Antibiotic Sensitivity Research Articles

Clinical Identification of Two Novel C. kroppenstedtii-like Species Isolated as Pathogens of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis.

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare benign breast inflammatory disease that affects women of childbearing age. Corynebacterium species, especially Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, was reported as the pathogen of GLM. A recent study showed that the C. kroppenstedtii complex is composed of C. kroppenstedtii and two novel species, C. parakroppenstedtii and C. pseudokroppenstedtii. The study presents seven C. kroppenstedtii-like strains isolated from GLM patients. However, they turned out to be six strains of C. parakroppenstedtii and one strain of C. pseudokroppenstedtii according to 16sRNA sequencing. In order to conduct a phylogenetic study, we further sequenced the fusA and rpoB genes, which were frequently employed in studies of Corynebacterium species. Novel Mass Spectral Peaks (MSPs) for C. parakroppenstedtii were created with Bruker MALDI-TOF MS. Then, the identification power of the MSPs was tested by C. parakroppenstedtii strains and remotely related Corynebacterum spp. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed according to the CLSI M45 guidelines. All of the strains were not resistant to β-lactams, vancomycin or linezolid. However, applying erythromycin and clindamycin could be fruitless. Phenotypic identification using a Vitek2 ANC ID card proved all of the C. parakroppenstedtii strains were identified as Actinomycete naeslundii. The test of Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase and urease could be employed as the characteristics to distinguish C. pseudokroppenstedtii from C. parakroppenstedtii. Here, we present the identification, antibiotic sensitivity tests (ASTs) and epidemiological investigation of two novel C. kroppenstedtii-like species with the purpose of improving the understanding of C. kroppenstedtii-like species and related diseases.

Modulating effects of fodder grasses extracts on antibiotic sensitivity and biofilm production in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains

Extracts of certain fodder grasses may be viewed as powerful agents against infections induced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Here we demonstrated ability of Galega orientalis and Rhaponticum carthamoides extracts, alone or in combination with antibiotics, to inhibit growth, viability and biofilm formation in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains with different sensitivity to antibiotics and non-pathogenic laboratory strain E. coli BW25113 as well as its mutant derivatives. Modulation of motility and production of extracellular structures in the presence of the extracts correlated with their anti-biofilm effects. Interestingly, an increase in antibacterial action of kanamycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefotaxime on both biofilms and planktonic cultures of the studied strains was observed in the presence of the extracts, including antibiotic resistant APEC strain #45. The extracts alone showed weak prooxidant activity which could contribute to modification of redox-sensitive sites of various regulatory circuits, resulting to synergetic effects in combination with antibiotics.

Bakteri Penyebab Gingivitis dan Sensitivitas Antibiotik Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus

Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingiva caused by plaque and poor oral hygiene, including in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled blood glucose. Gingivitis is caused by various bacteria such as Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis and also the Enterobacteriaceae family, Haemophilus influenzae and Actinomycetes. Management of infection with antibiotics, especially beta-lactam class. The study aimed to determine the characteristics of the research subjects, the type of bacteria, and their sensitivity to the bacteria that cause gingivitis in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The research was a cross-sectional descriptive study at the internal medicine polyclinic at Arifin Achmad Hospital, Riau Province, and the Microbiology Laboratory of Medical Faculty, Universitas Riau. The research sample was a gingivitis plaque swab in DM patients who signed an informed consent. Samples were cultured, identified, and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. The results of the study obtained 34 samples with characteristics aged 33-67 years, most of them were women, high school education/equivalent, civil servants/army/police/retired. Most aerobic bacteria Klebsiella sp. The highest sensitivity to levofloxacin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and meropenem, the lowest sensitivity to amoxicillin, ceftazidim, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.

