levels of haemolytic activity and in-vitro cytotoxicity in HEK293, Caco-2, and L929 cell lines.ConclusionIn this work, novel yeast species CIG-11DT and CIG-11XT, isolated from the bee’s gut, produce significant yields of sophorolipids without needing secondary oil sources, indicating a more economical production method. Our research shows that sophorolipids disrupt bacterial and fungal membranes via ROS production. They suggest they may act as chemo-preventive agents by inducing apoptosis in lung cancer cells, offering the potential for enhancing anticancer therapies.

State of the Art Synthesis of Ag-ZnO-Based Nanomaterials by Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma Techniques

Atmospheric pressure microplasma is a simple, cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly procedure, which is superior to the traditional nanomaterials synthesis techniques. It generates high yields and allows for a controlled growth rate and morphology of nanomaterials. The silver (Ag) nanomaterials, with their unique physical and chemical properties, exhibit outstanding antibacterial and antifungal properties. Similarly, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials, known for their low toxicity and relatively lower cost, find wide applications in wound repair, bone healing, and antibacterial and anticancer applications. The use of core–shell nanomaterials in certain situations where some nanoparticles can cause serious harm to host tissues or organs is a testament to their potential. A benign material is coated over the core to reduce toxicity in these cases. This review compares the numerous configurations of microplasma systems used for synthesizing nanomaterials and their use in producing Ag, ZnO, and their core–shell (Ag-ZnO) nanomaterials for biomedical applications. The summary also includes the effect of control parameters, including cathode diameter, gas flow rate, precursor concentration, voltage, and current, on the nanomaterial’s characteristics and applications. In addition, it provides a research gap in the synthesis of Ag, ZnO, and core–shell nanomaterials by this technique, as well as the development and limitations of this technique and the use of these nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

Advances in synthesis and anticancer applications of organo-tellurium compounds

Advances in synthesis and anticancer applications of organo-tellurium compounds

Novel drug delivery materials: Chitosan polymers conjugated with Spondias pinnata phytocompounds for enhanced anti‐microbial and anti‐cancer properties

AbstractThe current study aimed to investigate the drug delivery potential of chitosan‐conjugated Spondias pinnata phytocompounds for anticancer and antibacterial applications. The phytochemical composition of the aqueous extract of S. pinnata plant leaves revealed seven major compounds, including stearic acid, 2H‐Indol‐2‐one, beta amyrin, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 7‐hexadecenoic acid, and phytol. Additionally, five minor compounds were identified through GC–MS analysis. SEM analysis of chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds revealed amorphous particles. This demonstrates the attainment of optimized larger crystallites, which differ in size and shape extensively. The antioxidant potential of both the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds and S. pinnata leaf extracts was evaluated via DPPH and ABTS assays, and the results revealed that the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds exhibited significant scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 18.20 and 33.15 μg/mL, respectively. Chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds also demonstrated antibacterial activity against four clinically significant infections, with zones of inhibition ranging from 16 ± 0.07, 19 ± 0.10, 17 ± 0.09, and 19 ± 0.11 mm against Escherichia coli (MTCC 452), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 39), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds was assessed against A549 lung cancer cells, and the results revealed a significant reduction in cell viability (33.85) at higher concentrations of 150 μg/mL. The IC50 values of S. pinnata leaf extract (149.2 mg/mL) and chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata (126.4 mg/mL) toward A549 lung cancer cells were recorded. Overall, the results of the present study highlight the therapeutic applications of chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds, particularly in the context of their anticancer and antibacterial activities.

Probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-LS): A sustainable approach and multifaceted biomedical application

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach with diverse biological applications. This study presents synthesis of AgNPs-LS using a probiotic strain Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) and explores their multifaceted biological activities, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. The biosynthesis of AgNPs-LS was successfully achieved using L. salivarius cell free supernatants, resulting in well-characterized nanoparticles as confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis. The AgNPs-LS demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against different pathogenic bacteria (C. violaceum, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli and S. marcescens), emphasizing their potential in combating bacterial infections. Moreover, these AgNPs-LS were effective in inhibiting biofilm formation (>60 % at 1/2 MIC), a key mechanism of bacterial virulence, highlighting their utility in preventing biofilm-related infections. AgNPs-LS exhibited anti-quorum sensing activity, disrupting bacterial communication systems and potentially reducing virulence factor such as, violacein production in C. violaceum, pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa and prodigiosin production in S. marcescens. Additionally, AgNPs-LS also exhibited notable antifungal activity towards a different pathogenic fungus (F. proliferatum, P. purpurogenum, A. niger and R. stolonifer). In terms of health applications, the AgNPs-LS displayed significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH• (IC50 = 42.65 μg/mL) and ABTS•+ (IC50 = 53.77 μg/mL) free radicals. Furthermore, AgNPs-LS showed cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (IC50 = 52.29 μg/mL), positioning them as promising candidates for cancer therapy. Moreover, AgNPs-LS were also shown promising anticoagulant and thrombolytic activities under practical conditions. Therefore, the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs-LS using L. salivarius offers a sustainable and cost-effective route for producing AgNPs with an array of biological activities. These AgNPs-LS have the potential to address various challenges in healthcare, ranging from antimicrobial, anticancer applications to biofilm inhibition, antioxidant therapy, anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents.

