Anticaking Agents Research Articles

Safety and efficacy of vermiculite as a feed additive for pigs, poultry, bovines, sheep, goats, rabbits and horses.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on vermiculite as a feed additive for pigs, poultry, bovines, sheep, goats, rabbits and horses. Vermiculite, which is a magnesium aluminium iron silicate, is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: binders and anticaking agents) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for pigs, poultry, bovines, sheep, goats, rabbits and horses, with no proposed minimum or maximum concentration. The applicant reported a maximum inclusion level, derived from the use of the additive in premixtures of preservatives, of about 50,000 mg/kg complete feed, and suggested typical inclusion levels in complete feedingstuffs below 10,000 mg/kg. The FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of vermiculite for the target species and the users. The additive is considered safe for the consumer and the environment at the proposed conditions of use. In the absence of data, the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy of vermiculite as a pellet binder or as an anticaking agent.

Nanoliposome Powder Containing Shrimp Oil Increases Free Flowing Behavior and Storage Stability

AbstractShrimp oil nanoliposomes dried by freeze‐drying and spray‐drying are characterized, in which carboxy methyl cellulose and fumed silica (SiO2) at various proportions are used as wall material and anti‐caking agent. Spray‐dried powder (SDP) is spherical in shape with average particle size of 5.33 ± 2.55 µm, while the freeze‐dried powder (FDP) having average size of 240.8 ± 237.4 µm is irregular. SDP shows better flowability than FDP, which is more porous with much lower bulk density. Encapsulation efficiency (68.52 ± 1.85%) and solubility (85.22 ± 1.4) of SDP are greater than FDP (51.18 ± 3.81% and 71.25 ± 1.3, respectively) (p < 0.05). However, the wettability of FDP is higher with shorter reconstitution time. FDP exhibits lower oxidation of total encapsulated oil and better retention of n‐3 fatty acids (p < 0.05). Overall, both FDP and SDP are thermodynamically stable and the aforementioned powders have the prolonged storage time of six weeks.Practical Applications: Oil from shrimp cephalothorax, a byproduct from shrimp processing industries, is one of the rich sources of omega‐3 fatty acids and astaxanthin. Encapsulation of shrimp oil in nanoliposomes is a promising technology, which can be utilized to protect the oil against oxidation and mask the off‐odors. Shrimp oil nanoliposome powder prepared using spray‐drying and freeze‐drying processes and added with the anticaking agents offers numerous advantages such as good flowability, better solubility, and enhanced encapsulation efficiency in addition to the improved oxidative stability and no significant loss of bioactive PUFAs. The shrimp oil nanoliposome powder could be used in the fortification of number of food products, particularly beverages. Moreover, due to the powdered form, the shelf stability is increased, handling and transportation becomes easier, and the cost is significantly reduced.

Safety and efficacy of montmorillonite-illite (FIMIX 1g557) for all animal species.

Following a request from European Commission, the Panelon Additives and Products or Substances used in animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the modification of the terms of authorisation of montmorillonite-illite (FIMIX 1g557) for all animal species. The FEEDAP Paneladopted in 2014 an opinion on the safety and in 2015 on the efficacy of this additive. The additive montmorillonite-illite (FIMIX 1g557) is currently authorised for use in feedingstuffs for all animal species as an anticaking agent with a minimum and a maximum content of 20,000 mg/kg. The applicant proposed to use the additive in premixtures and complementary feeds for all animal species and categories at a minimum concentration of 20,000 mg/kg premixture and 10,000 mg/kg complementary feeds. The FEEDAP Panelconsiders that the proposed modification (reduction of the inclusion level in feed) would not affect the conclusions reached in the previous assessment as related to the safety for the target species, consumers, users and the environment. Montmorillonite-illite is efficacious as an anticaking agent in premixtures for all animal species at inclusions levels starting at 20,000 mg/kg premixture and in complementary feeds at inclusions levels starting at 10,000 mg/kg. When the premixtures or complementary feeds are incorporated into complete feed, the concentration of montmorillonite-illite would range from 50 to 100 mg/kg complete feed for poultry and all other animal species, respectively. There is no evidence that the anticaking effect of the additive will persist at these concentrations in complete feed. In the absence of specific data, the FEEDAP Panelis not in the position to comment on the efficacy of the additive at these concentrations when used in complete feed.

