Detection Of Specific Antibodies Research Articles

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ИММУНОФЕРМЕНТНЫХ ТЕСТ-СИСТЕМ ДЛЯ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ IGG АНТИТЕЛ К SARS-COV-2

Serological tests for the detection of specific antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 are an important tool both for confirming the diagnosis and for the epidemiological investigations. Comparative analysis of ELISA test kits for qualitative determination (yes/no) of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 available for purchase in the Republic of Belarus was done. The study included four commercial kits of various manufacturers: Vector-Best, Russia; N.F.Gamalei Research Center, Russia; Algimed, Belarus; Wuhan Fine Biotech, China. All test kits showed high quality in detection of specific IgG. The kits produced by Vector-Best, Russia, and Wuhan Fine Biotech, China had the highest sensitivity (100.0%); the kits produced by Algimed, Belarus, had the greatest specificity (100.0%). The dependence between the optical density of the samples and the concentration of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated. The results showed that it is not possible to make a conclusion about the amount of antibodies based on the optical density of the sample in the test kits designed for their qualitative determination.

Establishment and application of a solid-phase blocking ELISA method for detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus.

BackgroundClassical swine fever (CSF) is a severe infectious disease of pigs that causes significant economic losses to the swine industry.ObjectivesThis study developed a solid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (spbELISA) method for the specific detection of antibodies against the CSF virus (CSFV) in porcine serum samples.MethodsA spbELISA method was developed based on the recombinant E2 expressed in Escherichia coli. The specificity of this established spbELISA method was evaluated using reference serum samples positive for antibodies against other common infectious diseases. The stability and sensitivity were evaluated using an accelerated thermostability test.ResultsThe spbELISA successfully detected the antibody levels in swine vaccinated with the C-strain of CSFV. In addition, the detection ability of spbELISA for CSFV antibodies was compared with that of other commercial ELISA kits and validated using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The results suggested that the spbELISA provides an alternative, stable, and rapid serological detection method suitable for the large-scale screening of CSFV serum antibodies.ConclusionsThe spbELISA has practical applications in assessing the vaccination status of large pig herds.

Dynamics of specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients after recovery.

Abstract The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented global public health crisis. The objectives of this study were to analyse the dynamic trend in specific antibodies in the serum of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 within 12 months after recovery and to make a preliminary assessment of the protective effect of vaccination. Eighty-seven patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to our hospital from January to February 2020 were followed after recovery. Three-millilitre blood samples were collected for specific antibody detection at four time points: 1, 6 and 12 months after recovery and 1 month after vaccination. The changes in specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and total antibody levels over 12 months were analysed. Moreover, an independent comparison of the neutralising antibody levels of patients after vaccination with those of healthy medical staff after vaccination was performed to compare the inhibition rates of the neutralising antibody to the virus. No statistically significant difference in the sex distribution between groups was observed (P > 0.05). Older patients had a greater risk of developing severe and critical COVID-19 (P < 0.05). The percentages of subjects positive for IgG antibodies at 1, 6 and 12 months after recovery were 88.5%, 75.9% and 50.6%, respectively. The rate of IgG antibody conversion from positive to negative was not uniform across time points: the change was slow in the first 6 months but increased significantly in the last 6 months (P < 0.05). The positive rate of critically ill patients in the first 6 months was 100.0%. The trend over time in total antibody levels was similar to that of IgG antibody levels. Over 12 months, the sample/cut off value of total antibodies continued to decrease, while that of different disease severities was significantly different (P < 0.05). After vaccine administration, the total antibody level exceeded the detection level in the first month, which was independent of disease severity (P > 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the inhibition rate of the neutralising antibody against the virus in the disease group and the control group (P < 0.05). IgG antibody produced by patients naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 has a duration of no less than 1 year, and the change trend graph of total antibody levels was the same as that of IgG antibody levels. Under vaccine stimulation, the positive rate of IgG antibody was as high as 100%, and the total antibody concentration reached the highest level, which was independent of disease severity. Neutralising antibodies following vaccination in patients who recovered from COVID-19 had a higher inhibition rate against SARS-CoV-2 than those of vaccinated healthy controls, indicating that these COVID-19 patients had a lower risk of reinfection and were better protected.

