Antibiotic Resistance Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Efficient Absorbance-Based Assay for Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Enterobacterales.

It is increasingly important to rapidly receive information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria due to the rise in antimicrobial resistance worldwide. However, traditional phenotypic methods are time-consuming. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a rapid assay that can detect antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates phenotypically in less than 2 h. The microplate assay used in this study is based on absorbance measurements of pure bacterial isolates grown in liquid media with and without antibiotics. Absorbance was measured at the beginning of the assay and after 90 min of incubation at 37 °C. Susceptibility was calculated for bacterial isolates that, in the absence of antibiotics, exhibited more than a 50% growth increase by comparing the absorbance value of the culture in the presence of an antibiotic at 90 min with its initial value. Here, we show that it is possible to phenotypically screen the antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter spp. isolates to three different antibiotics in 90 min. The test demonstrated an accuracy of 98.8%, sensitivity of 97.6%, and specificity of 99.6%. The false susceptibility rates were 0.2% and false resistance rates were 1.0%. This rapid and simple absorbance test has proven suitable for the screening of antibiotic susceptibility for a large number of strains with high accuracy and sensitivity. This method can be performed without specialized and costly materials and/or equipment, which makes it highly suitable for laboratories with limited resources.

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates of dogs with ulcerative keratitis in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Identify microorganisms present in canine eyes affected by ulcerative keratitis and assess its resistance profile to available antimicrobial drugs. Samples were collected from 88 canine eyes that exhibited ulcerative keratitis. They were identified using MALDI-TOF and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion. Among the assessed subjects, brachycephalic dogs accounted for 74.48% (50/83) of the evaluated canines. Among the 88 evaluated eyes, 90.9% (80/88) showed positive cultures, with 11.33% (10/88) of the samples isolating more than one species of bacteria. Of all bacterial isolates identified (90), Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 63.33% (57/90), while Gram-negative bacteria constituted 36.66% (33/90), with predominance of Staphylococcus spp. at 35.55% (32/90) being, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius at 68.75% (22/32), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 15.55% (14/90), respectively. Staphylococcus spp. exhibited resistance to penicillin (89.29%), sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (60.71%), and tetracycline (67.86%), while doxycycline (88.89%), cefotaxime (85.71%), chloramphenicol (82.14%), gentamicin, and moxifloxacin (78.57%) showed the highest sensitivity rates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed sensitivity (100%) to gentamicin and imipenem, and resistance (8.33%) to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefepime. Similarly, the Enterobacteriaceae family showed higher sensitivity to amikacin and gentamicin (88.89%), imipenem (88.24%), and levofloxacin (87.5%), with pronounced resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (50%) and cefazolin (47.06%). This highlights multiresistance in 23.33% (21/90) of the isolates. The most isolated species in canine ulcerative keratitis are S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa. However, other species were also isolated, demonstrating diversity in ocular microbiota infection. There is a high-rate multidrug resistance associated with canine ulcerative keratitis. Nevertheless, these strains exhibited sensitivity to antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary ophthalmology.

BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS AMONG MALNOURISHED CHILDREN: CAUSES, ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AND OPHTHALMIC ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF COMMON BACTERIAL ISOLATES