Evaluation of potential human health risk associated with consumption of edible products from livestock fed ration supplemented with Red Lake Diatomaceous Earth

ABSTRACTRed Lake Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is a naturally occurring blend of diatomaceous earth and calcium bentonite that can be used as an anti-caking agent in animal feed and contains naturally occurring dioxins. A quantitative risk assessment was conducted to assess potential human health risk associated with consumption of edible tissues from livestock exposed to dioxins via feed containing Red Lake DE. Empirical data characterising the transfer of dioxins to eggs and other tissues in chickens demonstrate that resulting concentrations in eggs are lower than those found in the general food supply. These data also provided product-specific input for a risk assessment conducted both with default parameters and with media-specific input from the feed study. Results demonstrate that exposure to dioxins in edible tissue from livestock that consumed Red Lake DE in feed would not be associated with an increased risk to humans. Findings from this assessment highlight the utility and importance of accounting for bioavailability as part of health-based risk assessment and provide information critical to risk managers in determining the safe use of Red Lake DE as an anticaking agent in livestock and pet feed.

Fabrication of Biogenic Silica Nanostructures from Sorghum bicolor Leaves for Food Industry Applications

Due to the large production of sorghum, the generation of associated agricultural residues, which contain high contents of silica, is inevitable. Also, these agricultural residues are not utilizing properly and it creates environmental pollution. Thus, we are utilizing the sorghum residues as a silica precursor to fabricating biogenic silica nanostructures using sequential processes. The physicochemical features of the synthesized BSNs, i.e., amorphous nature, surface functional groups, thermal stability, structure, and morphology, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic properties of the S. bicolor-derived BSNs were assessed using human colon carcinoma cells as an in vitro model and cell-based assays, including an 3–4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining (AO/EB). The silica content of S. bicolor leaves was around 9.34%. We observed peaks at 1089 cm−1 and 801 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra of BSNs that corresponded to asymmetric, symmetric, and bending vibrations of O–Si–O. The BSNs had spherical morphology with diameters of 30–90 nm and an amorphous nature. The cytotoxic analysis suggested that BSNs do not induce cell death in colon carcinoma cells. Overall, the results suggested that BSNs exhibit good compatibility in colon cells, and may be applicable as an anti-caking agent in the food sector.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablet Dosage form of Sorafenib Tosylate

Immediate release drug formulation is a novel type of drug delivery system which disintegrates rapidly and gets dissolved to release the medicaments after administration. Sorafenib tosylate is kinase inhibitors, used to treat renal cell carcinoma. our work involves the formulation, optimization and post compressed evaluation studies of immediate release Sorafenib tosylate tablets. The direct compression method was employed for formulating tablets. Tablet composition contains Sorafenib tosylate as a filler. Explotab, Solutab and polyplasdone XL is a superdisintegrant, mannitol as sweeting agent magnesium stearate as a lubricant, talc as a anticaking agent. The prepared tablets were evaluated for physico-chemical properties and post evaluation studies such as drug content and in vitro dissolution. Further more, Finally, it was concluded that all the pre-formulation and post compression studies of sorafenib tablet met with required specifications and also showed comparably a good rate of dissolution like that of a commercial product. Among all the formulations F6 formulation containing, drug and Solutab showed good result that is 99.56% in 45 min. Hence from the dissolution data it was evident that F6 formulation is the better formulation.

Palladium release from catalytic converter materials induced by road de-icer components chloride and ferrocyanide.