Improved solid-phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the specific detection of antibodies against porcine parvovirus based on VP2 protein expressed in baculovirus

Improved solid-phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the specific detection of antibodies against porcine parvovirus based on VP2 protein expressed in baculovirus

Development and Validation of a Novel ELISA for the Specific Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Based on a Chimeric Polyprotein.

Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The optimization of detection tests specific for MAP is crucial to improve PTB control. In this work, we aimed to develop and validate a diagnostic tool based on an ELISA to specifically detect anti-MAP antibodies from bovine serum samples. For that purpose, we designed a recombinant polyprotein containing four specific antigens from MAP and optimized the ELISA. The validation consisted of the assessment of 10 sera from PTB-infected and healthy bovines with different OD values. The diagnostic performance of the polyprotein-ELISA was evaluated by testing 130 bovine serum samples (47 healthy, 48 MAP-infected, and 35 M. bovis-infected bovines). The ELISA using the polyprotein yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.9912 (95% CI, 0.9758–1.007; P < 0.0001). Moreover, for this ELISA, the cut-off selected from the ROC curve based on the point with a sensitivity of 95.56% (95% CI, 0.8485–0.9946) and specificity of 97.92 (95% CI, 0.8893–0.9995) was 0.3328. Similar results were obtained with an ELISA using the commercial Paratuberculosis Protoplasmatic Antigen (PPA). However, the ELISA with the polyprotein antigen showed a better performance against sera from animals infected with Mycobacterium bovis compared to the ELISA with PPA: lower cross-reactivity (2.85% versus 25.71%). These results demonstrate a very low cross-reactivity of the polyprotein with antibodies present in serum samples from animals infected with M. bovis. The designed polyprotein and the validated ELISA could be very useful for the specific identification of MAP-infected animals in herds.

Plasmonically Enhanced Ultrasensitive Epitope-Specific Serologic Assay for COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread and resulted in the global pandemic of COVID-19. Although IgM/IgG serology assay has been widely used, with the entire spike or nucleocapsid antigens, they only indicate the presence or absence of antibodies against these proteins but are not specific to the neutralization antibodies, therefore providing only generic information about infection stage and possible future immune protection. Novel technologies enabling easy-to-use and sensitive detection of multiple specific antibodies simultaneously will facilitate precise diagnosis of infection stage, prediction of clinical outcomes, and evaluation of future immune protection upon viral exposure or vaccination. Here, we demonstrate a rapid and ultrasensitive quantification method for epitope-specific antibodies, including different isotypes and subclasses, in a multiplexed manner. Using an ultrabright fluorescent nanolabel, plasmonic-fluor, this novel assay can be completed in 20 min and more importantly, the limit of detection of the plasmon-enhanced immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is as much as 100-fold lower compared to the assays relying on enzymatic amplification of colorimetric signals. Using convalescent patient plasma, we demonstrate that this biodetection method reveals the patient-to-patient variability in immune response as evidenced by the variations in whole protein and epitope-specific antibodies. This cost-effective, rapid, and ultrasensitive plasmonically enhanced multiplexed epitope-specific serological assay has the potential to be broadly employed in the detection of specific antibodies, which may benefit the advanced epidemiology studies and enable improvement of the clinical outcomes and prediction of the future protection against the SARS-CoV-2.

Comparative Study of Real-Time PCR (TaqMan Probe and Sybr Green), Serological Techniques (ELISA, IFA and DAT) and Clinical Signs Evaluation, for the Diagnosis of Canine Leishmaniasis in Experimentally Infected Dogs.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) diagnosis is not fully resolved. Currently, two specific methodologies are in continuous development, the detection of the parasite DNA or RNA in target organs and the detection of specific antibodies against Leishmania sp. For a correct diagnosis, it has been shown that the joint use of this type of test is necessary. In this work, a Sybr Green and a TaqMan Probe based on real time PCRs (qPCR) was performed for the detection of Leishmania sp. in order to correlate the results with clinicopathological and serological evaluations (IFA, ELISA and DAT) to propose an optimal biological sample to be used to detect the parasite in both early and late stages of the infection. A total of four samples were processed: conjunctival swabs, popliteal lymph node aspirates, bone marrow aspirates, and peripheral blood from experimentally infected dogs belonging to a larger study. Our results indicated that a single non-invasive sample (conjunctival swab) and the application of both types of qPCR would be reliable for determining Leishmania infection as well as the disease stage in dogs, thus avoiding bone marrow, lymph node aspirate or blood samples collection.