Background and aims: More than 15 million children worldwide are thought to have one or more congenital or acquired visual impairments. If their immune system is defective due to poor nutrition, children are more susceptible to eye infections and other eye disorders. The ongoing, intense war and disruption of social services have had a clear impact on the overall health and nutritional status of children and the entire population in Yemen. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study bacterial conjunctivitis in malnourished children by identifying bacterial causes and associated factors and determining patterns of ocular antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates. Subject and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the three selected places (Alkhpt hospital in Al-Kapt district, Al-Khamis hospital in Al-Khamisdistrict, and Al-Joumhori hospital in Al-Mahwatt city), from November 2022 until June 2023. The first clinical investigations of malnutrition and conjunctivitis were done by doctors in the hospitals and recorded in the pre-designed questionnaire. Collected eye swabs were investigated for bacteriological agents and antibiotic susceptibility according to standard laboratory methods in the National Center of Public Health Laboratories Sana’a (NCPHL). Results:The study included 351 males (46.4%) and 406 females (53.6%). 143 children (18.9%) suffer from moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and 55 (7.3%) from severe acute malnutrition (SAM), with total global acute malnutrition equal to 198 (26.2%).There was a highly significant association of bacterial conjunctivitis with MAM (OR=3.1, p<0.0001), SAM (OR=2.9, p<0.0001), and severe stunting (OR=2.2, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The severity of acute malnutrition was very high in the study area, reaching a critical phase and exceeding the emergency threshold. The commonest causative organisms of bacterial conjunctivitis were S. aureus and Branhamella catarrahalis. Since there isn't a single medication that can effectively treat these diverse species of bacteria, it's best to look into bacteriological culture and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity. Peer Review History: Received: 3 November 2023; Revised: 11 December; Accepted: 9 January 2024, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Nkechi Obiofu Ezenobi, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, nkechi.ezenobi@uniport.edu.ng Dr. Nicola Micale, University of Messina, Italy, nmicale@unime.it

Relationship between Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Isolates and Biofilm Formation in Burn Patients

Background: Biofilms are a serious problem and responsible for death from burns, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria threaten global public health due to high rates of pathogen infection. Objectives: To investigate the correlation between the formation of biofilms and the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates in burn patients. Methods: 100 samples of swabs were collected from burn patients from January 2023 to June 2023. The grown colonies were identified based on traditional methods and the Vitec system, and multidrug resistance was determined when the isolates were resistant in three categories. A quantitative microtiter method was used to determine the formation of biofilms using ELISA. Results: From 100 burn samples, 83 bacterial isolates were obtained: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Infection rates were highest for P. aeruginosa (67.5%), followed by S. aureus (16.9%). The results showed high resistance in the bacterial isolates, which showed 100% resistance to imipenem in P. aeruginosa. 100% of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae were MDR, followed by 83.92% for P. aeruginosa, 75% for A. baumannii, and 71% for S. aureus. All the isolates produced biofilm in varying proportions, with 80.35% in P. aeruginosa, followed by 100% moderate biofilm in E. coli, 100% weak biofilm in A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, and moderate and weak biofilm in S. aureus. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa is the primary cause of burn contamination in hospitals, and all the isolates produced biofilm and exhibited high multi-drug resistance.

Using of Modern Genetic Methods to Detect Air-Borne Bacterial Genes Through Desert Storms in Iraq

Abstract Antibiotic resistance of pathogens is a serious issue that affects health. The airborne particle molecules such as (PM2.5, PM10) that spread by dust storms can increase the antibiotic resistance in bacterial community. In this study air samples of the dust storms were collected and the air-borne bacteria were cultured on specific growth media by portable air sampler device (SAS). Sixty plates were used through the atmospheric storms dust which included three periods of 24/5/2022,13/6/2022 and 3/7/2022. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates was detected by VITEK2. Bacterial whole DNA was extracted and the genes against the most resisted antibiotics were detected by specific pre-designed primers and by using gel electrophoresis method. The results showed homogenous high concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10 were included in storm samples just like that in Saudi Arabia. The greatest numbers of bacterial growth in collecting plates through the storm included 45 of 60 (75%) E. coli, 36 of 60 (60%) of Staphylococcus epidermis and 15 of 60 (25%) of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolates of total bacterial growth as diagnosed by morphological characteristics and VITEK2 system. The antibiotic sensitivity test (AST) which was done by VITIK2 showed multidrug resistant for Staphylococcus epidermis, E. coli and Sphingomonas paucimobilis strains, mainly against erythromycin and tertacycline. The results of genetic studies for the antibiotic resistance illustrated the presence of gene fragments of both ermA gene and tetK gene within the bacterial nucleic acid, which are considered as potent antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs genes). In conclusion, the resistance of air-borne bacteria towards used antibiotics were elevated strongly in relation with the expression of ARGs associated with the huge amounts of PM particles in dust storms that occurred in Iraq, which is very harmful for human and other living forms on earth.