Environmental levels of platinum group elements (PGEs) are rising due to emissions of vehicle catalytic converter (VCC) materials containing palladium, platinum and rhodium. When these PGE-containing VCC materials are exposed to soil and water, coordination complex formation with ligands present in the environment may mobilize PGEs into solution, particularly Pd. Road de-icing salt contains two ligands with high affinities for Pd2+: chloride (Cl-) from NaCl and cyanide (CN-) from ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64-) anti-caking agents. Batch leaching studies of VCC materials were conducted with solutions representative of de-icer-contaminated road runoff at pH 8 and room temperature for 48h. Ferrocyanide (FC) concentrations of 0μM, 1μM, 2μM and 10μM were tested with background electrolyte concentrations of 0.028M NaCl (1000mg/L Cl-) or 0.028M NaClO4. Palladium release increased with FC concentration, ranging from 0.014±0.002μMPd without FC to 5.013±0.002μMPd at 10μM FC. At 0μM, 1μM and 2μM FC, chloride induced further Pd release, but had no effect at 10μM FC. PHREEQC modeling predicted that the predominant species present in equilibrium with Pd(OH)2(s) were Pd(OH)20 and Pd(CN)42-, and that PdClx2-x complexes had only a minor effect on the total concentration of dissolved palladium. The effect of FC on Pd release was predicted but not the effect of Cl-, indicating possible kinetic control. Platinum was measured above limits of detection (LODs) only at 10μM FC, and rhodium levels were below LODs, consistent with their slower complexation kinetics.

The time and location dependent prediction of crystal caking by a modified crystal bridge growth model and DEM simulation considering particle size and shape

Unequal crystal size and anisotropic shape lead to non-homogeneous caking which fails to be investigated by conventional caking testers. The simulation method in this work considers crystal size and shape and achieves the prediction of non-homogeneous caking from single caking bridge at each contact point to the entire caking bridge network. It develops a modified model for predicting single bridge growth with higher precision by considering the mass transfer of bridge dissolution and recrystallization. The non-homogeneous bridge networks are then constructed based on DEM (Discrete Element Method) simulation with crystal shapes represented by the multiple spheres method. The outputs include the time and location dependent mechanical, morphological and statistical indices. Furthermore, a full-scale anti-caking design system based on the simulation method is discussed. Parameters including particle size, particle shape, anti-caking agent, impurity, polymorph, temperature, humidity, packing, and breakage operation can be fully designed achieving anti-caking by the system.

Peat and mineral anticaking agents for powdered nitrile-butadiene rubbers

The article discusses caking of loose materials and main methods of its prevention. The main characteristics of nitrile-butadiene rubber are outlined. It is possible to obtain hydrophobic-modifying additives during thermochemical degradation of organic matter peat. The author presents a method for analyzing anticaking agents based on peat and mineral compositions. The comparative analysis of the effectiveness of anticaking agents made of kaolin and chalk is made. It is established that the treatment of powdered nitrile butadiene rubber with a hydrophobically modified chalk makes it possible to reduce its ability to cake by 22.5 times during long-term storage compared with the control sample.

Expedited Investigation of Powder Caking Aided by Rapid 3D Prototyping of Testing Devices.

Powder caking can dramatically affect powder handling and downstream production processes. Understanding the key factors that contribute to bulk powder caking is crucial. This article introduces the Hirschberg caking device (HCD), which is a 3D-printed device allowing for parallel testing of powder caking in a cylindrical geometry. In the HCD setup, the powder sample is stored in controlled conditions in the sample holder. On removal of the sample holder, the caked powder will remain in the shape determined by the sample geometry while the remaining powder will fall down. Caking indices can be calculated based on image analysis and weight measurement. The results obtained for the caking of lactose monohydrate with the HCD were in good agreement with the results obtained by a ring shear tester. In addition, a strain tester was used to measure the strength of the formed cakes. Using this approach, critical storage conditions and the required concentration of a given anticaking agent (talc) for lactose monohydrate could be identified. This work demonstrates the potential of rapid prototyping in powder characterization by introducing a fast and affordable approach for exploring and trouble-shooting powder caking.

