Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on its synthesis, anticancer and drug delivery applications

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), are becoming a more useful tool in a number of fields, including electronics, food packaging, optics, and most significantly, medicinal applications. These nanoparticles show a special capacity to target cancer cells specifically, dissolving into Zn2+ ions in an acidic environment. This leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that specifically induce cytotoxic effects in malignant cells. Furthermore, ZnONPs work well as carriers to deliver certain anticancer medications straight into tumour cells. Growing interest in ZnONPs has prompted the creation of a variety of production methods, including chemical, physical, and environmentally benign biological approaches. This review explores the biomedical uses of ZnONPs and their production techniques, with an emphasis on the anticancer properties of the compounds. Detailed investigations into the mechanisms by which ZnONPs combat various cancers, influenced by their size, shape, and surface properties, are discussed. Additionally, their role in enhancing cancer treatment through the combined use of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, triggered by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) or near-infrared (NIR) light, is examined. The paper further explores the drug delivery capabilities of ZnONPs, including drug loading, stimulus-responsive controlled release, and therapeutic advantages. Finally, the future prospects of ZnONPs research and applications are considered, highlighting potential advancements and innovations