Antibiotic Susceptibility Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Determine Biofilm Genes in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical and Environmental Samples

Objective: Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are an extremely adaptable bacterium that causes opportunistic diseases because of its varied metabolic pathways, genes, virulence factors, and considerable antibiotic resistance. Methods: A total of 293 samples were collected from different places: 193 samples (% 65.87) of human samples and 100 samples (% 34.13) of wastewater samples in the period between 3rd September to 15th November 2023). Bacterial isolates were identified according to microscopic, cultural, and genetic characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined against twelve of the selected antibiotics. The biofilm production was done by using phenotypic ways (Congo red agar and Microtiter plate methods) as well as genotypic ways by detection of biofilm genes (algD, pelf, and pslD genes). Results: Hundred-forty eight bacterial isolates were obtained, and sixty of these isolates were identified as Pseudomonas spp. (40.9%), twenty-six isolates of E. coli (17.9%), seventeen isolates of K. pneumoniae (11.3%), and forty-five isolates were beyond to other types of bacteria (30.1%), and out of sixty isolates of Pseudomonas spp., forty-two were identified as P. aeruginosa isolates. P. aeruginosa isolates revealed various resistance levels to antimicrobial agents gradually, ranging from 83.87% to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) to 3.22% to Aztreonam (AZT). Biofilm production by using the Congo red method showed that 27 isolates (64.28%) were positive results, while in the microtiter method, all forty-two isolates were positive (100%), the genetic detection showed that the AlgD gene was recognized in thirty-one isolates (73.8%), followed by Pelf and PslD genes in four isolates each (9.5%). Conclusion: The isolation percentage showed a high occurrence of multi-drug resistance biofilm forming Pseudomonas spp. isolates which could be a critical indicator. Methods of biofilm detection showed that the microtiter plate method has accuracy more than the Congo red method; as well AlgD gene was prevalent compared with both other genes Pelf, and PslD.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATITIS C

In individuals with cirrhosis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common and often fatal bacterial infection with ascites. The Pathological accumulation and collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is known as ascites. Ascites can be a challenging diagnosis. Individuals with or without underlying hepatitis C may have varying SBP. Antimicrobials are used to treat SBP, however because MDR organisms are present, initial empirical treatment may not be effective. The aim of the present study was to investigate the causative agents of ascites in SBP and to check antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. In recent study twenty-five SBP patients were prospectively studied. The ascitic fluid was inoculated in to conventional bacterial broth, agar culture and blood culture media. Among all tested bacterial species E. coli was the most isolated bacteria present in 23 samples out of 25. The presence of E.coli was 92% followed by Shigella spp (72%), Salmonella spp (68%), Enterobacter spp (60%), K. aerogenes (52%), S. aureus (32%), S. epidermidis (30%), A. israelii (28%), P. aeruginosa (24%), C. freundii (20%) and S. marcescens (08%). A total of six antibiotics were used to check antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates through disc diffusion method. The used antibiotics were Meropenem, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime and vancomycin. Our results showed that most of isolated bacterial species were MDR (Multi drug resistant) except E.coli and A.israelii that were sensitive to used antibiotics. Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic against all tested bacterial species. Meropenem showed maximum zone of inhibition against S.auresus (34mm), followed by A. israelii (33mm), P.aeruginosa (32mm), C.freundii (31mm), S.marcescens (28mm), S.epidermidis (27mm), E.coli (26mm), Salmonella spp (23mm), K.aerogenes (21mm), Enterobacter spp (21mm) and Shigella spp (15mm). It is concluded that gram-positive and gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria were the most common cause of SBP in patients with and without hepatitis C and meropenem was the most effective antibiotic against all tested isolate