Sequential Determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Powdered Refreshments by FS-F AAS After a Simple Sample Treatment

In this work, a procedure is proposed for the direct analysis of powdered refreshments by fast sequential flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FS-F AAS), after a simple treatment of the sample. A full 23 factorial design was applied, and the variables chosen were as follows: acid concentration, acid type, and sonication time. Optimization provided the best conditions considering a mass of powdered refreshment of about 0.18 g diluted to a final volume of 15 mL with 0.5 mol L−1 HCl. The matrix effect was investigated, and external calibration was feasible for the determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The limit of quantification (LoQ) obtained was between 0.6 (Cd) and 25 mg kg−1 (Pb). The analyte addition and recovery test were applied to evaluate the accuracy, and recovery percentage values ranging from 83.9 to 109.7% were obtained, which is considered adequate for quantitative analysis. Precision was expressed as relative standard deviation (% RSD); it was less than or equal to 5.0% (n = 7) for all analytes. The procedure was applied to 21 samples of powdered refreshment commercialized in Salvador (Brazil) and Buenos Aires (Argentina). The concentration range and average of the analytes in the samples (in mg kg−1) commercialized in Brazil (BZ) and Argentina (AG) were as follows: Co (BZ < 6.4–9.94, average 8.85; AG < 6.4–10.3, average 9.92), Fe (BZ < 6.9–376, average 270; AG < 6.9–32.81, average 29.11), Mg (BZ < 8.9–363, average 140; AG 770–3139, average 1464), Mn (BZ < 3.2–4.88, average 4.24; AG < 6.9), and Zn (BZ < 1.4–1.68, average 1.68; AG < 1.4). The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb were lower than the LoQ of the proposed analytical method. For refreshment samples commercialized in Buenos Aires (Argentina), high concentrations of Mg were found in their chemical composition, but Mg had been used as anti-caking agent along with the other components.

Challenges in isolating silica particles from organic food matrices with microwave-assisted acidic digestion

Synthetic amorphous silica is widely used in food processing as a food additive (E551) due to its properties as a flavour carrier and anti-caking agent. The direct measurement of E551 suspended or embedded in complex matrices is difficult without prior removal of the matrix components. The isolation of nanoparticles from the matrix is hence the first step towards their comprehensive characterization. Due to its complexity, matrix removal is frequently not trivial and may cause modification of the number-size distribution of the silica particles. The isolation of engineered silica nanoparticles by removal of the matrix with microwave-assisted acidic digestion is demonstrated methodologically using both monodisperse (size standards) and polydisperse (E551) particles spiked into ultrapure water and tomato sauce. For the characterization of the isolated nanoparticles, asymmetric field flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to multi-angle laser light scattering (MALS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were chosen. The combination of ICP-MS and ultracentrifugation allowed for the rapid and reliable measurement of the dissolved fraction of SiO2. The results show that microwave-assisted acidic digestion partially dissolves silica nanoparticles. Moreover, the digestion conditions, in particular the low pH value, lead to strong agglomeration of the particles. A complete deagglomeration is not achieved, even when exposing the suspension to elevated sonication doses. The consequence of these two findings is a size distribution of particles after acidic digestion that is different from the original distribution before digestion. This result may have an impact on the evaluation of whether the material is a nanomaterial according to the recommended definition of the European Commission.Graphical abstract

Safety and efficacy of aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium as a feed additive for pigs.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium as a feed additive for pigs. The additive, that contains at least 66% of aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium as main component, is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: (i) anticaking agents) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for pigs at a maximum inclusion level of 30,000 mg/kg. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species and the users. The additive is considered safe for the consumer and the environment at the proposed conditions of use. The additive has the potential to act as an anticaking agent in complete feed of pigs at a concentration of 30,000 mg/kg feed.