Diversity and antibiotic sensitivity of uropathogens from a regional hospital in Rwanda

Background: Urinary tract infections are a common cause for antibiotic consumption. Empirical treatment is common for community-acquired infections owing to predictability of pathogens. Objectives: Describe sensitivity profiles of uropathogens at a regional hospital in Rwanda. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study in which clean-catch urine samples were analyzed. A two-stage process involving dipstick urinalysis and urine culture was used to identify true infections. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic sensitivity analysis as per EUCAST guidelines. Results: Of 198 samples studied, 107 met criterion for UTI with 94 yielding significant growth. Klebsiella pneumoniae (35%), and Escherichia coli (32%) were the most common organisms isolated. Others included Staphylococcal species, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp and Salmonella. Very high resistance frequencies (above 70%) were observed against amoxycillin, cotrimoxazole, trimethoprim, aztreonam and fosfomycin. Resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins varied between 40-60%. High levels of cross resistance were observed for drugs of the same class. Resistance to the potentiated penicillins, meropenem, cefoxitin and nitrofurantoin were less than 30%. Piperacillintazo bactum performed best with 91% sensitivity against all organisms tested. Conclusion: High levels of resistance were observed for most antibiotics studied. For empirical treatment of community-acquired UTI in our setting, nitrofurantoin remains effective while ciprofloxacin is not. Keywords: Diversity and antibiotic sensitivity; uropathogens; Rwanda.

Exploring Drug Resistance: Microbial Profiles, Antibiotic Sensitivity, and Biofilm Development in Orthopedic Implant Infections.

Background With the advent of and rise in antibiotic resistance globally, especially in postoperative patients, studying the antibiogram and associated factors is the need of the hour. The present study was undertaken to document the microbiological profile in postoperative orthopedic patients with the infected implant in situ and to observe the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolated organisms in such infections. Methods This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary care hospital for six months after obtaining institutional ethical approval. A total of 236 samples from patients with orthopedic implant infections were received during the study period, out of which 53 samples with positive culture isolate were further analyzed for microbiological profile including biofilm production. All observations and demographics were recorded and analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0(IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and represented in the form of graphs, data, and tables. Results and conclusion The study showed a culture positivity rate of 53 (23%) out of 236 samples, in which gram-negative isolates 36 (68%)were more than gram-positive isolates 17 (32%). The most common isolate was staphylococcus aureus 17 (32%) of which the majority were MRSA 13 (76%), followed by Escherichia coli 9 (17%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 9 (17%). Out of the 53 isolates, 20 were biofilm producers. Biofilm-producing isolates were more resistant to tested routine antibiotics compared to non-biofilm. This study could represent the initial interdisciplinary effort in an ongoing process to better understand and manage orthopedic implant infections at the hospital, specifically focusing on infections related to orthopedic devices.

Identification Of Metallo?-Lactamses and Integron Genes In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Burn Injury Patients: Phenotype And Genotype

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which generates metallo-?-lactamase (MBL), is the cause of infections linked to burn patients, and this is a growing global problem. The objectives of the recent study were to determine antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates, the presence of MBLs genes, and Integron gene class-1 . One hundred burn patients at the Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al Smawah, Iraq, were isolated clinically. Twenty (20%) of these were determined to be P. aeruginosa by 16sRNA and biochemical testing. To further identify the antibiotic sensitivity for each isolate was employed by Disc Diffusion Method . The phenotypic MBL production For detected isolates was evaluated by Combined Disc Diffusion Method (CDD). Integron gene class -1 (Int-1) and Genes encoding MBLs were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). P. aeruginosa was shown to be totally resistant to ceftriaxone, ampicillin, piperacillin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin in this investigation. 90% of the isolates were determined to be multidrug resistant, and different levels of moderate to lowest resistance were observed in Amikacin, Meropenem, Aztreonam, Cefixime, and Levofloxacin. While 90% of the isolates possessed the Int-1 gene, our recorded the absence of All MBLs genes (Bla IMP, Bla VIM, Bla GIM ) From All isolates under investigation. Illustrating for the first time how crucial it is to put in place appropriate infection control measures in order to give patients the best care possible and stop the development of these resistant microbes among burn patients.

Evaluation of the quickmic system in the rapid diagnosis of Gram-negative bacilli bacteremia.

The rapid diagnosis of antibiotic sensitivity in Gram-negative bacilli is of paramount importance in clinical microbiology, particularly in cases of bacteremia. The escalating challenge of antimicrobial resistance underscores the need for expeditious antibiotic susceptibility diagnostics to guide empirical antibiotic therapy effectively. In light of this, we present our study that evaluates the QuickMIC System, a recently developed rapid diagnostic antibiogram. QuickMIC System, offers a novel approach to phenotypic testing, providing information on the activity of 12 antibiotics against key pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., and Serratia marcescens. Our investigation involved testing a total of 816 antibiotic/microorganism combinations. The study demonstrated an impressive 99.02% concordance between the QuickMIC System and the reference methods, with only eight discrepancies observed. The time to actionable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 2 and 4 h, highlighting the system's efficiency in providing rapid results.