Microbial Profiles and Patterns of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Edible Sprouts of Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant-based food that provides healthy fat, antioxidants, and fiber. It is referred to as a "functional food" by certain individuals, which suggests that someone can eat it to improve their health. A study on sprouted flaxseed produced in the laboratory revealed the presence of microbial flora, namely bacteria and molds, which is of concern for the health-conscious public. A total of 39 flaxseed sprout samples were cultured to evaluate microbial profiles and to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns by the Kirby-Bauer Disc diffusion method. Bacterial isolates were tested only against 11 antibiotics, viz. Amoxycillin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Colistin, Meropenem, Cefixime, Azithromycin, Mecillinam, Cotrimoxazole, Cefaclor, and Moxifloxacin. 39 (100%) of the 39 flaxseed sprout samples cultured tested positive for bacteria and molds. Among them, positive cultures, single bacterial growth, multiple bacterial growth, and molds were 33 (84.6%), 6 (15.4%) and 39 (100%) respectively. The most predominant organisms were Serratia marcescens, comprising 15(33.3%), followed by Citrobacter freundii 10(22.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9(20.0%), and other bacterial isolates were Enterobacter cloacae complex, Morganella morganii, and Aeromonas hydrophila, whose frequencies were 6(13.3%), 4(8.9%) and 1(2.2%) respectively. All of the bacterial isolates were 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Mecillinam, and Moxifloxacin, and only two antibiotics were shown 100% resistance in Amoxicillin and Cefixime. Based on the results, it is suggested that consumers should pay attention to producing with hygienic techniques and cooking properly to avoid foodborne diseases from flaxseed sprouts
 J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 4(1): 155-164, 2022

Analysis in Results of Microbiologic Exam Related to Donor Corneas

Purpose: This study analyzed the microorganisms identified in donor corneas and their clinical significance.Methods: The medical records of 94 patients (114 eyes) who underwent keratoplasty and microbiological tests of the donor corneas from October 2008 to December 2020 at our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. During keratoplasty, we conducted microbiological tests of the corneoscleral rim of the donor cornea and preserving solution Optisol™-GS (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA), and examined the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the cultures.Results: Some isolates of domestic donor corneas revealed bacteria, but none of the imported corneas did. Gram-negative bacilli were detected from the corneoscleral rim in three eyes (2.6%): two cases of Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus and one case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In one case (0.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus was identified from preserving solution, with no bacteria found in the corneoscleral rim. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed multi-drug resistance, except to colistin. In all cases where bacteria were detected, there was no keratitis or endophthalmitis after corneal transplantation.Conclusions: Although rare, bacteria can be identified from donor corneas or the preserving solution used in corneal transplantation. Therefore, caution is needed in all processes dealing with donor corneas. Empirical antibiotics that have sufficient antimicrobial activity to suppress multi-drug resistant bacteria should be selected in corneal transplantation.

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Pus Specimens Collected from a General Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Pus Specimens Collected from a General Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria from milk of apparently healthy goats in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

Milk contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria can be a major threat to public health. This study wasconducted toinvestigate the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from goat's milk in Abeokuta. Nine (9) bacteria species comprising 182 isolates were identified in 73 milk samples collected from six (6) different places located some 2 - 50 kilometers apart in Abeokuta. Isolation and identification of the bacteria species were carried out using standard microbiological procedures. The bacteria species were Pseudomonas spp (22.28%), Micrococcus spp (21.74%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.02%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (15.22%), Enterobacter spp (8.70%), Bacillus spp (5.43%), Pasteurella spp (4.89%), Escherichia coli (2.17%), and Citrobacter spp (0.54%). Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined using a panel of 10 antibiotics by disc diffusion method and standard guidelines. The bacterial load from milk samples obtained in various locations are as follows:-DUFARMS,0.1-1.2x10 cfu/mL;Eweje, 0.6-1.2x10 cfu/mL; Odeda, 0.6-3.5x10 cfu/mL; Elite, 1.0-5.5x10 cfu/mL; Elega, 0.1- 2.52x10 cfu/mL; and Obantoko 0.16-1.04x10 cfu/mL. The mean counts were 0.54 ± 0.40x10 cfu/mL; 0.78 ±0.13x10 cfu/mL; 1.83±1.23x10 cfu/mL; 2.58 ±1.45x10 cfu/mL; 8.51 ±5.60x10 cfu/mL and 4.14 ±3.90 x10 cfu/mL respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that the organisms were 100% resistant to Amoxicillin,86.26% to Ceftriazone, 84.62% to Streptomycin, 82.42% to Chloramphenicol and 78.02% to Cotrimoxazol. However, the isolates were only 6.04% resistant to Ofloxacin and 11.54% to Pefloxacin suggesting that these might just be the only two antibiotics that the pathogens might respond to. In conclusion, microbes that are ordinarily commensals may be highly resistant to commonly used Antibiotics. This could pose serious problems in managing outbreaks associated these microbes. Reservoirs for bacterial resistance may be present in healthy animal populations and research is needed to accurately quantify the problem, propose and evaluate practicable solutions. There is the need to clarify the role of environmental factors, agents, and transmission of bacterial resistance in apparently healthy livestock.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates From Dogs With Ulcerative Keratitis in Midwestern United States.