Moisture sorption isotherm and shelf‐life prediction of anticaking agent incorporated spray‐dried soursop (Annona muricata L.) powder

AbstractThe moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) and shelf lives of soursop powders that had been incorporated with two commercial anticaking agents, calcium silicate (CS) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and inserted into aluminum laminated polyethylene pouches under room (RT, 25 ± 1°C) and elevated (ET, 38 ± 1°C) temperature, maintained at 93 ± 1% RH, were investigated. The powder possessed a Type III Brunauer's classification isotherm curve. The monolayer moisture content (Mo) was 0.023 ± 0.001 g H2O/g ds. A combination of low mean relative percent deviation modulus, E (2.18–3.75%), small sum of square residual, SSR (1.03 × 10−5–8.51 × 10−6), and high coefficient of determination (R2 &gt; .99) indicating the moisture sorption data was sufficiently good fit using GAB model. Powder without anticaking agent stored at ET has the shortest estimated shelf life (~86 days) while 1.0 g/100 g TCP stored at RT exhibited the longest shelf life (~316 days). This study demonstrated that the incorporation of anticaking agents is effective to maintain the quality of powder by extending the shelf life by lowering moisture adsorption. The acceptability of reconstituted soursop powder based on hedonic test showed the scores for all attributes were higher than six.Practical applicationsUp to date, limited information describes the preservative effect of anticaking agents throughout the storage period. Hence, this work provides an insight to look into detail of how the incorporation of anticaking agents improve or retain the quality of the dried powder especially the moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) behavior. To achieve this, enzymatic pre‐treated spray‐dried powder was incorporated with anticaking agent. MSI was carried out and the behavior was determined by fitting the data into Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model. Prediction of shelf life was studied by considering the critical moisture content (X c), which is the moisture content of powder that undergoes transition changed. The outcome of this work was expected to be beneficial to food powder industry to comprehend the protective effect of anticaking agents as a functional additive. Production of anticaking agent treated spray‐dried soursop powder was expected to broaden its potential applications as functional ingredient.

Effect of anticaking agents on hardening and Maillard-induced protein aggregation in high-protein nutrition bars formulated with whey protein concentrate

Hardening is a common problem of high-protein nutrition bars during storage, causing the products to be unacceptable for consumers. The object of this study was to prepare high-protein nutrition bars formulated with whey protein concentrate (WPC), and evaluate the effect of anticaking agents (SiO2 and Ca3(PO4)2) on their hardness, microstructure and Maillard-induced protein aggregation over storage at 37 °C. The increment in hardness of WPC bars was obviously slowed by SiO2 and Ca3(PO4)2, especially the former; along with an apparent dispersive microstructure in CSLM image. The addition of SiO2 and Ca3(PO4)2 inhibited the progress of Maillard reactions in WPC bars, evidenced by limited changes in L* value, free amino groups and SDS-PAGE pattern. Fewer larger proteins were found in WPC bars with SiO2, which indicated that the used anticaking agents diminished the formation of Maillard-induced protein aggregation. On the other hand, α-helix in whey proteins was continuously transferred into β-sheet during storage. This conformation transformation was restrained by SiO2 and Ca3(PO4)2, further confirming less protein aggregation formed by Maillard reactions. Therefore, the use of anticaking agents can inhibit Marllard reactions in high-protein nutrition bars, and is effective for controlling the bars’ hardening.

Determination of potassium ferrocyanide in table salt and salted food using a water-soluble fluorescent silicon quantum dots

The addition of potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]) in table salt as anti-caking agent has a crucial role in preventing the formation of lumps. However, the excess of K4[Fe(CN)6] and its decomposers are harmful to both human health and environment. To date, there are still lack of suitable methods for simple and rapid analysis of K4[Fe(CN)6] in table salt and salted food. Herein, a novel fluorescent Si QDs probe for sensitive, selective and rapid detection of K4[Fe(CN)6] was synthesized by facile one-step strategy. Notably, the fluorescence of Si QDs could be remarkably quenched by K4[Fe(CN)6] via electrostatic interaction. Based on this phenomenon, a new method of determination of K4[Fe(CN)6] was established. A wide linear range was obtained from 0.05 to 8.0 µg/mL with a detection limit of 30 ng/mL. The established fluorescent new method was suitable for detecting K4[Fe(CN)6] in table salt and salted food samples with satisfactory results.