Frequency of Neospora caninum-specific antibodies in bulk milk from dairy farms from Mar y Sierras Dairy Basin, Argentina.

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of Neospora caninum based on the detection of specific antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) from dairy cattle farms in the Mar y Sierras Basin by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 98 BTM samples from 49 dairy farms were collected during autumn and spring of 2019. Additionally, 147 paired individual milk and serum samples were collected from two dairy farms to assess the prevalence within-herd by ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, serum samples). Additionally, 12 individual serum samples were also assessed to test the agreement between IFAT and ELISA (total serum samples 159). Noteworthy, 100 and 91.84% of 49 dairy farms were positive in the BTM in autumn and spring, respectively. For the within-herd individual samples, a good agreement between serum and milk results was obtained for ELISA and IFAT (0.86-0.90). This is the first study in Argentina in which milk samples were tested to determine the N. caninum infection status at herd and within-herd levels in dairy farms, providing a base for further research.

Rubella in pregnancy. Still a concern

Rubella is the most important preventable cause of fetal malformations. Infection during pregnancy can result in fetal growth restriction, miscarriage, fetal death or it can cause congenital rubella syndrome with visual, auditory and cardiac defects. There are still many developping countries which are endemic for Rubella, despite major vaccination programmes available worldwide. There are no clinical symptoms present in approximately one half of cases, so diagnosis relies on serological testing if infection is suspected. Detection of IgM specific antibodies is the method of choice for diagnosis of both postnatal and congenital rubella. It has high sensitivity, but false positive cases are always possible after infection with other viruses like parvovirus B19, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and measles. Prevention relies on preconception care when it is recommended to check the immunity status for rubella (IgG) and for non-immunized patients, vaccination should be indicated.

Синдром хронічної втоми, асоційований з герпесвірусними інфекціями

Синдром хронічної втоми (СХВ) є важливою медико-соціальною проблемою з огляду на великий вплив на якість життя й інвалідність у сучасній людській популяції. Слід розрізняти власне СХВ від аналогічного за клінічними проявами синдрому, зумовленого хронічною реактивованою лімфотропною герпесвірусною інфекцією, викликаною вірусом Епштейна — Барр, вірусом герпесу 6-го і 7-го типу і рідше — цитомегаловірусом. Вірусасоційована хвороба має двофазний перебіг із переважанням імунозапальних розладів протягом перших місяців/років і розвитком нейродегенерації за типом скроневого медіанного склерозу в подальшому. Оскільки загальновизнані нині критерії діагностики СХВ, запропоновані Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, не дозволяють відрізнити ці дві різнорідні хвороби, наріжним каменем діагностики є ідентифікація реактивованого герпесвірусу за результатами полімеразної ланцюгової реакції лейкоцитів крові (однак не сироватки крові) або виявлення специфічних антитіл до певних молекул вірусу, асоційованих з реактивацією. Другий важливий компонент діагностики — оцінка імунного статусу та ідентифікація на підставі отриманих даних імунодефіцитної хвороби, що є причиною підтримання хронічного реактивованого стану опортуністичного вірусу в організмі людини внаслідок послаблення імунного нагляду. Згідно з результатами контрольованих клінічних досліджень, при СХВ, асоційованому з герпесвірусною інфекцією, оптимальною є комбінована терапія, що включає ациклічний аналог гуанозину для пригнічення вірусної активності та агент адресної імунотерапії для компенсації причинної імунодефіцитної хвороби. Даний огляд присвячений всебічному висвітленню накопиченої доказової бази щодо етіології, патогенезу, діагностики і лікування СХВ, асоційованого з герпесвірусною інфекцією.