The objective of this study was to describe bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility results in 476 dogs presenting with suspected bacterial keratitis in Iowa and surrounding Midwestern states, further detailing trends in patient characteristics, seasonality, and antimicrobial resistance. Corneal swabs yielded 465 bacterial isolates and 220 cultures (46.2%) with no apparent growth (0–5 isolates per culture). The most frequent bacterial genera were Staphylococcus (32.3%), Streptococcus (19.1%), and Pseudomonas (12.5%), while the most common bacterial species were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (26.7%), Streptococcus canis (12%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.5%). Compared to mixed-breed dogs, canine breeds most likely to be examined for ulcerative keratitis included Boston terrier, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, miniature pinscher, pug, rat terrier, Saint Bernard, shih tzu, and silky terriers. In summer, the likelihood to yield a negative culture was reduced while the likelihood to culture Pseudomonas species was increased. Bacteria considered multidrug resistant (MDR, resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotic classes) represented 20% of all canine isolates and were most prevalent for Staphylococcus species (33%). An alarming, escalating trend of MDR prevalence was noted between 2016 (5%) and 2020 (34%). Individual ophthalmic preparations (i.e., single antibiotics or commercially available antibiotic combinations) with highest efficacy against all bacterial isolates included chloramphenicol (83%), ceftiofur (79%), amikacin (77%), neomycin-polymyxin B-bacitracin (77%), and gentamicin (74%). Efficacy of systemic antibiotics and combinations of ophthalmic preparations was also evaluated. Based on the present findings, triple antibiotic (Neo-Poly-Bac) is recommended as empirical monotherapy for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs with simple corneal ulcers, while a chloramphenicol-ciprofloxacin combination is empirically recommended for therapeutic management of infected corneal ulcers. Pending culture and susceptibility results, appropriate selection of empiric antibiotic therapy is important to enhance therapeutic outcome and reduce antibacterial resistance in dogs with corneal ulceration.

Semen bacterial contamination: Antibiotics susceptibility pattern and standard sperm parameters in men of Birjand, 2017

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 samples were detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) (P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P<0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance; Bacterial Contamination; Infertility; Semen fluid; Sperm

Semen Bacterial contamination: Antibiotics susceptibility pattern and standard sperm parameters in men of Birjand,2017

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 sampleswere detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of UTI(Urinary ??? infection) (P = 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P <0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance; Bacterial Contamination; Infertility; Semen fluid; Sperm

Etiologies of diarrhea and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates among under-five year children in refugee camps in Gambella Region, Ethiopia: a case control study

BackgroundDespite substantial global effort and updated clinical management guidelines, diarrhea continues to be among leading worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Infectious diarrhea, the most common form of diarrhea causes substantial morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries, and the muddled use of antibiotics needs caution due to potential problems of drug-resistance. The aim of this study is to identify etiologies of diarrhea and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in under-five children in refugee camps in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution- based matched case control study was conducted using a questionnaire-based interview from June to December 2017 in Pugnido and Teirkidi refugee camps. Stool samples were collected and parasites causing diarrhea were identified by wet mount microscopy. Conventional culture supplemented with API 20E identification kit was used to identify Salmonella and Shigella species. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was investigated by using the disk diffusion method. The association between etiologies and diarrhea was analyzed using McNemar test or Fisher exact test with 95% confidence interval at a level of significance of P < 0.05.ResultsThe overall prevalence of enteric pathogens were 55 (41.0%) in diarrhea cases and 18 (13.4%) in healthy controls. The detected etiologies include Giardia lambia (28), Shigella spp. (16), E. hystolyotica/dispar (13), Ascaris lumbricoides (10), Salmonella spp. (6), Cryptosporidium parvum (6), Hymenolepis nana (4) and Isospora belli (3). All isolates were sensitive to kanamycine and ceftazidime. The high resistance rate was observed against ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), erythromycin (52%), chloramphenicol (47.5%), tetracycline (40.5%), cotrimoxazole (34.8%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (33%). The majorities of the isolates had a low rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin (8.7%), naldxic acid (8.7%) and amikacin (13%).ConclusionsGiardia lamblia, E. Hystolytica/dispar, and Shigella spp are the common etiologies of diarrhea in children in the studied refugee camps. The study also showed that significant numbers of bacterial isolates were resistant to the commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, improving clinical laboratory services and promoting evidence-based drug prescription may reinforce proper use of antibiotics and reduce the emergence of microbial resistance.