Core-Shell Morphology of Redispersible Powders in Polymer-Cement Waterproof Mortars.

Redispersible powders based on soft core-hard shell polymer particles can be used as additives in polymer-cement mortars. The role of this morphology on the spray-drying production of these powders and on the crack-bridging properties of the corresponding cement-based membranes is investigated. Different polymer latexes at high solid content with varied core-shell ratio, shell thickness and chemical composition (hardness) were prepared from styrene and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate monomers via semi-batch emulsion polymerization. The latexes were characterized in terms of size, composition, and glass transition temperature (T), and spray-dried to obtain redispersible polymer powders (RPPs) using poly (vinyl alcohol) and limestone powder as anti-caking agents. The polymer powders were mixed with a mortar mixture and redispersed in water to produce cement-based membranes, which were tested for crack-bridging properties at different temperatures. The results showed that it was not possible to spray-dry a dispersion of homogeneous polymer particles with T of −25 C, unless these particles are protected by much harder (high T) shell. In particular, it was observed that a thicker shell improved the spray-ability, but lowered the crack-bridging properties of the produced membrane. A trade-off between these two was revealed to be the key for the optimal design of the polymer nanoparticles, as proven by the systematic study of the core-shell morphology reported in this work. The best compromise was shown to consist of particles larger than 300 nm, shell thickness of about 5 nm, and core-shell ratio of 97%, with styrene content in the shell not larger than 80% to avoid excessive hydrophobicity.

The structure of PbCl2 on the {100} surface of NaCl and its consequences for crystal growth.

The role that additives play in the growth of sodium chloride is a topic which has been widely researched but not always fully understood at an atomic level. Lead chloride (PbCl2) is one such additive which has been reported to have growth inhibition effects on NaCl {100} and {111}; however, no definitive evidence has been reported which details the mechanism of this interaction. In this investigation, we used the technique of surface x-ray diffraction to determine the interaction between PbCl2 and NaCl {100} and the structure at the surface. We find that Pb2+ replaces a surface Na+ ion, while a Cl- ion is located on top of the Pb2+. This leads to a charge mismatch in the bulk crystal, which, as energetically unfavourable, leads to a growth blocking effect. While this is a similar mechanism as in the anticaking agent ferrocyanide, the effect of PbCl2 is much weaker, most likely due to the fact that the Pb2+ ion can more easily desorb. Moreover, PbCl2 has an even stronger effect on NaCl {111}.

Safety and efficacy of natural mixtures of talc (steatite) and chlorite (E 560) as a feed additive for all animal species.

The additive is a natural mixture of talc and chlorite (NTMC) that contains at least 75% of talc and chlorite as main components. The additive is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: (i) anticaking agents) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species at use levels of 1,000–50,000 mg/kg. No safe dietary level of NMTC could be identified for piglets, chickens for fattening and dairy cows. The use of NMTC in animal nutrition is considered not to pose a risk for the consumer of animal tissues and products from animals fed the additive. Talc could cause serious lung disease if repeatedly inhaled in large quantities over a long period. Talc is not irritant to skin and eyes. In the absence of data, no conclusion can be drawn on the skin sensitisation potential of the product. The components of the additive (talc, chlorite, dolomite and magnesite) are ubiquitous in the environment, being natural components of soil. Therefore, it is not expected that its use as a feed additive would adversely affect the environment. The additive NMTC is efficacious as an anticaking agent.

Assay of Hydroxypropoxy Group in Hydroxypropyl Cellulose by United States Pharmacopeia-Titration Method

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a derivative of cellulose with both water soluble and organic solubility, used as food additive and sieving matrix for DNA separation. Hydroxypropyl Cellulose is partially substituted poly (hydroxypropyl) ether of cellulose. It contains NLT 53.4% and NMT 80.5% of hydroxypropoxy groups, calculated on the dried basis. It may contain ether suitable anticaking agents, and 0.6 percent of silica (SiO2). The average sample result has been determined 67.3% which was conforms to USP/NF specifications for Hydroxypropyl cellulose.