A-260 Mapping pediatric urinary tract infections: trends, prevalence and sensitivity to antimicrobials

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank among the most prevalent bacterial infections in pediatric populations, with neonates being particularly susceptible. Moreover, UTIs have a propensity for recurrence, posing ongoing health challenges. Prompt diagnosis of pediatric UTIs is crucial for timely and effective treatment, averting potential long-term complications. While clinical signs often suggest UTI diagnosis, additional tests like urinalysis and urine culture are vital to identify the causative pathogen and its antibiotic sensitivity. This study aims to quantify microorganism prevalence in positive pediatric urine tests and assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles. The purpose is, therefore, to offer scientific basis so that there is greater agility in establishing the diagnosis of UTIs in children and indicating the best antibiotic to be used empirically to prevent late consequences. Methods Between January and December 2019, a cross-sectional study was carried out with urine samples from children and adolescents collected in the database of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of Cuiabá - MT in 2019. Only records of samples collected in the study were included in the study. laboratory of patients of both sexes, age range 1 month to 15 years. Bacterial analyzes were classified according to Gram positive, Gram negative (glucose fermenters or non-fermenters) and the sensitivity profile was standardized according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2019). The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results Of the 532 positive urine samples from pediatric patients, enterobacteria were responsible for 435 (81.76%) with E. coli (64.1%) and Proteus mirabilis (15.8%) being the most isolated bacteria, in relation to Gram-positive bacteria 64 (12.03%) main bacteria was Enterococcus faecalis (81.2%) and non-glucose fermenters for 33 (6.2%) corresponding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli, with 279 cases, was the most frequently isolated microorganism, representing (64.1%) of the cases. Females were the most affected, in 83.5% there was growth of Enterobacteria, in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa group, 51.5% of cases were female. and in Gram+ girls represented 56.2%. In those tested only for E. coli, the highest sensitivity was observed in fosfomycin (97.82%). Enterobacteriaceae showed high susceptibility to meropenem (99.8%), ertapenem (99.8%), ceftriaxone (93.8%), and ceftazidime (93.6%), but exhibited considerable resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (35.5%), amoxicillin (33.4%) and ampicillin (29.2%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive bacteria were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Conclusions The data indicate that E. coli continues to be the predominant agent in pediatric UTIs, particularly affecting females and the very young age group < 3 years. Regarding sensitivity profiles, bacteria were more sensitive to carbapenems and aminoglycosides. Early diagnosis is crucial to preventing long-term complications associated with UTIs in children. Consequently, this research provides a scientific basis for faster UTI diagnosis and empirical antibiotic selection in pediatrics, which may prevent late adverse outcomes.

Biofilm Producing Organisms and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is an inflammation of the mucoperiosteal lining of the middle ear cleft. Recently, biofilms have been discovered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CSOM. A biofilm is a bacterial aggregation that adheres to the mucosal surfaces and is connected with an extracellular matrix. Biofilms enhance antibiotic resistance, facilitate genetic alterationsand amplify competence to combat host immunity. This study aims to identify the spectrum of biofilm-producers in CSOM and investigate their antibiotic sensitivity. Samples (648) were obtained from the deeper part of external auditory meatus of patients with CSOM. Pus samples were collected and processed for culture sensitivity. Biofilms detected. The findings were compiled and statistically analyzed. Out of 500 culture-positive samples, most commonly isolated bacteria was Pseudomonas (62.6%), followed by MRSA (13.8%). Biofilm-producers were 350, with 119 being strong, 167 moderate, and 64 weak. Biofilms were produced by 70% of the isolates, with Pseudomonas producing the most (74.6%), followed by MRSA. Gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic against biofilm-producers. Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, and Minocyclin were resistant. Pseudomonas had the highest sensitivity to Levofloxacin (96.6%), followed by Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin. Pseudomonas was resistant to Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid and Linezolid. Multi-drug resistance has been widespread among CSOM causal species, particularly in biofilm producers. Thus, screening for biofilm formation, in addition to the standard antibiogram, must be undertaken as part of CSOM protocol. This will address the multi-drug resistance and select an appropriate treatment modality.