Trends in antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens in Harare, Zimbabwe, 2012\u20132017: a secondary dataset analysis

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious public health threats of the twenty-first century. The implementation of AMR surveillance in Zimbabwe is limited. However, data from a private laboratory in Harare revealed increasing resistance rates to common antibiotics like ampicillin (i.e., from 73.9% in 2011 to 74.6% in 2015). The increasing resistance rates indicate that Zimbabwe is affected by AMR. This study was done to determine the magnitude of AMR in Harare and determine the trends of AMR to first-line and to last-resort antibiotics and make recommendations to mitigate the problem.MethodsA retrospective record review of data collected from the microbiology department at a private laboratory between January 2012 and December 2017 was done. The outcome of interest was the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Microsoft Excel 2016 was used to plot trends from 2012 to 2017 and Epi Info™7 was used for statistical analysis.ResultsA total of 23,432 isolates, of 12 medically important bacteria were analysed. Forty-three percent of the isolates were from urines, 36.7% were from pus swabs and 7% were from blood. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (43.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%) and the least common was Neisseria gonorrhoea (0.2%). Resistance was highest to ampicillin followed by penicillin, both ranging between 70 and 100% over the six years. Statistically significant increases in resistance to commonly used antibiotics were observed in amoxicillin-resistant E. coli and Streptococcus pneumonia and third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli. There was an increase in resistance to last-line antibiotics i.e., fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. However, methicillin-resistant S. aureus showed a decreasing trend.ConclusionsThere is a high burden of drug resistance to common antibiotics in Harare and an emergence of resistance to last-line antibiotics.

Rapid diagnosis of neonatal sepsis by PCR for detection of 16S rRNA gene, while blood culture and PCR results were similar in E.coli-predominant EOS cases.

PurposeTo determine the bacteriological pattern and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates causing neonatal sepsis in Qena University Hospitals and compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and blood culture results in a trial for rapid diagnosis.Patients and methodsBlood samples from 75 clinically suspected cases of neonatal sepsis were subjected to identification of bacteria and determination of their antibiotic sensitivity through blood culture, and rapid detection of 16S rRNA and the uidA gene (to confirm the presence of E. coli) by PCR from extracted bacterial DNA.ResultsMost patients were preterm (64%) and low birth weight (LBW) (68%). In total, 42.7% presented with early onset sepsis (EOS). LBW was significantly associated with EOS (P-value=0.03). Although the blood culture and PCR results were similar in EOS, the PCR results were significantly higher than those of blood culture in detecting bacteria (85.3% vs 68%, respectively, P-value=0.001). Blood culture showed 100% specificity. The most common pathogen was E. coli (86.2%) in EOS and Staphylococcus spp. (45.5%) in late-onset sepsis (LOS) (P-value=0.001 and 0.02, respectively). The most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria were ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and amikacin, while vancomycin, oxacillin, and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-positive bacteria.ConclusionEOS was mainly caused by E. coli, while LOS was mainly caused by Staphylococcus spp. The 16S rRNA PCR showed higher sensitivity with rapid and accurate diagnosis. Blood culture is the most suitable method for antimicrobial sensitivity testing.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens isolated from clinica different blood specimens