Antibiotic Resistance and Detection of Blatem and MecA Genes in Bacteria Isolated from Street Vended Pounded Yam in Yenagoa, Nigeria

Antibiotic resistant pathogens spread through food are a public health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antibiotic resistance and to investigate the presence of genes that produce antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from pounded yam collected from five sites in Yenagoa, Nigeria (Swali, Amarata, Kpansia, Tombia, and Akenfa). The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to examine antibiotic susceptibility to nine antibiotics (Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin and Tetracyclin), and the PCR method was utilized to find the blaTEM and mecA genes. A total of 150 pounded yam samples were collected and analyzed. Shigella spp, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, and Escherichia coli are among the bacteria that were recovered from the pounded yam samples. Except for Pseudomonas spp., all tested positive for multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more tested antibiotics), with the majority of these antibiotics being Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin. The Escherichia coli isolated from the street-vended pounded yam exhibited multidrug resistance against Ampicillin (37.5%), Erythromycin (43.8), Gentamycin (34.4), Streptomycin (21.9) and Tetracyclin (40.6). Bacillus spp also showed multidrug resistance against Chloramphenicol (36.4), Ammpicillin (36.4), Erythromycin (45.5), Gentamycin (36.4), Nitrofuratoin (36.4), Streptomycin (27.3) and Tetracyclin (36.4). Inhibition zones against Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin were clearly visible in Pseudomonas spp (100, 96.4, 64.3, 50.0, 82.1, 75.0, 64.3, 92.9, and 50.0% respectively). The highest resistance by number of bacterial isolates was found in Erythromycin (6 isolates showed resistance), followed by Tetracyclin (5 isolates showed resistance). Ampicillin and Streptomycin resistance was present in four isolates. Three representative isolates were selected for molecular identification of blaTEM and mecA which were amplified at 600bp and 500bp respectively. These genes were responsible for the antibiotic resistance seen in the isolates. According to this study, the pounded yam samples that were evaluated had food-borne disease strains that are multidrug resistant and a danger to the general public's health. The findings cast doubt on the quality of foods sold on the streets of Yenagoa, Nigeria.

Bacteria Associated With the Leafy Salad Vegetables Of Old Dhaka City and Their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (Mar) Index

The present work aimed to evaluate the bacteria associated with the most popular leafy salad vegetables like Coriander, Mint, and Lettuce and their antibiotic resistance pattern. Samples were collected from Rayshaheb Bazar, Nazira Bazar, and Shyam Bazar during June-August 2019. The maximum bacterial load was found in Coriander and the minimum bacterial load was in Mint. A total of 149 colonies were isolated and 35 isolates were selected for Culture and Sensitivity test against 15 common antibiotics like Amoxicillin (Ax), Cefixime (CFM), Levofloxacin (Lev), Clarithromycin (CLR), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Neomycin (N), Kanamycin (K), Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Erythromycin (E), Doxycycline (Do), Vancomycin (VA), Cefuroxime (CXM), Chloramphenicol (C), Rifampicin (RA), and Gentamycin (CN). Sixteen antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates were selected for their identification and drug resistance pattern. Among these 15 antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates, only 2 were Gram positive and were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and the Gram negative bacteria belonged to the genus Enterobacter (9), Serratia (3), Klebsiella (2).The drug resistance pattern showed that most of the isolated bacteria were resistant against Amoxicillin and susceptible to Chloramphenicol. The (multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) inedx of the isolated bacteria ranged between 33.33% and 86.67% which is very alarming. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(2): 361-369, 2022 (July)

Microbiology and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Somalia.