Detection of antibiogram pattern and prevalence of blaNDM and blaVIM genes among carbapenem resistant Eschericia coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Clinical significance of Eschericia coli is due to its capacity to develop resistance against many antibiotics specially carbapenem by producing carbapenemase which limits treatment options. blaNDM and blaVIM genes are responsible for this multi-drug-resistance. This is an alarming condition for society as well as clinician because they are very difficult to treat due to limited options of antibiotics and its high virulence. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to detect antibiogram pattern and prevalence of blaNDM and blaVIM genes among carbapenem resistant E. coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital. Our study will also help to identify molecular basis of Carbapenem resistance including treatment guideline. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed during January’2021 to June’2022 time period. Identification of E. coli was followed by standard protocol and antibiotic sensitivity was done by Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method following CLSI guideline, using VITEK-2D-SYSTEM. Detection of genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of 1867 samples, 161 isolates were identified as E. coli, among which 90 were resistant to carbapenem. Among those, 50 (31%) were resistant to all three carbapenems. Among those, 100% were resistant to ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefuroxime-axetil, cefoperazone-sulbactam, ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin; 52% were resistant to amikacin; 54% were resistant to gentamicin; 86% were resistant to cotrimoxazole; 22% were resistant to nitrofurantoin and 96% were sensitive to tigecycline; 100% were intermediate sensitive to colistin. blaNDM gene is detected in 17 (34%) isolates and blaVIM gene is detected in 2 (4%) isolates by PCR. Conclusion: E. coli leads to common clinical presentations such as urinary tract infection, blood stream infection, pneumonia, and wound infection. High burden of carbapenem resistant E. coli was associated with urinary indoor samples. Rising incidence of multi-drug-resistance occurs due to lack of infection control measures, irrational use of antibiotics. Continuous surveillance will prevent development of multi-drug-resistance and help to improve treatment guideline.

Molecular Characterization of Carbapenemase (Blakpc-2) Gene From Klebsiella Pneumoniae Involved in Urinary Tract Infection in Al-Najaf City

Background: The human gastrointestinal tract, eyes, respiratory system, and genitourinary tract are all home to K. pneumonia. KPCs, or Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemases, are β-lactamase enzyme types that have the ability to hydrolyze β-lactam drugs. Because of many co-morbid diseases, immunological suppression, and critical sickness, this KPC-producing strain infection can be fatal. In this study K. pneumonia was isolated from urinary tract infected patients, Where seven clinical urine specimen obtained from patients has UTI were gathered from different diagnostic Al-Sajjad Hospital in Najaf province the KPC gene was amplified by PCR. In this present study, a particular primer derived from the antibiotic sensitivity (blaKPC-2) gene is used to screen the urine samples collected for Klebsiella pneumoniae stains utilizing culture techniques then sequence analysis of the blaKPC-2 gene was conducted in order to gain a fresh understanding of the genetic variations. It's interesting to note that, while comparing our strains' blaKPC-2 open reading frame to previously released sequences, we discovered 6 mutations. Therefore, of the seven samples analyzed, three exhibited a positive band. The purpose of the primer was to amplify the bacteria's blaKPC-2 antibiotic sensitivity gene. Conclusion: In this work, we verified a PCR technique for blaKPC-2 gene identification that is quick, sensitive, and specific. Out of the seven samples analyzed, three exhibited a positive band. The purpose of the primer was to amplify the bacteria's blaKPC-2 antibiotic sensitivity gene.

Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes among Escherichia coli isolates of buffalo mastitis milk

In recent years, bacteria carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes have become increasingly prevalent. These genes provide resistance to antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. Escherichia coli is a major cause of mastitis in buffaloes, and there have been reports of ESBL genes in E. coli isolated from bovine mastitis milk. This study was aimed to detect ESBL genes in E. coli found in mastitis buffalo milk. A total of 100 samples of mastitis milk were collected from different buffalo farms in Karachi for gene detection and antibiotic sensitivity evaluation. Among the samples, 44 % were positive for E. coli, confirmed by specific characteristics and biochemical properties. To check the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates MIC test was carried out using micro broth dilution method. Antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that out of the 44 isolates, 68 % were resistant to ampicillin, 81 % to tetracycline, 52 % to levofloxacin, 27 % to cefoxitin, and 25 % to ceftriaxone at various concentrations. Additionally, 7 % of the isolates showed resistance to all classes of antibiotics tested. PCR results indicated that 25 % of the total isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 ESBL gene, while no other types of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, or blaTEM genes were detected. It was discovered that multidrug resistance and the presence of the blaCTX-M-1 ESBL gene in E. coli isolates from mastitis milk pose a significant threat to veterinarians and human clinicians, as they are highly resistant to beta-lactams and other commonly used antibiotics for mastitis treatment.

The enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

AbstractThe emergence of Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are becoming a major worldwide health concern, encouraging the development effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. The study identified P. aeruginosa and assessed its antimicrobial sensitivity using the Vitek-2 system. Carbapenem-resistant genes were detected through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MDR- P. aeruginosa isolates were used to biosynthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A study involving 78 P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that 85.8% were MDR, with meropenem and amikacin showing effectiveness against 70% of the isolates. The most prevalent carbapenemase gene was blaOXA-48, present in 83% of the isolates. Majority of the isolates formed biofilms, and biosynthesized TiO2NPs were able to reduce biofilm formation by 94%. TiO2NPs exhibited potent antibacterial action against MDR-Gram-negative bacilli pathogens and showed synergistic activity with antibiotics, particularly piperacillin, with a significant fold increase in areas (283%). A new local strain of P. aeruginosa, identified as ON678251 in the World GenBank, was found capable of producing TiO2NPs. Our findings demonstrate the potential of biosynthesized TiO2NPs to manage antibiotic resistance and regulate the formation of biofilms. This presents a promising direction for the creation of novel antimicrobial agents or substitutes for use in clinical settings, particularly in the management of isolates capable of resisting multiple drugs.

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Preputial Bacterial Flora from apparently Healthy Bulls, Rams, and Bucks in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria

The aim of this study was to identify the preputial aerobic bacterial flora from bulls, rams and bucks and to determine their antimicrobial sensitivities. Preputial swabs were collected randomly from twenty each of clinically healthy post pubertal bulls, rams and bucks. Using standard bacteriological techniques, the following bacteria were identified; Escherichia coli (bulls 26.5%, rams 19.2% and buck 22.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (bulls 25.0 %, rams 26.0 % and bucks 24.2 %), Streptococcus (bulls 20.6%, rams 26.0 % and bucks 25.8%), Salmonella (bulls 14.7%), Shigella (rams 15.1% and bucks 15.2%) and Klebsiella (bulls 13.2%, rams 13.7 % and bucks 12.1%) species. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the proportions of bacterial species and different animal species. In bulls, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Levofloxacin (100%) while 60% of the bacterial isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin, ampiclox and streptomycin. In rams, all the bacterial isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%) and gentamycin (100%) while 40% of bacterial isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol. In bucks, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin (100%), ampiclox (100%) and gentamycin (100%) while 20% bacterial isolates were resistant to streptomycin. This study shows that a few bacteria colonize the prepuce of ruminants in Maiduguri and there is need for preputial washing prior to breeding to reduce contamination of semen during natural mating or collection. Amoxiciillin, ampiclox, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin could be used as therapeutic agents to diseases that could be caused by the bacteria in prepuce of these animal species.

Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Insights of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Patients in Intensive Care Units.

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), a significant worldwide public health threat, is common in patients in intensive care units. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a period of 22 months to assess the risk factors associated with infection caused by CRKP isolates. Strain identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and antimicrobial sensitivity was assessed using the micro broth dilution method and Kirby-Bauer test. The genes blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaVIM, and blaGES were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The polymerase hypermucoviscosity phenotype was determined using the string test. Capsular serotypes (K1, K2) and presence of the virulence gene (rmpA) in positive isolates were investigated using phenotypic tests followed by PCR. Results: Length of hospitalization and use of carbapenems were associated with CRKP infection. CRKP isolates exhibited extensive drug resistance, but retained sensitivity to colistin and ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA). The main gene detected in 35 CRKP isolates was blaKPC-2. In addition, 11 strains were positive in the string test, and two of these strains carried rmpA. Conclusions: Prolonged hospitalization and carbapenem exposure increased the risk of CRKP infection in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The prevalence of CRKP carrying the blaKPC-2 gene was high, and suspected hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were scattered.