Role of solid phase immunoassay as a screening test for antinuclear antibody – A comparative analysis on Indian population

Detection of Antinuclear antibody (ANA) is the hallmark of laboratory investigations in Connective Tissue Disorders (CTD). However, various methodologies used in both screening tests and specific antibody detection has led to a loss of consensus and poor reproducibility of results. The objective of this study is to compare Solid Phase Immunoassay (SPI) with Indirect Immunofluorescence (IFA) as a screening test in correlation with the clinical profile as well as subsequent detection of specific antibodies. The study was conducted as a pilot study with a sample size of 60 cases, recruited by Rheumatologists, between April 2019 to July 2019. Each sample was screened by IFA and SPI and tested for specific antibodies by three different specific antibody tests. Although the Sensitivity of SPI (71%) was lower when compared to IFA (79%), the Specificity (78%), Positive Predictive Value (PPV) (74%) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) (76%) were all comparatively higher. In two clinically proven cases of Sjogren’s syndrome where IFA was negative and SPI was positive, specific antibody tests showed positivity for SSA/Ro. Also it was seen in two clinically confirmed cases of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus IFA was positive and SPI was negative. In this pilot study SPI appeared comparable to IFA as a screening test with better specificity, PPV and NPV. The utility of SPI was especially seen in cases with antibodies against SSA/Ro where IFA may be negative. However, in a few cases of high antibody titer SPI appeared to give a false negative result.

Study of the prevalence of antibodies to some arboviruses in the population of the Republic of Guinea

Acute febrile diseases kill more than 250,000 people annually in West Africa. Malaria and typhoid fever traditionally occupy most of the total structure of registered fevers. However, these data do not fully reflect the true overall disease patterns in the West African region. This is due to the fact that diagnosis is mainly based on the clinical signs of the infectious process, suggesting that a certain number of diseases may be caused by arboviruses. The detection of specific antibodies (ABs) to infectious pathogens in the blood sera of residents of a particular area is a reliable indicator of the circulation of these pathogens in a particular territory.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to a number of arboviruses: Dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV) (family Flaviviridae), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (orthonairo)virus (CCHFV), Batai (Batai virus), Bhanja (BHAV) (order Bunyavirales), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Sindbis (SINV) (family Togaviridae) in the population of the Republic of Guinea. In total, a panel of 2,620 blood serum samples from people living in all landscape and geographical areas of Guinea was collected for the study. Detection of IgG antibodies was performed using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). In total, ABs to Batai virus were detected in 144 samples (5.5%), BHAV in 58 (2.2%), WNV in 892 (34.0 %), DENV in 659 (25.2 %), CCHFV in 58 (2.2 %), CHIKV in 339 (12.9 %), and SINV in 52 samples (2.0 %). The obtained results indicate serological evidence of the spectrum of arboviruses in the population of all landscape and geographical zones of the Republic of Guinea, confirming their active circulation in this territory. Given the high epidemiological significance of arbovirus infectious diseases, it is an urgent task to continue studying its share in the structure of febrile diseases in the territory of the Republic of Guinea.

Serological Diagnosis of Dengue.

A reliable and specific diagnosis is imperative in viral diagnosis, both for clinical management and surveillance, and to ensure that early treatment and control measures are carried out. The number of days of illness is important to choose the most appropriate method to be used and for the correct interpretation of the results obtained. Specific IgM is elicited after that period, indicating an active infection and usually lasts up to 3months. However, in DENV secondary infections, IgM levels may be significantly lower or undetectable. After 10-12days, a lifetime specific IgG is produced. Routinely, the laboratory diagnosis of DENV infections can be performed by viral isolation and/or detection of viral nucleic acid, serological assays for the detection of specific antibodies (IgM/IgG), antigen (NS1) and the detection of viral antigens in tissues, which are suitable during certain phases of the disease. For serological diagnosis, serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples may be investigated. If the test is carried out a few days after collection, the specimens can be stored at 4°C, since the immunoglobulins are stable in serum or plasma. If the storage period is extended, the material must be kept at -20°C or -70°C. In serology, several methods can be used to detect specific viral antigens and/or antibodies, produced by the host in response to DENV infection. Routinely, serological tests include the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the plaque reduction neutralizing test (PRNT), the gold standard assay for dengue immune response characterization, and ELISAs to detect IgM (MAC-ELISA) and IgG (IgG-ELISA).

Glomerular Size in Transplanted Kidneys: Does Size Matter?

Glomerular Size in Transplanted Kidneys: Does Size Matter?

JMM Profile: Bordetella pertussis and whooping cough (pertussis): still a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality, but vaccine-preventable.

Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in infants. Bordetella parapertussis can cause a similar, but usually less severe pertussis-like disease. Bordetella pertussis has a number of virulence factors including adhesins and toxins which allow the organism to bind to ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract and interfere with host clearance mechanisms. Typical symptoms of pertussis include paroxysmal cough with characteristic whoop and vomiting. Severe complications and deaths occur mostly in infants. Laboratory confirmation can be performed by isolation, detection of genomic DNA or specific antibodies. Childhood vaccination is safe, effective and remains the best control method available. Many countries have replaced whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP) with acellular pertussis vaccines (aP). Waning protection following immunisation with aP is considered to be more rapid than that from wP. Deployed by resource-rich countries to date, maternal immunisation programmes have also demonstrated high efficacy in preventing hospitalisation and death in infants by passive immunisation through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies.

Comparison of different detection methods for Ascaris suum infection on Austrian swine farms

BackgroundAscaris suum, the large roundworm of pigs, is one of the economically most important pig parasites worldwide. In Austria it is commonly diagnosed by monitoring livers for milk spots at the slaughterhouse and intravital diagnosis (flotation for detection of fecal egg shedding). Recently, serological diagnosis based on the detection of specific antibodies with an ELISA (SERASCA®) with high sensitivity has been developed. To introduce and evaluate serology for A. suum screening in Austrian pigs, blood (for serology) (n = 177) and feces (for copromicroscopy) (n = 177) were taken from randomly selected slaughter pig batches from 18 farms at a slaughterhouse in Lower Austria. In addition, livers presented at slaughter (n = 844; max. 70/farm) were evaluated for milk spots.ResultsOverall, 19% of the livers were milk spot-positive (22% of those with complete diagnostic evaluations). Thirteen percent of the fecal samples contained A. suum eggs, while 69% of the blood samples were serologically positive. Despite we did not determine the sensitivity of the ELISA specifically, results ouf our study confirmed the high sensitivity of the ELISA, which was claimed by the manufacturer prior to our work (sensitivity: liver assessment: 23.5–27.0%; copromicroscopy: 8.5–9.0%; ELISA: 99.5%), and a high percentage of A. suum infections that remained undetected by standard liver assessment.ConclusionsThis suggests that the current method of roundworm diagnostics is insufficient and antibody detection at the end of the fattening period should be established as the standard procedure.

Utjecaj imunomodulatora virusnog ili bakterijskog podrijetla i cjepiva protiv bolesti Aujeszkoga na udio B limfocita periferne krvi na tovljenu prasad

The consequences of infection by Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SuHV-1) that causes Aujeszky’s disease (AD) are well studied, however, the effects of immunomodulators (IMs) of microbial origin (viral and bacterial) when administered solely or in combination with the attenuated SuHV-1 vaccine are less known. The effects of parenteral administration of IMs, inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (P. ovis) or a combination of inactivated Propionibacterium granulosum (P. granulosum) and detoxified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and attenuated SuHV-1, strain Bartha, on the proportion of peripheral blood CD3- CD21+ B cells were analysed in 30 crossbred, 3-month old pigs using flow cytometry (FCM). Specific antibodies for gE and gB of SuHV- 1 were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were compared among six experimental groups: (1) pigs that separately received the vaccine, (2) IM of bacterial origin, (3) IM of viral origin, (4) simultaneous administration of the vaccine and bacterial IM, (5) simultaneous administration of the vaccine and viral IM, and (6) the control group of untreated pigs. Comparison of B cell proportions and the detection of specific antibodies in blood samples of vaccinated pigs on Day 11 of the experiment showed a transient decrease in B cell contents, though this could not be assumed to be related since the control group showed a decrease in B cell proportion on the same day. The results showed that the use of IMs alone or in combination with the attenuated SuHV-1 vaccine did not have a significant impact on the proportion of peripheral blood B cells in growing pigs.

Comparative Evaluation of Four Potent Neospora caninum Diagnostic Antigens Using Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Specific Antibody in Cattle.

Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for numerous abortion outbreaks and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is critical for N. caninum control owing to the lack of vaccine or drug-based control strategies. Herein, we evaluated the performance of four frequently used antigens in the diagnosis of N. caninum infection using immunochromatographic tests (ICTs) as a rapid, affordable, and field applicable tool. These antigens included recombinant proteins of N. caninum surface antigen 1 (NcSAG1), dense granule proteins 7 (NcGRA7) and 6 (NcGRA6), in addition to native Neospora lysate antigen (NLA). Our study revealed the utility of all antigen-based ICTs for detection of specific antibodies to N. caninum. However, the NcSAG1-based ICT was the best for detection of all control N. caninum-infected mouse or cattle sera, while NcGRA7 and NcGRA6-based ICTs exhibited specific ability to detect samples from acute and sub-acute infection in mice and cattle, respectively. Analyses of the NcSAG1-based ICT against enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) of the same antigen revealed its efficiency in detection of field cattle samples as observed in high sensitivity (84.2%), specificity (93.5%), agreement (90%), and kappa value (0.78). The current knowledge provides an efficient platform for N. caninum control through on-site diagnosis of infected cattle.