This study aimed to determine the microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates obtained from patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) presenting to the otorhinolaryngology clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. A total of 225 patients diagnosed with chronic suppurative otitis media were included in the study. Samples of middle ear discharge were collected from each patient and cultured using standard microbiological techniques, and bacterial identification was performed. Drug susceptibility pattern was assessed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. The study sample (n=225) comprised 122 females and 103 males. Among 225 samples tested, bacterial growth was present in 200 (88.9%) and absent in 25 (11.1%) samples. Of 200 samples with bacterial growth, monomicrobial growth was detected in 176 (88%). Gram-positive bacteria were observed in 40 (22.7%) and Gram-negative bacteria in 136 (77.3%) samples. The bacteriology of the samples with monomicrobial growth consisted of (in decreasing frequency) Pseudomonasspp,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Coagulase-negative staphylococci,Proteus mirabilis,andKlebsiella sp. A high rate of resistance was detected against penicillin antibiotics, erythromycin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole. Resistance to cephalosporins, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, levofloxacin, meropenem, and ertapenem was low. While the frequencies of isolated bacterial species were consistent with other reports from the region, differences were observed in the antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates when examined individually for each antibiotic. Further studies are warranted in the same region and different parts of Somalia, coupled with ongoing assessment of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in CSOM.

The potential for the double risk of rabies and antimicrobial resistance in a high rabies endemic setting: detection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from infected dog bite wounds in Uganda

BackgroundPost-exposure treatment for dog bites in humans aims at alleviating the risk of rabies and promoting wound healing. Wound healing may be complicated by bacteria. This study identified the different bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibilities in infected dog bite wounds (DBWs) in Uganda.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 376 dog bite patients. Wound swabs from patients with infected DBWs were collected and inoculated into recommended media. They were cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. All isolated bacteria were identified based on colony characteristics, gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed for strains that were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method following the modified Kirby-Bauer method. The data were analysed using Stata version 15 software.ResultsApproximately half of the patients (52.9%, 199/376) presented with infected wounds. Majority of the swabs (84.4%, 168/199) were culture positive, and yielded a total of 768 isolates where about half (52.9%, 406/768) were gram positive bacteria, and about two-thirds (64.6%, 496/768) were recovered from category II wounds. Among the gram positive bacteria, 339 (83.5%) were aerobes where Staphylococcus aureus (103, 30.4%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (68, 20.1%), and Corynebacterium spp (33, 9.7%) had the highest prevalence. For the 362 Gram negative isolates, 217 (59.9%) were aerobes and the commonest isolates were P. maltocida (64, 29.5%), Capnocytophaga canimorsus (36, 16.6%) and P. canis (26, 12.0%). Gram-positive isolates were resistant to metronidazole (93.6%), oxacillin (68.5%), ceftriaxone (14.6%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (14.0%). Gram negative isolates were resistant to metronidazole (100%), ampicillin (30.7%), oxacillin (29.3%), and doxycycline (22.9%). Multidrug resistance was in 105 (29.0%) and 121/406 (29.8%) of the gram-negative and gram-positive isolates, respectively. All gram-positive isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin.ConclusionsInfection rates of DBWs in Uganda are high and the dominant bacterial isolates are Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella spps, and Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Multidrug resistance to commonly used antibiotics is high. The recommendation in the Uganda Clinical Guidelines to use metronidazole in the management of DBWs should be reviewed. DBWs should be enlisted for routine antimicrobial resistance surveillance and rational use of antimicrobial agents should be promoted.

GC-MS and in vitro antibacterial potential of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil against some clinical antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates.