The current study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance. One hundred and five of clinical sample were collected from Central Teaching Hospital of paediatric and Medical city / Educational laboratory, from patients (Male, Female and infant) of age range between. Out of one hundred and five clinical samples were screened, only seventy isolates were collected as 17 identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 12 identified as Klebsiella pneumonia depending on cultural, microscopical and biochemical characteristics. The remaining isolates were identified as Staphylococcus spp., E.coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. Regarding to the patients gender, it was found that infant had a tendency to get infection more than males and female when 30 (28.57 %) of patients were males, 33 (31.42 %) females and 42 (40%) infant. Moreover, the age group ≤ 1year were most subjected to the infection of bloodstream infection. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates were tested against thirteen of commonly used antibiotic was determined through disc-diffusion method, the result exhibits that the most reliable antibiotic can used as drug is imipenem because mostly all bacterial isolates were sensitive to it and also not used before, in addition to amikacin could be used also as a drug because it given intramuscular and pain so it has low resistance of bacterial isolates.

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates and water quality index of water sourced from closed ground water and open hand dug well in Koko Community, Delta State, Nigeria

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates and water quality index of water sourced from closed ground water and open hand dug well in Koko Community, Delta State, Nigeria

Potential Alternative Treatment of Ocular Bacterial Infections by Oil Derived from Syzygium aromaticum Flower (Clove)

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim: This study aims to evaluate the predisposing risk factors and antibiotic resistance of bacterial corneal ulcer to commonly used antibiotics. In addition, assess the in vitro efficacy of plant-derived essential oils (EOs) as safe and effective antimicrobial agents.Methods: Demographic features and predisposing risk factors of corneal ulcer patients were recorded. Isolation and identification of bacteria was performed using conventional microbiological methods. Antibacterial activity was determined by disk diffusion and the micro-dilution broth methods. EOs were extracted by steam distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique.Results: Out of the 200 patients with corneal ulcer evaluated in this study, the main predisposing factor of bacterial corneal ulcer was trauma (26.5%) and 96.7% isolates were multidrug resistant. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate 33 cases. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates showed that the fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin was the most effective antibiotic with sensitivity rate 81.3%. Seven selected EOs showed significant activity against most of the tested bacteria. Syzygium aromaticum oil showed high activity against all tested bacterial species with highest sensitivity rate (97.5%) and low minimal inhibitory concentration values against S. aureus (0.10 µl/ml). The chemical composition of the EOs showed that the monoterpenes were predominant. The main constituent of S. aromaticum oil was eugenol (76%).Conclusions: The current study showed that S. aromaticum oil had high antibacterial activity that could be helpful in the treatment of ocular bacterial infections to minimizing the possible side effects of commonly used antibiotic.

Most commensally bacterial strains in human milk of healthy mothers display multiple antibiotic resistance.

Recent reports have shown that food‐borne or commensal bacteria can function as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. However, the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates of most milk samples or the total bacterial counts (TBC) in human milk from healthy donors, are not fully understood in Taiwan. Thus, five healthy mothers were randomly recruited each month, and totally 30 mothers without any symptoms of infection were recruited over 6 months. Milk samples were then harvested and analyzed immediately after collection. The antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed in bacteria isolated from milk samples using nine clinically relevant antibiotics, such as oxacillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and oxytetracycline. The Staphylococcus strains (48 isolates) found in milk resisted to 48.6 ± 20.1% selected antibiotics. Streptococcus‐related isolates (8 isolates) exhibited resistance to 41.7 ± 26.4% selected antibiotics. Acinetobacter isolates (5 isolates) were resistant to 66.7 ± 13.6% antibiotics, and Enterococcus isolates (5 isolates) were resistant to 73.3 ± 6.1% tested antibiotics. Rothia‐related isolates (4 isolates) were resisted to 58.2 ± 31.9% of tested antibiotics. In contrast, Corynebacterium isolates (5 isolates) were sensitive to 66%–100% of selected antibiotics. Furthermore, the TBC ranged from 40 to 710,000 CFU/ml, implying a wide spectrum of bacteria in milk from healthy mothers. Despite this, all milk donors were healthy during sampling, and they did not show any symptoms related to mastitis or subclinical mastitis. According to the previously described TBC criteria for the use of donated human milk, only 73% of the current milk samples could be accepted for the milk bank. In conclusion, the majority of the isolated bacterial strains from current human milk samples are multiresistant strains. In milk samples for preterm infants or milk banks, higher TBC levels or potentially antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in some milk samples have supported people using approaches to disinfect human milk partially.