A Highlight on Avian Toxoplasmosis: One Health Disease with a Special Reference to the Current Egyptian Situation

This review article was developed to the infection of avian species with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), diagnosis, pet bird and human infection, and control methods with a special reference to the current status of infection among the Egyptian poultry farms and population. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a unicellular, protozoan parasite T. gondii. Different domesticated and wild animals, as well as birds can harbor T. gondii and may be a potential source of infection to humans. Avian species could be infected with T. gondii through the ingestion of contaminated food, soil, and water with oocysts shed in the excreta of infected animals, especially cats. Poor sanitation and hygienic conditions increase the risk of infection. Consumption of food or water, as well as undercooked poultry meat or meat products containing the oocysts of the parasite, are the main sources of human infection with T. gondi. Diagnosis of T. gondii in the infected host depends on the serological detection of specific antibodies and molecular detection of the parasite. Microscopic demonstration of the oocysts and other developmental stages of the parasite in the intestine, liver, brain, and skeletal muscles tissues is another means for rapid diagnosis. Generally, a high prevalence of the disease is also reported in pet birds. Toxoplasmosis in humans is associated with abortion, congenital disorders, stillbirth, and other complications, especially in immunocompromised patients. Application of hygienic measures, as well as public awareness, are essential for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. In different Egyptian governorates, a high prevalence of T. gondii has been detected in animals, birds, and humans. High incidence of infection was recorded due to the contact with Toxoplasma oocysts shed mainly from infected cats or other carriers. Egyptian chicken and turkey flocks and backyard birds revealed the presence of different developmental stages of the parasite and even its antibodies. In addition, human populations showed signs of toxoplasmosis with severe complications.

Trichinelloscopy of domestic and wild animal carcasses

The purpose of the research is analyze the localization of Trichinella sp. in animals muscle and to evaluate the methods of intravital and post-mortem diagnosis of trichinellosis in domestic, wild and game animals.Materials and methods. In order to prevent trichinellosis in human population and animals, life-time and post-mortem diagnosis methods for trichinellosis are widely used. Life-time diagnosis of trichinellosis is based on detection of specific antibodies in blood serum of sick animals. Modern immunological assays allow detecting specific antibodies (immunoglobulins J and M) at 10–12 days after infection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with fractionated antigen has the greatest real possibility of application for individual and mass seroepizootic studies of pigs and horses; ELISA is a highly sensitive and specific test. Veterinary and sanitary examination is conducted by methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and peptolysis (muscle tissue digested in artificial gastric juice). For the compression research method, in particular for pig carcasses, 2 samples of the diaphragmatic peduncles of 60 g each are taken. It is also possible to study samples from masticatory muscles, tongue, intercostal space or esophagus. Twelve sections are made from each sample (24 in total). A more sensitive and productive method is the digestion of muscle tissue using a set of diagnostic devices and instruments such as AVT. The method is based on peptolysis of crushed muscle tissue in technological reactors. Diagnosis of trichinellosis using such devices makes it possible to automate and mechanize all processes associated with the isolation of Trichinella larvae. The main application areas of the devices are meat processing factories, fur farms or veterinary and sanitary examination laboratories in the markets.Results and discussion. We presented data on the role of veterinary and sanitary examination for trichinellosis in susceptible animals as the core measure in the system of measures to prevent this infection. We analyzed indicators of diagnostic efficiency, performance and usability of methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion of muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice. Factors of diagnostic efficiency, performance and usability of methods of compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion of muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice were analyzed. Information was given on localization of Trichinella larvae in various species of domestic and wild animals, optimal sampling sites and volumes of muscle tissue samples with the existing methods of examination for trichinellosis. To study fresh carcasses for trichinellosis at meat processing factories, the peptolysis method is recommended.