Antibiotic resistance is increasing alarmingly in all parts of the world. Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl (C. camphora) is one of the earliest herbal remedies still in use today in traditional medicine. This study aimed to analyze the component of C. camphora grown widelyin Saudi Arabia (Qassim region) using GC-MS. Also, this study evaluates the in vitro antibacterial properties of C. camphora against certain clinical bacteria obtained from hospitals, including multi-drug resistant pathogens. Leaves of C. camphora tree were collected and essential oil was extracted for this study. The extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Eight clinical antibiotic-resistant pathogens were used in this study for the following assays: antibiotics susceptibility assay, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and MIC index (MBC/MIC). The results show that the main components of the essential oil (EO) from the leaves ofC. camphorawere Eucalyptol. The EO had good antibacterial activity against eight clinical antibiotic-resistant pathogens, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii (two strains), Klebsiella pneumonia (two strains), Escherichia coli (one strain), Staphylococcus aureus (two strains). These findings may lead to a more complete knowledge of this aromatic plant's antibacterial action against antibiotic-resistant pathogens (in vitro).

Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from Smallholder Poultry Droppings in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria.

There is a growing risk of antibiotic resistance (AR) in smallholder poultry (SP). This study, therefore, aimed to investigate AR pattern of bacterial isolates from SP in the Guinea Savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. A total of 120 fresh poultry droppings were aseptically collected, randomly, from two tropically adapted (FUNAAB Alpha and Noiler) and local chickens. The chickens were raised either using ethnoveterinary medicines (n = 60) or antibiotics (n = 60). Bacterial isolates were characterized and analyzed using standard protocols, and appropriate statistical tools. Compared to Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp. (5.8%), Salmonella spp. (57.5%) and Escherichia coli (34.2%) were the most prevalent (χ2 = 96.67; p < 0.001). Prevalence of bacterial species was significantly (p = 0.024; Odds Ratio = 2.552) influenced by antibiotics usage. All four species were multi-drug resistant. In total, 30% of the isolates had a multiple AR index ≥ 0.2. Bacterial isolates from FUNAAB Alpha (58.0%) and Noiler (44.0%) were highly resistant to quinolones, while isolates from the local chickens (22.6%) were most resistant to aminoglycosides. Bacterial species isolated from FUNAAB Alpha and local chickens exhibited the lowest and highest percentage of AR, respectively. Clustering of isolates with similar antibiogram revealed inter-species dependence with possibility for inter-species gene transfer. These findings provide a background to investigate the metagenomics of local and improved chickens for AR.

Isolation, Identification and Characteristic Studies on Antibiotic sensitivity and Temperature Tolerance of Bacterial Isolates from Fresh and Frozen fish and shrimp samples collected from Thiruvananthapuram city, Kerala

This study evaluates the bacteriological quality of both fresh and frozen samples of shrimp and mackerel sourced from the local market of Thiruvananthapuram city. The microbial load was found higher in frozen shrimp sample (1.9 x 105 cfu/g) than those of fresh shrimp sample (1.72 x 104 cfu/g). In the case of mackerel also, pathogenic load was observed high in frozen fish sample (1.44 x 104 cfu/g) than the fresh fish sample (5.6 x 104 cfu/g). The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates to commonly used antibiotics was also studied. None of the antibiotics tested had 100% activity against all strains of bacteria. All the pathogenic isolates showed higher rate of resistance against penicillin. The isolate microflora from the samples include bacteria in the genera Staphylococcus, Proteus, Micrococcus, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas and have been proven to be of great public health significance. Temperature tolerance (Thermal death point) of pathogenic isolates revealed that Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus spp. have high survival rate.

Antimicrobial effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves on multi antibiotic resistant bacterial isolated from poultry droppings

The widespread use of antibiotics as prophylactics and therapeutic agents has increased the risk of emergence and spread of resistant bacteria leading to prolonged and expensive treatment and greater risk of death in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves on multi antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from poultry droppings. Multi antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from poultry dropping already identified from previous research were used. The plant extract was obtained by soxhlet extraction process, susceptibility test was caried out using well in agar diffusion method. The percentage yield of the plant extract using soxhlet extraction process with methanol was 22.84%. The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, cardenolide, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinone, alkaloids, fixed oil and carbohydrate. The extract showed competitive zones of inhibition on Escherichia fergusonii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacter clocae, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Salmonella typhimerium. Enterobacter clocae had the highest zone of inhibition of 17mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml, 10mm at 80mg/ml and 8mm at 50 mg/ml. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia had the lowest zone of inhibition of 10mm at 100mg/ml, 8mm at 80mg/l and 7mm at 50mg/ml. These zones of inhibitions show the antimicrobial potency of Jatropha tajorensis on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Compared with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, this plant-derived extract is natural, less toxic, typically residue free with high rate of metabolism. The result of this study gives credence to claims of the medicinal and nutritional properties of Jatropha tanjorensis.