Diseleno-albumin, a native bio-inspired drug free therapeutic protein induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells through mitochondrial oxidation

Macromolecular therapeutic is the emerging concept in the fields of drug delivery and drug discovery. The present study reports the design and development of a serum albumin based macromolecular chemotherapeutic by conjugating bovine serum albumin (BSA) with 3,3′-diselenodipropionic acid (DSePA), a pharmacologically active organo-diselenide (R-Se-Se-R). The reaction conditions were optimised to achieve the controlled conjugation of BSA with DSePA without causing any significant alteration in its physico-chemical properties or secondary structure and crosslinking. The chemical characterisation of the reaction product through various spectroscopic techniques viz., FT-IR, Raman, XPS, AAS and MALDI-TOF-MS, established the conjugation of about ∼5 DSePA molecules per BSA molecule. The DSePA conjugated BSA (Se-Se-BSA) showed considerable stability in aqueous and lyophilized forms. The cytotoxicity studies by involving cell lines of cancerous and non-cancerous origins indicated that Se-Se-BSA selectively inhibited the proliferation of cancerous cells. The cellular uptake studies by physically labelling Se-Se-BSA with curcumin and following its intracellular fluorescence confirmed that uptake efficiency of Se-Se-BSA was almost similar to that of native BSA. Finally, studies on the mechanism of action of Se-Se-BSA in the A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) cells revealed that it induced mitochondrial ROS generation followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of caspases and apoptosis. Together, these results demonstrate a bio-inspired approach of exploring diselenide (-Se-Se-) grafted serum albumin as the potential drug free therapeutic for anticancer application.

Chemical modifications of cellulose nanoparticles for anticancer applications: perspective since 2020

Chemical modifications of cellulose nanoparticles for anticancer applications: perspective since 2020

Development and Prospects of Furin Inhibitors for Therapeutic Applications.

Furin, a serine protease enzyme located in the Golgi apparatus of animal cells, plays a crucial role in cleaving precursor proteins into their mature, active forms. It is ubiquitously expressed across various tissues, including the brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and reproductive organs. Since its discovery in 1990, furin has been recognized as a significant therapeutic target, leading to the active development of furin inhibitors for potential use in antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and other therapeutic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in the development and characterization of furin inhibitors, encompassing peptides, linear and macrocyclic peptidomimetics, and non-peptide compounds, highlighting their potential in the treatment of both infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Chitosan stabilized platinum nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic impacts on human breast cancer cells

Platinum nanoparticles are widely studied as a nanomedicine against many of the solid tumours. Due to their promising physicochemical properties, chitosan-stabilized platinum nanoparticles may exhibit exceptional cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. This article describes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan-stabilized platinum nanoparticles (Ch-Pt NPs) through a wet chemical method and in vitro studies of their anticancer effect on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cell line). Different analytical methods confirmed the formation of chitosan-stabilized platinum nanoparticles. The structural and surface morphological analyses were done using XRD, FTIR, TEM, FESEM, etc. Elemental analysis was done using XPS and EDX. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were determined using DLS and zeta analyzer. These platinum nanoparticles have a spherical shape and FCC structure with an average particle size of 3.4 nm and an average hydrodynamic diameter of 248 nm. The characteristic FTIR peaks of chitosan in the sample confirmed the capping of chitosan on the surface of the Pt NPs. The surface charge estimation using a zeta potential analyzer showed −23.8 mV, elucidating the stability and dispersity of the as-synthesized Pt NPs. The in vitro cytotoxicity study using MTT assay revealed a non-toxic behaviour on normal L929 cell lines and a severe anti-proliferative activity on a human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line with an IC50 value of 35.60 μg/ml after 24 h of incubation. This result indicates a better anticancer therapeutic application against human breast cancer cells for the as-synthesized chitosan-stabilized platinum nanoparticles.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on its synthesis, anticancer and drug delivery applications

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), are becoming a more useful tool in a number of fields, including electronics, food packaging, optics, and most significantly, medicinal applications. These nanoparticles show a special capacity to target cancer cells specifically, dissolving into Zn2+ ions in an acidic environment. This leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that specifically induce cytotoxic effects in malignant cells. Furthermore, ZnONPs work well as carriers to deliver certain anticancer medications straight into tumour cells. Growing interest in ZnONPs has prompted the creation of a variety of production methods, including chemical, physical, and environmentally benign biological approaches. This review explores the biomedical uses of ZnONPs and their production techniques, with an emphasis on the anticancer properties of the compounds. Detailed investigations into the mechanisms by which ZnONPs combat various cancers, influenced by their size, shape, and surface properties, are discussed. Additionally, their role in enhancing cancer treatment through the combined use of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, triggered by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) or near-infrared (NIR) light, is examined. The paper further explores the drug delivery capabilities of ZnONPs, including drug loading, stimulus-responsive controlled release, and therapeutic advantages. Finally, the future prospects of ZnONPs research and applications are considered, highlighting potential advancements and innovations

Efficient synthesis of novel 1,10 phenanthroline-substituted imidazolium salts: Exploring their anticancer applications

This study reports a new series of 1,10-phenanthroline-substituted imidazolium salts (1a–f), examining their design, synthesis, structure and anticancer activities. The structures of these salts (1a–f) were characterized using 1H, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. The salts' cytotoxic activities were tested against cancer cell lines, specifically MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and non-tumorigenic MCF-10A mammary cells. The study compared the impact of aliphatic and benzylic groups in the salts’ structure on their anticancer activity. Screening results revealed that compound 1c, in particular, showed promising inhibitory activity against the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 12.8 ± 1.2 μM, indicating its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Cell apoptosis analysis demonstrated a tendency for compound 1c to induce early apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The stability/aquation of compound 1c was investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy and its binding modes with DNA were explored via UV–Vis spectroscopy. Additionally, the study investigated the interaction residues and docking scores of compound 1c and the reference drug doxorubicin against Bax and Bcl-2 proteins using molecular docking.