An investigation of scattered light integrating collector technology for rapid blood culture sensitivity testing.

Introduction. Sepsis rates are increasing, with Gram-negative organisms representing a large proportion of bloodstream infections. Rapid antibiotic administration, alongside diagnostic investigations, is required for the effective management of these patients.Gap statement. Current diagnostics take ~48 h for a final report; therefore, rapid diagnostics are required.Aim. This study investigated a novel antibiotic sensitivity method, the scattered light integrating collector (SLIC), combined with a rapid identification method using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) technology to determine if an accurate identification and susceptibility result can be provided within 4 h of a positive blood culture report.Methodology. A total of 47 blood cultures containing Gram-negative bacteria from 46 patients were processed using the MALDI-TOF Biotyper Sepsityper for identification directly from the blood and the SLIC instrument for susceptibility testing. All organisms were also tested using the current standard workflow used in the host laboratory. Categorical agreement (CA), major errors (MaEs) and very major errors (VMEs) were determined.Results. SLIC produced susceptibility results with a 71.9% CA, 30.6% MaE and 17.5% VME. The median difference in time to the final result was 44.14 (43 : 05-45 : 15) h earlier compared to the current method.Conclusion. We conclude that SLIC was unable to consistently provide sufficiently accurate antibiotic susceptibility results compared to the current standard method.

Cross-sectional study of antibiotic resistance to Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in cats in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Dili, Timor-Leste

Background and Aim: Antibiotics are used in veterinary clinics and animal hospitals to treat infectious diseases. However, the improper use of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistance, which threatens future disease therapeutics in pet animals. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in cats and their resistance to antibiotics in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia (IDN), and Dili, Timor-Leste (TL). Materials and Methods: A total of 255 cat’s rectal swab samples from veterinary clinics and hospitals in Yogyakarta Province, IDN, and Dili, TL were collected. All samples were transferred aseptically into an enrichment medium and subjected to various culture tests for E. coli and Salmonella spp. identification. All identified isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using Kirby−Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: This study successfully isolated E. coli from 172/255 (67.45%) rectal swab samples, that is, 122/188 samples (64.89%) from Yogyakarta Province, IDN, and 50/67 samples (74.6%) from Dili, TL. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 13/188 samples (6.91%) from Yogyakarta, IDN. The antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that more than 30% of E. coli were resistant to ampicillin (AMP) (IDN = 39.3%, TL = 50%) and tetracycline (TE) (IDN = 41.8%, TL = 42%), and more than 40% of Salmonella spp. were resistant to enrofloxacin (44%), TE (56%), streptomycin (61%), and AMP (83%). Conclusion: E. coli and Salmonella spp. succeeded isolation in cats from IDN and TL, and some isolates were resistant to antibiotics. Cats with diarrhea or digestive problems have a 9.5-fold increased risk of infection by Salmonella spp. Considering the prevalence of resistance to E. coli and Salmonella spp., it is important to manage antibiotic resistance distribution across companion animals and humans because both species share the same living environment. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, cats, Dili, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. Yogyakarta.

Whole genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from poultry in Noakhali, Bangladesh: Assessing risk of transmission to humans in a pilot study

BackgroundMulti-drug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae is a public health concern due to its presence in Bangladeshi poultry products and its ability to spread resistance genes. This study genetically characterizes a distinct MDR K. pneumoniae isolate from the gut of poultry in Noakhali, Bangladesh, offering insights into its resistance mechanisms and public health impact. MethodsKlebsiella pneumoniae isolates from broiler and layer poultry were identified using biochemical and molecular analyses. Eleven isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity and categorized by their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) profiles. The isolate with the highest MARI was selected for whole-genome sequencing using Illumina technology. The sequencing data were analyzed for genome annotation, pan-genome analysis, genome similarities, sequence type identification, and the identification of genetic determinants of resistance and virulence genes. ResultWe identified 10 MARI profiles among 11 K. pneumoniae isolates, with values ranging from 0.64 to 0.94. The highest MARI of 0.94 was found in an isolate from a layer poultry. This isolate's genome, 5401,789 base pairs long with 89.6 % coverage, showed potential inter-species dissemination, as indicated by core genome phylogenetic analysis. It possessed genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, folate pathway antagonists, fosfomycin, macrolides, quinolones, rifamycin, tetracyclines, and polymyxins, including colistin. ConclusionPoultry serve as reservoirs for MDR K. pneumoniae, which can spread to other species and pose significant health risks. Rigorous monitoring of antibiotic use and genetic characterization of MDR bacterial isolates are essential to mitigate this threat.

Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pnuemoniae Isolated from Different Sources

Background: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity globally. The recent rise in resistant bacterial strains is largely attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal treatment. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, posing a major challenge for clinicians worldwide. Methods: In the current study, 121 samples were obtained from bovine mastitis milk and faeces, dairy cattle farm premises, chicken cloacal swabs, poultry farm litter and water. The samples were processed for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella species. Klebsiella isolates were identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics and were subsequently confirmed by PCR assays that targeted species-specific genes. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. The DNA from all the isolates was extracted and subjected to PCR to identify the presence of 10 different Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARG) using published primers. The ARGs targeted were blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaIMP, DHAM, MOXM, tetA, tetB, sul1 and aadA. Result: Out of 121 samples, twenty-six (21.4%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolates. The occurence of Klebsiella pnuemoniae in samples from different sources was- 3/33 (09%) from mastitis milk, 8/27 (29.6%) from faecal samples and 04/14 (28.5%) from environmental samples collected from dairy farms. Similarly, Klebsiella pnuemoniae prevalence was recorded to be 6/33 (18.1%) in cloacal swabs and 5/14 (35.7%) from environmental samples collected from poultry farms. On in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, all the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefuroxime and ampicillin/ sulbactam (100% each), followed by cefalexin (65.3%), streptomycin (53.8%), tetracycline (38.4%), imipenum and co-trimoxazole (34.6% each), ofloxacin (30.7%), norfloxacin (27%), ceftriaxone (23%), amikacin (15.38%) and gentamicin (11.5%). All the K. pneumoniae isolates were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Out of 26 isolates, 25 (96%) were positive for Sul1, 22 (84.6%) for blaTEM, 19 (73%) for blaSHV, 19 (3%) for tetA, 16 (61.5%) for aadA, 10 (38.4%) for OXA, 9 (34.6%) for tetB and 2 (7.6%) for DHAM and MOXM each. None of the isolates harboured blaIMP gene.

Emergence and spread of resistant and biofilm-forming Acinetobacter baumannii in critically ill COVID-19 patients

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns beyond the viral infection itself. Bacterial co-infections, particularly those involving Acinetobacter baumannii, have become a significant worry in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A. baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause nosocomial infections, especially in patients with compromised immune systems. This study investigated 36 A. baumannii isolates obtained from COVID-19 patients during a concurrent outbreak. The isolates were collected over two years through routine medical requests sent to the Clinical Microbiology laboratory. Identification of the strains was confirmed through biochemical tests, the Phoenix BD® Automated Microbiology System, and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. The study assessed the antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates, with a specific focus on resistance to the beta-lactam group as well as aminoglycosides. The presence of specific antibiotic resistance genes (blaOXA-23, -24, -51 and -58, blaKPC, blaSHV, blaIMP, blaVIM, aac(6')-Ib, ant(3'')-Ia, and aph(3')-Ia) was investigated using PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing. Biofilm-forming capabilities of the isolates were also evaluated. The findings revealed diverse resistance profiles, with a high prevalence of resistant strains, including resistance to carbapenems. Genetic analysis suggested potential clonal spread of certain strains within the hospital setting. Moreover, a significant proportion of the isolates demonstrated strong biofilm-forming abilities, which can enhance persistence and antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, this study highlights the need for vigilant monitoring and targeted interventions to address bacterial co-infections in COVID-19 patients. The diversity in resistance patterns, potential clonal spread, and robust biofilm-forming abilities among A. baumannii isolates underscore the importance of addressing this issue to better manage and treat critically ill COVID-19 patients.