Antimicrobial Peptides Epinecidin-1 and Beta-Defesin-3 Are Effective against a Broad Spectrum of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Isolates and Increase Survival Rate in Experimental Sepsis.

The antimicrobial peptides human Beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) and Epinecidin-1 (Epi-1; by Epinephelus coioides) could be a promising tool to develop novel antibacterials to combat antibiotic resistance. The antibacterial activity of Epi-1 + vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (22 isolates) and Epi-1 + hBD-3 against carbapenem-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 23), Klebsiella aerogenes (n = 17), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 9), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 13) was studied in vitro. To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of hBD-3 and Epi-1, ICR (CD-1) mice were injected intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of K. pneumoniae or P. aeruginosa. The animals received a single injection of either sterile saline, hBD-3 monotherapy, meropenem monotherapy, hBD-3 + meropenem, or hBD-3 + Epi-1. Studied peptides showed antibacterial activity in vitro against all studied clinical isolates in a concentration of 2 to 32 mg/L. In both experimental models of murine sepsis, an increase in survival rate was seen with hBD-3 monotherapy, hBD-3 + meropenem, and hBD-3 + Epi-1. For K. pneumoniae-sepsis, hBD-3 was shown to be a promising option in overcoming the resistance of Klebsiella spp. to carbapenems, though more research is needed. In the P. aeruginosa-sepsis model, the addition of Epi-1 to hBD-3 was found to have a slightly reduced mortality rate compared to hBD-3 monotherapy.

Surgical Site Infections are the Pool of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria: Evidence from a Tertiary Hospital in Nepal

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the leading nosocomial infections and important cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the bacterial etiology of SSIs and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July to November 2019 on 105 patients suspected of having SSIs. Wound swabs were collected aseptically using sterile cotton swabs and processed in suitable culture media following the standard operative protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Out of 105 samples collected, 69 showed growth and 77 bacterial isolates were documented altogether. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus 46 (59.74%) followed by E. coli 9 (11.68%). The antimicrobial profile of the isolates revealed that 61.04% were MDR, 25.80% were ESBL producers and 9.68% were carbapenemase producers. Conclusion: High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates associated with SSIs warrants the need for aseptic techniques during and after surgical procedures and judicious use of antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance of culturable heterotrophic bacteria isolated from shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) aquaculture ponds

Shrimp aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food-producing avenues, where antibiotics usage has become an issue of great concern due to the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. A total of 2304 bacterial isolates from 192 samples (sediment, water, shrimp, and source water) from Andhra Pradesh, India were screened. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates was highest for oxytetracycline (23.4%) followed by erythromycin (12.7%), co-trimoxazole (10%) ciprofloxacin (9.6%), and chloramphenicol (6%), of which 11.9% isolates were multi-drug resistant. Bacterial isolates from shrimp (26.7%), water (23.9%), and sediment (19.6%) samples exhibited more resistance (p ≤ 0.05) towards oxytetracycline. Higher antibacterial resistance was observed from samples of southern Andhra Pradesh (locations L6 and L7). Gram negative bacteria were more prevalent (64%) and showed significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher resistance. This study indicated the wider distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in shrimp aquaculture ponds with potential risk to humans and the environment.

Soul of the Jukskei River: The Extent of Bacterial Contamination in the Jukskei River in Gauteng Province, South Africa.