Early Bacterial Cultures from Open Fractures - Differences Before and After Debridement

Background: The pattern of organisms found in open fractures is important in the selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis and empirical treatment. So far, there is paucity of data on local patterns of bacteria contaminating and infecting open fractures and their antibiotic susceptibility profile. Objective: To describe the pattern and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained within 24 hours of injury from open fractures and to compare these to bacterial isolates from fractures that subsequently develop infection. Methods: A prospective study of 98 patients with open fractures seen at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) within 24 hours of injury between November 2015 and March 2016 was conducted. Swabs for culture and sensitivity were taken from the wounds and antibiotics initiated.Surgical debridement was subsequently carried out witha 14 day follow up for wound infection. Wounds thatbecame infected were sampled for cultures And sensitivity. Results: Fifty-one (52.2%) pre debridement wound samples had positive cultures. Staphylococcus aureus and (Coagulase Negative) CON Staphylococci were the predominant gram positive isolates. At 14 days’ follow-up, the infection rate was58.9 %. The predominant gram positive isolate was Staphylococcus aureus. Only 5.7% of the pre-debridement isolates were similar to the post debridement isolates. Conclusions: The contaminating organisms are not similar to the organisms isolated from injuries that later develop infection.Key words: Open fracture, Antibiotics, Infection, Bacterial cultures.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria from Diabetic Foot Infections in Selected Teaching Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria

One of the serious complications associated with diabetes is foot ulcer and this condition affects the quality of life in patients in all classes, races and ages. Chronic wounds are prone to colonization by wide array of microorganisms which could be extremely hazardous to patients if effective and timely therapeutic intervention is not made. This study was conducted to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacteria from diabetic foot infections in southwestern Nigeria. Samples were collected from a total of 142 diabetic foot ulcer patients with moistened sterile cotton swabs. Nutrient agar, Mac-Conkey agar, blood agar and mannitol salt agar media were used for the isolation of total viable bacteria, Gram-negative non-spore forming lactose fermenters, fastidious bacteria and staphylococci, respectively. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of pure cultures were determined in accordance with standard laboratory criteria. API 20 E and API 20 NE were used for the confirmation of identity of the bacterial isolates. The disc diffusion technique was employed for the determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates in accordance with standard procedures. The antibiotics investigated included amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, linezolid, methicillin, netilmicin, ofloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, piperacilin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and vancomycin. One hundred and seventy-seven isolates were encountered and these were characterized into eleven bacterial species. These included Staphylococcus aureus (22.03%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.95%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.43%), Proteus mirabilis (8.48%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.91%), E. coli (7.35%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6.78%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.65%), Morganella morganii (5.09%), Citrobacter freundii (4.52%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (2.83%). Gram-negative bacteria showed 76.99% susceptibility to the antibiotics while 22.85% was resistant. Gram-positive bacteria showed 93.75% susceptibility and 5.01% resistance to the antibiotics. This study revealed that there is no definite aetiologic bacterial agent for diabetic foot infections and many of the associated bacteria are sensitive to certain antibiotics.

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers

Microbiological Quality and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Isolates from Fish and Poultry Feeds

The microbiological quality and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from fish and poultry feeds used in Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria was studied between January and July, 2015. A total of 13 different feeds comprising 3 fish feeds and 10 poultry feeds were collected from different marketers Imo State and examined bacteriologically by culture technique. Seven genera of bacteria: <i>Staphylococcus</i> species, <i>Bacillus</i> species, <i>Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria</i> species, <i>Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Salmonella</i> species, as well as 2 genera of fungi: <i>Aspergillus</i> species and <i>Penicillinum</i> species were isolated from the feeds. Statistical analysis of the data showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the bacteriological and mycological quality between local and industrial processed feeds. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the bacteriological and mycological quality between fish and poultry feeds. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that Ciprofloxacin exhibited the highest antibacterial effects (grow inhibition) on most of the bacterial isolates than other antibiotics used. This study has revealed that fish and poultry feeds are potential sources of microbial infections for fish and poultry as well as human handlers and consumers of fish and poultry products in Imo State. The Government and public health operators in the State should educate the population on protective measures and also carry out routine supervision and regulation of production and use of these products.