River water quality is an important health issue as the water is utilised for drinking, domestic and agricultural use in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the effect water from a major city has on the water quality of the Jukskei River that daylights in Johannesburg, South Africa. The river water samples were analysed for physio-chemical properties, microbiology, antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates, genetic markers, and potentially toxic metals. Data analysis revealed increased electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity since 2010. Total Coliform and Escherichia coli detected were above the South African water quality guidelines for domestic, recreational, and irrigation purposes. Additionally, sodium, zinc, nickel, lithium, and lead exceeded the guidelines in domestic, recreational, and irrigation water. Pathogenic strains of E. coli (aEPEC, EHEC, EIEC, and EAEC) were isolated from the water. Various other potentially pathogenic organisms that have been implicated as causes of gastro-intestinal, and a wide range of other diseases, were also detected and demonstrated multiple levels of resistance to antibiotics tested. The results show that the river water is a potential health threat to downstream users. These results will feed into the environmental management action plan for Water for the Future (NGO group).

Antibiotic usage and resistance in animal production in Vietnam: a review of existing literature.

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal production system is one of the major factors leading to the antibiotic resistance (ABR) development. In Vietnam, the ABR situation is crucial as antibiotics have been used indiscriminately for disease prevention and as growth promoters in animals. Thus, a thorough understanding on the ABR in veterinary settings would be beneficial to the Vietnam public health authority in formulating timely interventions. This review aimed to provide information on the current status of antibiotic usage in animal husbandry in Vietnam, identified gaps in research, and suggested possible solutions to tackle ABR. To this end, data on ABR in animals were extracted from 3 major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) in the period of January 2013-December 2020. The review findings were reported according to PRISMA, which highlighted the emergence and persistence of ABR in bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella species, obtained from pigs and poultry. The lack of awareness of Vietnamese farmers on the antibiotic utilization guidelines was one of the main causes driving the animal ABR. Hence, this paper calls for interventions to restrict antibiotics use in food-producing animals by national action plan and antibiotics control programs. Additionally, studies to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the community are required to promote rational use of antibiotics in all sectors.

Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia.

Simple SummaryA study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25%, respectively. The quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in cows, camels and goats was 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend community-focused training programs to improve community awareness of the risk of raw milk consumption and the need to boil milk.A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.

Microbial Reduction Potential of Chlorine and its Contribution to Incidence of Stress Response Genes in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Background: The quest for potability of drinking water in various homes led to the widely use of chlorine or chlorine compound in treatment of water. Which however has contributed to increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance in the environment.&#x0D; Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microbial reduction potential and contribution of Sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, to incidence of stress response genes in antibiotic-resistant bacteria.&#x0D; Study Design: Experimental Design was adopted in this study&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University between October, 2019 and February, 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Sixteen (16) different water samples were randomly collected from various homes in Ajilosun, Ado-Ekiti and were chlorinated following manufacturer’s instruction. Microbial load of both raw and chlorinated water was determined using standard pour plate technique. Standard streaking method was used to isolate bacteria from chlorinated water samples. Standard CLSI technique was used to test the sensitivity of isolates to different antibiotics and PCR technique was employed to detect stress response genes (RpoS, RpoN, KatF genes) in multiple antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates.&#x0D; Results: The result showed 24% and 52% reduction in the microbial load of well and pipe-borne water samples respectively following treatment with NaOCl for 180 sec. The different identified bacterial isolates recovered from chlorinated water samples included Enterobacter aerogenes (7.14 %), Proteus vulgaris (10.71 %), Escherichia coli (25 %), Bacillus cereus (32.14 %), Bacillus licheniformis (14.29 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.70 %). The bacterial isolates demonstrated varying resistance pattern to the different antibiotics. RpoS, RpoN and KatF genes encoding stress responses were detected in some of the tested antibiotic-resistant isolates.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study therefore stresses the importance of chlorination in contributing to increasing incidence of resistance of bacteria to stressors in the environment. Hence, subverting chlorination efficacy in treatment of water.